Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in the applied physics from Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science.  He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.Mikael Syväjärvi received his PhD degree in materials science from Linköping University, Sweden in 1999. His expertise is in materials growth and technologies of silicon carbide (SiC), graphene and related materials while his scientific focus area is material for energy and the environment. He initiated a European research collaboration in fluorescent and photovoltaic SiC, and has co-organized several symposiums at E-MRS. He has published more than 200 journal and conference papers. He is a co-inventor of The Cubic Sublimation Method for cubic SiC and the Fast Sublimation Growth Process that is applied for industrial development of fluorescent hexagonal SiC. He is also co-inventor of the High Temperature Graphene Process and a co-founder of Graphensic AB that manufactures and supplies graphene on SiC.

• Preface xv Part 1: Fundamental Methodologies 1 1 Layered Double Hydroxides and the Environment: An Overview 3Amita Jaiswal, Ravindra Kumar Gautam and Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya1.1 Introduction 41.2 Structure of Layered Double Hydroxides 41.3 Properties of Layered Double Hydroxides 61.4 Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides 71.5 Characterization of Layered Double Hydroxides 111.6 Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides 131.7 Conclusions 19Acknowledgements 19References 202 Improvement of the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium Alloys Applying Different Types of Silanes 27Anca-Iulia Stoica, Norica Carmen Godja, Andje Stankovic, Matthias Polzler, Erich Kny and Christoph Kleber2.1 Introduction 282.2 Silanes for Surface Treatment 312.3 Materials, Methods and Experimentals 402.4 Surface Analytics 422.5 Results and Discussion 432.6 Conclusions 56Acknowledgements 57References 573 New Generation Material for the Removal of Arsenic from Water 61Dinesh Kumar and Vaishali Tomar3.1 Introduction 623.2 Arsenic Desorption/Sorbent Regeneration 763.3 Conclusions 78Acknowledgement 79References 794 Prediction and Optimization of Heavy Clay Products Quality 87Milica Arsenovic,  Lato Pezo, Lidija Mancic and Zagorka  Radojevic4.1 Introduction 874.2 Materials and Methods 894.3 Results and Discussions 944.4 Conclusions 117Acknowledgement 118References 1185 Enhancement of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sugar Palm Fiber via Vacuum Resin Impregnation 121M.R. Ishak, Z. Leman, S.M. Sapuan, M.Z.A. Rahman and U.M.K. Anwar5.1 Introduction 1225.2 Experimental 1235.3 Results and Discussion 1255.4 Conclusions 138Acknowledgments 139References 1396 Environmentally-Friendly Acrylates-Based Polymer Latices 145Sweta Shukla and J.S.P. Rai6.1 Introduction 1466.2 Polymerization Techniques 154References 170Part 2: Inventive Nanotechnology 1777 Nanoparticles for Trace Analysis of Toxins: Present and Future Scenario 179Anupreet Kaur and Shivender Singh Saini7.1 Introduction 1797.2 Nanoremediation Using TiO2 Nanoparticles 1807.3 Gold Nanoparticles for Nanoremediation 1837.4 Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles 1847.5 Silicon Oxide Nanoparticles for Nanoremediation 1877.6 Other Materials for Nanoremediation 1907.7 Conclusion 193References 1938 Recent Developments in Gold Nanomaterial Catalysts for Oxidation Reaction through Green andSustainable Routes 197Biswajit Chowdhury, Chiranjit Santra, Sandip Mandal and Rawesh Kumar8.1 Introduction 1988.2 Propylene Epoxidation Reaction 2028.3 Reaction Mechanism 2118.4 Glucose Oxidation 2148.5 Alcohol Oxidation 2258.6 Conclusion 234References 2349 Nanosized Metal Oxide-Based Adsorbents for Heavy Metal Removal: A Review 243Deepak Pathania and Pardeep Singh9.1 Introduction 2449.2 Nanosized Metal Oxide 2469.3 Hybrid Adsorbents 2539.4 Conclusion 258References 25810 Future Prospects of Phytosynthesized Transition Metal Nanoparticles as Novel Functional Agents for Textiles 265Shahid-ul-Islam, Mohammad Shahid and Faqeer Mohammad10.1 Introduction 26610.2 Synthesis of Transition Metal Nanoparticle Using Various Plant Parts 26610.3 Proposed Mechanisms 27910.4 Transition Metal Nanoparticles as Novel Antimicrobial  Agents for Textile Modifications 28210.