Dr. Volkan Cicek is a chemist and corrosion scientist who received his B.Sc. in Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey and his PhD from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, US. A former dean of academics and vice principal at several American public schools over the years, Dr. Cicek currently works as the vice president for scientific affairs at Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq.

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• Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Corrosion of Materials 1 1.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 2 1.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers 3 1.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals 4 2 Cost of Corrosion 21 2.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures 22 2.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns 22 2.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages 22 2.4 Contamination of the Product 23 2.5 Maintenance Costs 23 2.6 Overprotective Measures 23 3 Factors Influencing Corrosion 25 3.1 Nature of the Metal 27 3.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment 29 4 Corrosion Mechanisms 35 4.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion 35 4.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion 38 4.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion 41 5 Types of Corrosion 43 5.1 Uniform Corrosion 43 5.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion 56 6 The Thermodynamics of Corrosion 83 6.1 Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) 84 6.2 Passivity 85 6.3 Pourbaix Diagrams 87 6.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions 89 6.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells 91 6.6 Polarization 93 6.7 Polarization Curves 96 7 Corrosion Prevention and Protection 101 7.1 Proper Design 103 7.2 Choice of Material 105 7.3 Protective Coatings 109 7.4 Changing the Environmental Factors that Accelerate Corrosion 124 7.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface 147 8 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures 171 8.1 Concrete’s Chemical Composition 172 8.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete 173 8.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures 174 8.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures 183 8.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete 186 9 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Metallic Structures in Seawater 191 9.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate of Metallic Structures in Seawater 192 9.2 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea 195 10 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Petroleum Industry 199 10.1 Chemicals that Cause Corrosion in Petroleum Industry 201 10.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems 211 10.3 Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks 214 11 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Water Transportation and Storage Industry 217 11.1 Water Pipeline Systems 217 11.2 Cooling Water Systems 221 11.3 Potable Water Tanks 222 11.4 Boilers 222 11.5 Geothermal Systems 229 References 231 Index 263

Dr. Volkan Cicek is a chemist and corrosion scientist who received his B.Sc. in Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey and his PhD from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, US. A former dean of academics and vice principal at several American public schools over the years, Dr. Cicek currently works as the vice president for scientific affairs at Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq.

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• Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Corrosion of Materials 1 1.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 2 1.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers 3 1.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals 4 2 Cost of Corrosion 21 2.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures 22 2.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns 22 2.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages 22 2.4 Contamination of the Product 23 2.5 Maintenance Costs 23 2.6 Overprotective Measures 23 3 Factors Influencing Corrosion 25 3.1 Nature of the Metal 27 3.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment 29 4 Corrosion Mechanisms 35 4.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion 35 4.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion 38 4.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion 41 5 Types of Corrosion 43 5.1 Uniform Corrosion 43 5.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion 56 6 The Thermodynamics of Corrosion 83 6.1 Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) 84 6.2 Passivity 85 6.3 Pourbaix Diagrams 87 6.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions 89 6.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells 91 6.6 Polarization 93 6.7 Polarization Curves 96 7 Corrosion Prevention and Protection 101 7.1 Proper Design 103 7.2 Choice of Material 105 7.3 Protective Coatings 109 7.4 Changing the Environmental Factors that Accelerate Corrosion 124 7.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface 147 8 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures 171 8.1 Concrete’s Chemical Composition 172 8.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete 173 8.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures 174 8.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures 183 8.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete 186 9 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Metallic Structures in Seawater 191 9.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate of Metallic Structures in Seawater 192 9.2 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea 195 10 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Petroleum Industry 199 10.1 Chemicals that Cause Corrosion in Petroleum Industry 201 10.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems 211 10.3 Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks 214 11 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Water Transportation and Storage Industry 217 11.1 Water Pipeline Systems 217 11.2 Cooling Water Systems 221 11.3 Potable Water Tanks 222 11.4 Boilers 222 11.5 Geothermal Systems 229 References 231 Index 263

Dr. Volkan Cicek is a chemist and corrosion scientist who received his B.Sc. in Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey and his PhD from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, US. A former dean of academics and vice principal at several American public schools over the years, Dr. Cicek currently works as the vice president for scientific affairs at Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq.

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• Foreword xiii Preface xv 1 Corrosion of Materials 1 1.1 Deterioration or Corrosion of Ceramic Materials 2 1.2 Degradation or Deterioration of Polymers 3 1.3 Corrosion or Deterioration of Metals 4 2 Cost of Corrosion 21 2.1 Corrosion Preventative Measures 22 2.2 Lost Production Due to Plants Going out of Service or Shutdowns 22 2.3 Product Loss Due to Leakages 22 2.4 Contamination of the Product 23 2.5 Maintenance Costs 23 2.6 Overprotective Measures 23 3 Factors Influencing Corrosion 25 3.1 Nature of the Metal 27 3.2 Nature of the Corroding Environment 29 4 Corrosion Mechanisms 35 4.1 Direct Chemical Attack or Chemical or Dry Corrosion 35 4.2 Electrochemical or Aqueous or Wet Corrosion 38 4.3 Differences between Chemical and Electrochemical Corrosion 41 5 Types of Corrosion 43 5.1 Uniform Corrosion 43 5.2 Non-Uniform Corrosion 56 6 The Thermodynamics of Corrosion 83 6.1 Gibbs Free Energy (ΔG) 84 6.2 Passivity 85 6.3 Pourbaix Diagrams 87 6.4 Corrosion Equilibrium and Adsorptions 89 6.5 Concentration Corrosion Cells 91 6.6 Polarization 93 6.7 Polarization Curves 96 7 Corrosion Prevention and Protection 101 7.1 Proper Design 103 7.2 Choice of Material 105 7.3 Protective Coatings 109 7.4 Changing the Environmental Factors that Accelerate Corrosion 124 7.5 Changing the Electrochemical Characteristic of the Metal Surface 147 8 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Concrete Structures 171 8.1 Concrete’s Chemical Composition 172 8.2 Corrosion Reactions of Concrete 173 8.3 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate in Reinforced Concrete Structures 174 8.4 Corrosion Measurements in Reinforced Concrete Structures 183 8.5 Corrosion Prevention of Reinforced Concrete 186 9 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention of Metallic Structures in Seawater 191 9.1 Factors Affecting Corrosion Rate of Metallic Structures in Seawater 192 9.2 Cathodic Protection of Metallic Structures in the Sea 195 10 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Petroleum Industry 199 10.1 Chemicals that Cause Corrosion in Petroleum Industry 201 10.2 Petroleum or Crude Oil Pipeline Systems 211 10.3 Crude Oil or Petroleum Storage Tanks 214 11 Corrosion and Corrosion Prevention in Water Transportation and Storage Industry 217 11.1 Water Pipeline Systems 217 11.2 Cooling Water Systems 221 11.3 Potable Water Tanks 222 11.4 Boilers 222 11.5 Geothermal Systems 229 References 231 Index 263