Jacqui Finch is a Senior Lecturer in Adult Nursing at the University of West London, UKHelen Dutton is a Senior Lecturer in Adult Nursing at the University of West London, UK

• Contributors viiAcknowledgements viiiPreface ixAbbreviations xAbout the companion website xiiPart 1 Nursing in acute and critical care 11 Critical care without walls 22 Recognising risk of deterioration: ABCDE assessment 43 Early warning tools and care escalation 64 Hospital-acquired infection: infection prevention and control 85 Pain management 106 Psychosocial issues 127 Safe transfer of the acutely unwell patient 14Part 2 Airway: maintaining airway patency 178 Upper airway: assessment and management 189 Advanced airway management 2010 Airway management: tracheostomy 22Part 3 Breathing: patients with breathing problems 2511 Respiratory physiology: oxygenation 2612 Respiratory physiology: ventilation 2813 Assessment of breathing 3014 Respiratory investigations 3215 Oxygen therapy 3416 Respiratory failure 3617 Breathing problems: obstructive disorders 3818 Breathing problems: lung (parenchymal) disorders 4019 Breathing problems: pleural disorders 4220 Respiratory support: non-invasive ventilation 4421 Principles of thoracic surgery 46Part 4 Circulation: patients with circulatory problems 4922 Circulatory physiology 1: circulation 5023 Circulatory physiology 2: the heart and cardiac cycle 5224 Circulatory physiology 3: control of circulation 5425 Assessment of circulation 5626 Cardiac investigations 5827 Fluid, electrolytes and intravenous fluids 6028 Haemodynamic monitoring 6229 Acute chest pain 6430 The 12-lead electrocardiogram 6631 Altered heart rhythm 6832 Physiology of the immune system 7033 Acute circulatory failure 1: distributive (sepsis) 7234 Acute circulatory failure 2: distributive (anaphylaxis and neurogenic) 7435 Acute circulatory failure 3: hypovolaemia 7636 Acute circulatory failure 4: obstructive 7837 Acute circulatory failure 5: heart failure 8038 Principles of cardiac surgery 8239 Physiology of the gastrointestinal system 8440 Acute medical and surgical gastrointestinal problems 8641 Physiology of the renal system 8842 Acute kidney injury 9043 Burns: immediate care 9244 Major trauma 9445 Resuscitation 96Part 5 Disability: patients with neurological impairment 9946 Physiology of the brain 10047 Neurological assessment 10248 Neurological impairment 10449 Drug overdose and poisoning 10650 Acute endocrine problems 108Part 6 Exposure 11151 Skin integrity 11252 Nutritional assessment and support 114Part 7 Decision making in acute and critical care 11753 Summary of decision making 11854 Professional, legal and ethical considerations 12055 Mental health concerns 12256 Last days of life 124Appendix 126References and further reading 127Glossary 136Index 148

Jacqui Finch is a Senior Lecturer in Adult Nursing at the University of West London, UKHelen Dutton is a Senior Lecturer in Adult Nursing at the University of West London, UK