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Aspects 284References 28511 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions: Kineticsand Equilibrium Modeling 291Ravindra Kumar Gautam, Amita Jaiswal and Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya11.1 Introduction 29111.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in the Environment 29211.3 Toxicity to Human Health and Ecosystems 29911.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles 30311.5 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 30411.6 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment 31011.7 Modeling of Adsorption: Kinetic and Isotherm Models 31611.8 Thermodynamic Analysis 32211.9 Metal Recovery and Regeneration of Magnetic Nanoparticles 32311.10 Conclusions 324Acknowledgements 325References 32512 Potential Application of Nanoparticles as Antipathogens 333Pratima Chauhan, Mini Mishra and Deepika Gupta12.1 Introduction 33312.2 Applications of Nanoparticles 33612.3 Nanoparticles in Biology 34012.4 Uses and Advantages of Nanoparticles in Medicine 34112.5 Antibacterial Properties of Nanomaterials 34212.6 Antiviral properties of Nanoparticles 34512.7 Antifungal Activity 34812.8 Mechanism of Action of Nanoparticle inside the Body 34912.9 Detecting the Antipathogenicity of Nanoparticles on Microorganisms in Vitro 35012.10 Types of Nanoparticles 35112.11 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Conventional Methods 35112.12 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles 35312.13 Characterizations of Nanoparticles 35512.14 Biocompatibility of Nanoparticles 35612.15 Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles 35612.16 Conclusion 359References 36013 Gas Barrier Properties of Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites: Application in Food Packaging 369Sarat Kumar Swain13.1 Introduction 37013.2 Experimental 37213.3 Objective 37213.4 Background of Food Packaging 37313.5 Conclusion 382References 38214 Application of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles for Environmental Clean Up 385Ritu Singh and Virendra Misra14.1 Introduction 38614.2 Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles: A Versatile Tool for Environmental Clean Up 38814.3 Reduction Mechanisms and Pathways 40614.4 Pilot- and Field-Scale Studies 40814.5 Transport of nFe0 in Environment 41014.6 Integrated Approach 41114.7 Challenges Ahead 41214.8 Concluding Remarks 413References 41415 Typical Synthesis and Environmental Application of Novel TiO2 Nanoparticles 421Tanmay Kumar Ghorai15.1 Introduction 42115.2 Use of Different Dyes 42415.3 Synthetic Methods for Novel Titania Photocatalysts 42715.4 Novel Chemical Synthesis Routes 438References 44516 Zinc Oxide Nanowire Films: Solution Growth, Defect States and Electrical Conductivity 453Ajay Kushwaha and M. Aslam16.1 Introduction 45316.2 Solution Growth of ZnO Nanowire Films 45616.3 Defects and Photoluminescence Properties of ZnO 46516.4 Role of Defect States in Electrical Conductivity of ZnO 46916.5 Defects and Electrical Conductivity of ZnO Nanowire Films 47116.6 ZnO Nanowires for Energy Conversion Devices 478References 483Index 493

Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in the applied physics from Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science.  He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.Mikael Syväjärvi received his PhD degree in materials science from Linköping University, Sweden in 1999. His expertise is in materials growth and technologies of silicon carbide (SiC), graphene and related materials while his scientific focus area is material for energy and the environment. He initiated a European research collaboration in fluorescent and photovoltaic SiC, and has co-organized several symposiums at E-MRS. He has published more than 200 journal and conference papers. He is a co-inventor of The Cubic Sublimation Method for cubic SiC and the Fast Sublimation Growth Process that is applied for industrial development of fluorescent hexagonal SiC. He is also co-inventor of the High Temperature Graphene Process and a co-founder of Graphensic AB that manufactures and supplies graphene on SiC.

