Volkan Cicek, Ph.D., is a chemist and corrosion scientist and received his B. Sc. in Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey and his Ph.D. from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, US. After working as a dean of academics and vice principal in US public schools for several years, Dr. Cicek currently works as the vice president for scientific affairs at Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq. Bayan Al-Numan, Ph.D., is a civil and a structural engineer who received his B. Sc. and MS from Baghdad University, and his Ph.D. from University of Mustansiriyah. Dr. Bayan Al-Numan was promoted to full professor status in Structural Engineering in Civil Engineering Department at University of Mustansiriyah and he currently is the head of civil engineering department at Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq.

• List of tables ix Acknowledgements xiPreface xiii1. Corrosion and Its Definition 012. The Corrosion Process and Affecting Factors 033. Corrosion Types Based on Mechanism 073.1 Uniform Corrosion 073.2 Pitting Corrosion 083.3 Crevice Corrosion 093.4 Galvanic Corrosion 103.5 Intergranular Corrosion 113.6 Selective Corrosion 123.7 Erosion or Abrasion Corrosion 123.8 Cavitation Corrosion 123.9 Fretting Corrosion 133.10 Stress Corrosion Cracking 133.11 Microbial Corrosion 134. Corrosion Types of Based on the Media 154.1 Atmospheric Corrosion 154.2 Corrosion in Water 184.3 Corrosion in Soil 205. Nature of Protective Metal Oxide Films 236. Effect of Aggressive Anions on Corrosion 277. Corrosion Prevention Methods 318. Commonly Used Alloys and their Properties 338.1 Aluminum 2024 Alloy 358.2 Aluminum 7075 Alloy 368.3 Aluminum 6061 Alloy 369. Cost of Corrosion and Use of Corrosion Inhibitors 3910. Types of Corrosion Inhibitors 4310.1 Anodic Inhibitors 4410.2 Cathodic Inhibitors 4411. Chromates: Best Corrosion Inhibitors to Date 4711.1 Limitations on the Use of Chromates due to Toxicity 4811.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Chromates 5312. Chromate Inhibitor Replacements: Current and Potential Applications 5712.1 Nitrites 5812.2 Trivalent Chromium Compounds 5912.3 Oxyanions Analogous to Chromate 5912.4 Synergistic Use of Oxyanions Analogues of Chromate 66 13. Sol-Gels (Ormosils) as Chromate Inhibitor Replacements: Properties and Uses 6913.1 Types of Sol-Gel s 6913.1 Types of Sol-Gels 7013.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Sol-Gel Coatings 7213.3 Synthesis of Sol-Gels 7513.4 Incorporation of Corrosion Inhibitive Pigments to Sol-Gel Coatings 7714. Corrosion in Engineering Materials 8114.1 Introduction 8114.2 Steel Structures 8214.3 Concrete Structures 8514.4 Protection against Corrosion in Construction 9514.5 Corrosion of Unbonded Prestressing Tendons 11614.6 Cathodic Protection 12014.7 Corrosion in Industry Projects 135References 145Index 173

Volkan Cicek, Ph.D., is a chemist and corrosion scientist and received his B. Sc. in Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey and his Ph.D. from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, US. After working as a dean of academics and vice principal in US public schools for several years, Dr. Cicek currently works as the vice president for scientific affairs at Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq. Bayan Al-Numan, Ph.D., is a civil and a structural engineer who received his B. Sc. and MS from Baghdad University, and his Ph.D. from University of Mustansiriyah. Dr. Bayan Al-Numan was promoted to full professor status in Structural Engineering in Civil Engineering Department at University of Mustansiriyah and he currently is the head of civil engineering department at Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq.