• Contributors viiAcknowledgements viiiPreface ixAbbreviations xAbout the companion website xiiPart 1 Nursing in acute and critical care 11 Critical care without walls 22 Recognising risk of deterioration: ABCDE assessment 43 Early warning tools and care escalation 64 Hospital-acquired infection: infection prevention and control 85 Pain management 106 Psychosocial issues 127 Safe transfer of the acutely unwell patient 14Part 2 Airway: maintaining airway patency 178 Upper airway: assessment and management 189 Advanced airway management 2010 Airway management: tracheostomy 22Part 3 Breathing: patients with breathing problems 2511 Respiratory physiology: oxygenation 2612 Respiratory physiology: ventilation 2813 Assessment of breathing 3014 Respiratory investigations 3215 Oxygen therapy 3416 Respiratory failure 3617 Breathing problems: obstructive disorders 3818 Breathing problems: lung (parenchymal) disorders 4019 Breathing problems: pleural disorders 4220 Respiratory support: non-invasive ventilation 4421 Principles of thoracic surgery 46Part 4 Circulation: patients with circulatory problems 4922 Circulatory physiology 1: circulation 5023 Circulatory physiology 2: the heart and cardiac cycle 5224 Circulatory physiology 3: control of circulation 5425 Assessment of circulation 5626 Cardiac investigations 5827 Fluid, electrolytes and intravenous fluids 6028 Haemodynamic monitoring 6229 Acute chest pain 6430 The 12-lead electrocardiogram 6631 Altered heart rhythm 6832 Physiology of the immune system 7033 Acute circulatory failure 1: distributive (sepsis) 7234 Acute circulatory failure 2: distributive (anaphylaxis and neurogenic) 7435 Acute circulatory failure 3: hypovolaemia 7636 Acute circulatory failure 4: obstructive 7837 Acute circulatory failure 5: heart failure 8038 Principles of cardiac surgery 8239 Physiology of the gastrointestinal system 8440 Acute medical and surgical gastrointestinal problems 8641 Physiology of the renal system 8842 Acute kidney injury 9043 Burns: immediate care 9244 Major trauma 9445 Resuscitation 96Part 5 Disability: patients with neurological impairment 9946 Physiology of the brain 10047 Neurological assessment 10248 Neurological impairment 10449 Drug overdose and poisoning 10650 Acute endocrine problems 108Part 6 Exposure 11151 Skin integrity 11252 Nutritional assessment and support 114Part 7 Decision making in acute and critical care 11753 Summary of decision making 11854 Professional, legal and ethical considerations 12055 Mental health concerns 12256 Last days of life 124Appendix 126References and further reading 127Glossary 136Index 148

Jacqui Finch is a Senior Lecturer in Adult Nursing at the University of West London, UKHelen Dutton is a Senior Lecturer in Adult Nursing at the University of West London, UK

• Contributors viiAcknowledgements viiiPreface ixAbbreviations xAbout the companion website xiiPart 1 Nursing in acute and critical care 11 Critical care without walls 22 Recognising risk of deterioration: ABCDE assessment 43 Early warning tools and care escalation 64 Hospital-acquired infection: infection prevention and control 85 Pain management 106 Psychosocial issues 127 Safe transfer of the acutely unwell patient 14Part 2 Airway: maintaining airway patency 178 Upper airway: assessment and management 189 Advanced airway management 2010 Airway management: tracheostomy 22Part 3 Breathing: patients with breathing problems 2511 Respiratory physiology: oxygenation 2612 Respiratory physiology: ventilation 2813 Assessment of breathing 3014 Respiratory investigations 3215 Oxygen therapy 3416 Respiratory failure 3617 Breathing problems: obstructive disorders 3818 Breathing problems: lung (parenchymal) disorders 4019 Breathing problems: pleural disorders 4220 Respiratory support: non-invasive ventilation 4421 Principles of thoracic surgery 46Part 4 Circulation: patients with circulatory problems 4922 Circulatory physiology 1: circulation 5023 Circulatory physiology 2: the heart and cardiac cycle 5224 Circulatory physiology 3: control of circulation 5425 Assessment of circulation 5626 Cardiac investigations 5827 Fluid, electrolytes and intravenous fluids 6028 Haemodynamic monitoring 6229 Acute chest pain 6430 The 12-lead electrocardiogram 6631 Altered heart rhythm 6832 Physiology of the immune system 7033 Acute circulatory failure 1: distributive (sepsis) 7234 Acute circulatory failure 2: distributive (anaphylaxis and neurogenic) 7435 Acute circulatory failure 3: hypovolaemia 7636 Acute circulatory failure 4: obstructive 7837 Acute circulatory failure 5: heart failure 8038 Principles of cardiac surgery 8239 Physiology of the gastrointestinal system 8440 Acute medical and surgical gastrointestinal problems 8641 Physiology of the renal system 8842 Acute kidney injury 9043 Burns: immediate care 9244 Major trauma 9445 Resuscitation 96Part 5 Disability: patients with neurological impairment 9946 Physiology of the brain 10047 Neurological assessment 10248 Neurological impairment 10449 Drug overdose and poisoning 10650 Acute endocrine problems 108Part 6 Exposure 11151 Skin integrity 11252 Nutritional assessment and support 114Part 7 Decision making in acute and critical care 11753 Summary of decision making 11854 Professional, legal and ethical considerations 12055 Mental health concerns 12256 Last days of life 124Appendix 126References and further reading 127Glossary 136Index 148