• Preface xv Part 1: Fundamental Methodologies 1 1 Layered Double Hydroxides and the Environment: An Overview 3Amita Jaiswal, Ravindra Kumar Gautam and Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya1.1 Introduction 41.2 Structure of Layered Double Hydroxides 41.3 Properties of Layered Double Hydroxides 61.4 Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides 71.5 Characterization of Layered Double Hydroxides 111.6 Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides 131.7 Conclusions 19Acknowledgements 19References 202 Improvement of the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium Alloys Applying Different Types of Silanes 27Anca-Iulia Stoica, Norica Carmen Godja, Andje Stankovic, Matthias Polzler, Erich Kny and Christoph Kleber2.1 Introduction 282.2 Silanes for Surface Treatment 312.3 Materials, Methods and Experimentals 402.4 Surface Analytics 422.5 Results and Discussion 432.6 Conclusions 56Acknowledgements 57References 573 New Generation Material for the Removal of Arsenic from Water 61Dinesh Kumar and Vaishali Tomar3.1 Introduction 623.2 Arsenic Desorption/Sorbent Regeneration 763.3 Conclusions 78Acknowledgement 79References 794 Prediction and Optimization of Heavy Clay Products Quality 87Milica Arsenovic,  Lato Pezo, Lidija Mancic and Zagorka  Radojevic4.1 Introduction 874.2 Materials and Methods 894.3 Results and Discussions 944.4 Conclusions 117Acknowledgement 118References 1185 Enhancement of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sugar Palm Fiber via Vacuum Resin Impregnation 121M.R. Ishak, Z. Leman, S.M. Sapuan, M.Z.A. Rahman and U.M.K. Anwar5.1 Introduction 1225.2 Experimental 1235.3 Results and Discussion 1255.4 Conclusions 138Acknowledgments 139References 1396 Environmentally-Friendly Acrylates-Based Polymer Latices 145Sweta Shukla and J.S.P. Rai6.1 Introduction 1466.2 Polymerization Techniques 154References 170Part 2: Inventive Nanotechnology 1777 Nanoparticles for Trace Analysis of Toxins: Present and Future Scenario 179Anupreet Kaur and Shivender Singh Saini7.1 Introduction 1797.2 Nanoremediation Using TiO2 Nanoparticles 1807.3 Gold Nanoparticles for Nanoremediation 1837.4 Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles 1847.5 Silicon Oxide Nanoparticles for Nanoremediation 1877.6 Other Materials for Nanoremediation 1907.7 Conclusion 193References 1938 Recent Developments in Gold Nanomaterial Catalysts for Oxidation Reaction through Green andSustainable Routes 197Biswajit Chowdhury, Chiranjit Santra, Sandip Mandal and Rawesh Kumar8.1 Introduction 1988.2 Propylene Epoxidation Reaction 2028.3 Reaction Mechanism 2118.4 Glucose Oxidation 2148.5 Alcohol Oxidation 2258.6 Conclusion 234References 2349 Nanosized Metal Oxide-Based Adsorbents for Heavy Metal Removal: A Review 243Deepak Pathania and Pardeep Singh9.1 Introduction 2449.2 Nanosized Metal Oxide 2469.3 Hybrid Adsorbents 2539.4 Conclusion 258References 25810 Future Prospects of Phytosynthesized Transition Metal Nanoparticles as Novel Functional Agents for Textiles 265Shahid-ul-Islam, Mohammad Shahid and Faqeer Mohammad10.1 Introduction 26610.2 Synthesis of Transition Metal Nanoparticle Using Various Plant Parts 26610.3 Proposed Mechanisms 27910.4 Transition Metal Nanoparticles as Novel Antimicrobial  Agents for Textile Modifications 28210.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Aspects 284References 28511 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions: Kineticsand Equilibrium Modeling 291Ravindra Kumar Gautam, Amita Jaiswal and Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya11.1 Introduction 29111.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in the Environment 29211.3 Toxicity to Human Health and Ecosystems 29911.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles 30311.5 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 30411.6 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment 31011.7 Modeling of Adsorption: Kinetic and Isotherm Models 31611.8 Thermodynamic Analysis 32211.9 Metal Recovery and Regeneration of Magnetic Nanoparticles 32311.10 Conclusions 324Acknowledgements 325References 32512 Potential Application of Nanoparticles as Antipathogens 333Pratima Chauhan, Mini Mishra and Deepika Gupta12.1 Introduction 33312.2 Applications of Nanoparticles 33612.3 Nanoparticles in Biology 34012.4 Uses and Advantages of Nanoparticles in Medicine 34112.5 Antibacterial Properties of Nanomaterials 34212.6 Antiviral properties of Nanoparticles 34512.7 Antifungal Activity 34812.8 Mechanism of Action of Nanoparticle inside the Body 34912.9 Detecting the Antipathogenicity of Nanoparticles on Microorganisms in Vitro 35012.10 Types of Nanoparticles 