• List of tables ix Acknowledgements xiPreface xiii1. Corrosion and Its Definition 012. The Corrosion Process and Affecting Factors 033. Corrosion Types Based on Mechanism 073.1 Uniform Corrosion 073.2 Pitting Corrosion 083.3 Crevice Corrosion 093.4 Galvanic Corrosion 103.5 Intergranular Corrosion 113.6 Selective Corrosion 123.7 Erosion or Abrasion Corrosion 123.8 Cavitation Corrosion 123.9 Fretting Corrosion 133.10 Stress Corrosion Cracking 133.11 Microbial Corrosion 134. Corrosion Types of Based on the Media 154.1 Atmospheric Corrosion 154.2 Corrosion in Water 184.3 Corrosion in Soil 205. Nature of Protective Metal Oxide Films 236. Effect of Aggressive Anions on Corrosion 277. Corrosion Prevention Methods 318. Commonly Used Alloys and their Properties 338.1 Aluminum 2024 Alloy 358.2 Aluminum 7075 Alloy 368.3 Aluminum 6061 Alloy 369. Cost of Corrosion and Use of Corrosion Inhibitors 3910. Types of Corrosion Inhibitors 4310.1 Anodic Inhibitors 4410.2 Cathodic Inhibitors 4411. Chromates: Best Corrosion Inhibitors to Date 4711.1 Limitations on the Use of Chromates due to Toxicity 4811.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Chromates 5312. Chromate Inhibitor Replacements: Current and Potential Applications 5712.1 Nitrites 5812.2 Trivalent Chromium Compounds 5912.3 Oxyanions Analogous to Chromate 5912.4 Synergistic Use of Oxyanions Analogues of Chromate 66 13. Sol-Gels (Ormosils) as Chromate Inhibitor Replacements: Properties and Uses 6913.1 Types of Sol-Gel s 6913.1 Types of Sol-Gels 7013.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Sol-Gel Coatings 7213.3 Synthesis of Sol-Gels 7513.4 Incorporation of Corrosion Inhibitive Pigments to Sol-Gel Coatings 7714. Corrosion in Engineering Materials 8114.1 Introduction 8114.2 Steel Structures 8214.3 Concrete Structures 8514.4 Protection against Corrosion in Construction 9514.5 Corrosion of Unbonded Prestressing Tendons 11614.6 Cathodic Protection 12014.7 Corrosion in Industry Projects 135References 145Index 173

Volkan Cicek, Ph.D., is a chemist and corrosion scientist and received his B. Sc. in Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey and his Ph.D. from Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, US. After working as a dean of academics and vice principal in US public schools for several years, Dr. Cicek currently works as the vice president for scientific affairs at Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq. Bayan Al-Numan, Ph.D., is a civil and a structural engineer who received his B. Sc. and MS from Baghdad University, and his Ph.D. from University of Mustansiriyah. Dr. Bayan Al-Numan was promoted to full professor status in Structural Engineering in Civil Engineering Department at University of Mustansiriyah and he currently is the head of civil engineering department at Ishik University, Erbil, Iraq.

• List of tables ix Acknowledgements xiPreface xiii1. Corrosion and Its Definition 012. The Corrosion Process and Affecting Factors 033. Corrosion Types Based on Mechanism 073.1 Uniform Corrosion 073.2 Pitting Corrosion 083.3 Crevice Corrosion 093.4 Galvanic Corrosion 103.5 Intergranular Corrosion 113.6 Selective Corrosion 123.7 Erosion or Abrasion Corrosion 123.8 Cavitation Corrosion 123.9 Fretting Corrosion 133.10 Stress Corrosion Cracking 133.11 Microbial Corrosion 134. Corrosion Types of Based on the Media 154.1 Atmospheric Corrosion 154.2 Corrosion in Water 184.3 Corrosion in Soil 205. Nature of Protective Metal Oxide Films 236. Effect of Aggressive Anions on Corrosion 277. Corrosion Prevention Methods 318. Commonly Used Alloys and their Properties 338.1 Aluminum 2024 Alloy 358.2 Aluminum 7075 Alloy 368.3 Aluminum 6061 Alloy 369. Cost of Corrosion and Use of Corrosion Inhibitors 3910. Types of Corrosion Inhibitors 4310.1 Anodic Inhibitors 4410.2 Cathodic Inhibitors 4411. Chromates: Best Corrosion Inhibitors to Date 4711.1 Limitations on the Use of Chromates due to Toxicity 4811.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Chromates 5312. Chromate Inhibitor Replacements: Current and Potential Applications 5712.1 Nitrites 5812.2 Trivalent Chromium Compounds 5912.3 Oxyanions Analogous to Chromate 5912.4 Synergistic Use of Oxyanions Analogues of Chromate 66 13. Sol-Gels (Ormosils) as Chromate Inhibitor Replacements: Properties and Uses 6913.1 Types of Sol-Gel s 6913.1 Types of Sol-Gels 7013.2 Corrosion Inhibition Mechanism of Sol-Gel Coatings 7213.3 Synthesis of Sol-Gels 7513.4 Incorporation of Corrosion Inhibitive Pigments to Sol-Gel Coatings 7714. Corrosion in Engineering Materials 8114.1 Introduction 8114.2 Steel Structures 8214.3 Concrete Structures 8514.4 Protection against Corrosion in Construction 9514.5 Corrosion of Unbonded Prestressing Tendons 11614.6 Cathodic Protection 12014.7 Corrosion in Industry Projects 135References 145Index 173