35112.11 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Conventional Methods 35112.12 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles 35312.13 Characterizations of Nanoparticles 35512.14 Biocompatibility of Nanoparticles 35612.15 Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles 35612.16 Conclusion 359References 36013 Gas Barrier Properties of Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites: Application in Food Packaging 369Sarat Kumar Swain13.1 Introduction 37013.2 Experimental 37213.3 Objective 37213.4 Background of Food Packaging 37313.5 Conclusion 382References 38214 Application of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles for Environmental Clean Up 385Ritu Singh and Virendra Misra14.1 Introduction 38614.2 Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles: A Versatile Tool for Environmental Clean Up 38814.3 Reduction Mechanisms and Pathways 40614.4 Pilot- and Field-Scale Studies 40814.5 Transport of nFe0 in Environment 41014.6 Integrated Approach 41114.7 Challenges Ahead 41214.8 Concluding Remarks 413References 41415 Typical Synthesis and Environmental Application of Novel TiO2 Nanoparticles 421Tanmay Kumar Ghorai15.1 Introduction 42115.2 Use of Different Dyes 42415.3 Synthetic Methods for Novel Titania Photocatalysts 42715.4 Novel Chemical Synthesis Routes 438References 44516 Zinc Oxide Nanowire Films: Solution Growth, Defect States and Electrical Conductivity 453Ajay Kushwaha and M. Aslam16.1 Introduction 45316.2 Solution Growth of ZnO Nanowire Films 45616.3 Defects and Photoluminescence Properties of ZnO 46516.4 Role of Defect States in Electrical Conductivity of ZnO 46916.5 Defects and Electrical Conductivity of ZnO Nanowire Films 47116.6 ZnO Nanowires for Energy Conversion Devices 478References 483Index 493

Ashutosh Tiwari is an Associate Professor at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in the applied physics from Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 350 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored more than fifteen books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science.  He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress and the Indian Materials Congress.Mikael Syväjärvi received his PhD degree in materials science from Linköping University, Sweden in 1999. His expertise is in materials growth and technologies of silicon carbide (SiC), graphene and related materials while his scientific focus area is material for energy and the environment. He initiated a European research collaboration in fluorescent and photovoltaic SiC, and has co-organized several symposiums at E-MRS. He has published more than 200 journal and conference papers. He is a co-inventor of The Cubic Sublimation Method for cubic SiC and the Fast Sublimation Growth Process that is applied for industrial development of fluorescent hexagonal SiC. He is also co-inventor of the High Temperature Graphene Process and a co-founder of Graphensic AB that manufactures and supplies graphene on SiC.

• Preface xv Part 1: Fundamental Methodologies 1 1 Layered Double Hydroxides and the Environment: An Overview 3Amita Jaiswal, Ravindra Kumar Gautam and Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya1.1 Introduction 41.2 Structure of Layered Double Hydroxides 41.3 Properties of Layered Double Hydroxides 61.4 Synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides 71.5 Characterization of Layered Double Hydroxides 111.6 Applications of Layered Double Hydroxides 131.7 Conclusions 19Acknowledgements 19References 202 Improvement of the Corrosion Resistance of Aluminium Alloys Applying Different Types of Silanes 27Anca-Iulia Stoica, Norica Carmen Godja, Andje Stankovic, Matthias Polzler, Erich Kny and Christoph Kleber2.1 Introduction 282.2 Silanes for Surface Treatment 312.3 Materials, Methods and Experimentals 402.4 Surface Analytics 422.5 Results and Discussion 432.6 Conclusions 56Acknowledgements 57References 573 New Generation Material for the Removal of Arsenic from Water 61Dinesh Kumar and Vaishali Tomar3.1 Introduction 623.2 Arsenic Desorption/Sorbent Regeneration 763.3 Conclusions 78Acknowledgement 79References 794 Prediction and Optimization of Heavy Clay Products Quality 87Milica Arsenovic,  Lato Pezo, Lidija Mancic and Zagorka  Radojevic4.1 Introduction 874.2 Materials and Methods 894.3 Results and Discussions 944.4 Conclusions 117Acknowledgement 118References 1185 Enhancement of Physical and Mechanical Properties of Sugar Palm Fiber via Vacuum Resin Impregnation 121M.R. Ishak, Z. Leman, S.M. Sapuan, M.Z.A. Rahman and U.M.K. Anwar5.1 Introduction 1225.2 Experimental 1235.3 Results and Discussion 1255.4 Conclusions 138Acknowledgments 139References 1396 Environmentally-Friendly Acrylates-Based Polymer Latices 145Sweta Shukla and J.S.P. Rai6.1 Introduction 1466.2 Polymerization Techniques 154References 170Part 2: Inventive Nanotechnology 1777 Nanoparticles for Trace Analysis of Toxins: Present and Future Scenario 179Anupreet Kaur and Shivender Singh Saini7.1 Introduction 1797.2 Nanoremediation Using TiO2 Nanoparticles 1807.3 Gold Nanoparticles for Nanoremediation 1837.4 Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles 1847.5 Silicon Oxide Nanoparticles for Nanoremediation 1877.6 Other Materials for Nanoremediation 1907.7 Conclusion 193References 1938 Recent Developments in Gold Nanomaterial Catalysts for Oxidation Reaction through Green andSustainable Routes 197Biswajit Chowdhury, Chiranjit Santra, Sandip Mandal and Rawesh Kumar8.1 Introduction 1988.2 Propylene Epoxidation Reaction 2028.3 Reaction Mechanism 2118.4 Glucose Oxidation 2148.5 Alcohol Oxidation 2258.6 Conclusion 234References 2349 Nanosized Metal Oxide-Based Adsorbents for Heavy Metal Removal: A Review 243Deepak Pathania and Pardeep Singh9.1 Introduction 2449.2 Nanosized Metal Oxide 2469.3 Hybrid Adsorbents 2539.4 Conclusion 258References 25810 Future Prospects of Phytosynthesized Transition Metal Nanoparticles as Novel Functional Agents for Textiles 265Shahid-ul-Islam, Mohammad Shahid and Faqeer Mohammad10.1 Introduction 26610.2 Synthesis of Transition Metal Nanoparticle Using Various Plant Parts 26610.3 Proposed Mechanisms 27910.4 Transition Metal Nanoparticles as Novel Antimicrobial  Agents for Textile Modifications 28210.5 Concluding Remarks and Future Aspects 284References 28511 Functionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles for Heavy Metal Removal from Aqueous Solutions: Kineticsand Equilibrium Modeling 291Ravindra Kumar Gautam, Amita Jaiswal and Mahesh Chandra Chattopadhyaya11.1 Introduction 29111.2 Sources of Heavy Metals in the Environment 29211.3 Toxicity to Human Health and Ecosystems 29911.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles 30311.5 Synthesis of Magnetic Nanoparticles 30411.6 Magnetic Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment 31011.7 Modeling of Adsorption: Kinetic and Isotherm Models 31611.8 Thermodynamic Analysis 32211.9 Metal Recovery and Regeneration of Magnetic Nanoparticles 32311.10 Conclusions 324Acknowledgements 325References 32512 Potential Application of Nanoparticles as Antipathogens 333Pratima Chauhan, Mini Mishra and Deepika Gupta12.1 Introduction 33312.2 Applications of Nanoparticles 33612.3 Nanoparticles in Biology 34012.4 Uses and Advantages of Nanoparticles in Medicine 34112.5 Antibacterial Properties of Nanomaterials 34212.6 Antiviral properties of Nanoparticles 34512.7 Antifungal Activity 34812.8 Mechanism of Action of Nanoparticle inside the Body 34912.9 Detecting the Antipathogenicity of Nanoparticles on Microorganisms in Vitro 35012.10 Types of Nanoparticles 35112.11 Synthesis of Nanoparticles by Conventional Methods 35112.12 Biological Synthesis of Nanoparticles 35312.13 Characterizations of Nanoparticles 35512.14 Biocompatibility of Nanoparticles 35612.15 Toxic Effects of Nanoparticles 35612.16 Conclusion 359References 36013 Gas Barrier Properties of Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites: Application in Food Packaging 369Sarat Kumar Swain13.1 Introduction 37013.2 Experimental 37213.3 Objective 37213.4 Background of Food Packaging 37313.5 Conclusion 382References 38214 Application of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles for Environmental Clean Up 385Ritu Singh and Virendra Misra14.1 Introduction 38614.2 Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles: A Versatile Tool for Environmental Clean Up 38814.3 Reduction Mechanisms and Pathways 40614.4 Pilot- and Field-Scale Studies 40814.5 Transport of nFe0 in Environment 41014.6 Integrated Approach 41114.7 Challenges Ahead 41214.8 Concluding Remarks 413References 41415 Typical Synthesis and Environmental Application of Novel TiO2 Nanoparticles 421Tanmay Kumar Ghorai15.1 Introduction 42115.2 Use of Different Dyes 42415.3 Synthetic Methods for Novel Titania Photocatalysts 42715.4 Novel Chemical Synthesis Routes 438References 44516 Zinc Oxide Nanowire Films: Solution Growth, Defect States and Electrical Conductivity 453Ajay Kushwaha and M. Aslam16.1 Introduction 45316.2 Solution Growth of ZnO Nanowire Films 45616.3 Defects and Photoluminescence Properties of ZnO 46516.4 Role of Defect States in Electrical Conductivity of ZnO 46916.5 Defects and Electrical Conductivity of ZnO Nanowire Films 47116.6 ZnO Nanowires for Energy Conversion Devices 478References 483Index 493