Madhuri Sharon, (Retd Director Reliance Industries Ltd) Ph.D. from Leicester University UK, Post-Doctoral Research from Bolton Institute of Technology U.K., is Director of NSN Research Centre for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology; Managing Director of Monad Nanotech; Adjunct-Professor University of Mumbai; and Professor-Emeritus JJT University. Established many Plant Tissue-Culture units and a Radio-isotope lab at ICRISAT.Maheshwar Sharon, (Retd. Professor IIT Bombay) Ph.D. from Leicester University UK, Post-Doctoral Research from Bolton Institute of Technology U.K., is Director of NSN Research Centre for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology and Technical Director of Monad Nanotech also Adjunct-Professor University of Mumbai. His specializations are Electrochemistry (Photoelectrochemistry & Battery), Solid State Chemistry (Diffusion & Electrical Properties), Superconductivity, Carbon (fullerenes, nanocarbon, low band gap semiconductor etc.) and Energy: Photovoltaic wet & dry Solar Cells. For his contribution to carbon he was awarded 'Bangur Award'. He has five patents, five books and 173 publications to his credit. He has research collaboration with Chubu University of Japan.

• Foreword (Hisanori Shinohara) xvPreface xvii1 The History of Graphene 12 Structure and Properties of Graphene 172.1 The Structure of Graphene 172.2 Disorder in Graphene Structure 252.3 Properties of Graphene 282.4 Summary 373 Nanographene and Carbon Quantum Dots (C-Dots) 393.1 Nanographene 403.2 Graphene Quantum Dots or Carbon Dots 463.3 Conclusions 714 Identification and Characterization of Graphene 734.1 Introduction 734.2 Microscopic Methods 764.3 Spectroscopic Methods 814.4 Optical Property Analysis 934.5 Measurement of Mechanical Properties 994.6 Thermal Properties and Thermal Effect Analysis 1054.7 Characterization of Electrical Properties 1084.8 Work Function 1094.9 Anomolous Quantum Hall Effect 1094.10 Spin Transport 1104.11 Summary 1115 Engineering Properties of Graphene 1135.1 Introduction 1135.2 Engineering Magnetic Properties 1145.3 Engineering Graphene with Enhanced Mechanical Properties 1155.4 Engineering the Field Emission (FE) Properties 1195.5 Engineering Band Gap or Energy Gap of Graphene 1205.6 Engineering the Electronic Properties of Graphene 1225.7 Engineering Structural Properties of Graphene 1325.8 Summary 1426 Applications of Graphene 1456.1 Application Possibilities 1466.2 Summary 1647 Towards Mass Production of Graphene: Lab to Industry (Scaling Up) 1677.1 Exfoliation of Graphite: A Top-Down Approach 1687.2 Length-Wise Unzipping of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) 1717.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method 1797.4 Epitaxial growth of Graphene on Silicon Carbide 1817.5 Reduction of Graphene Oxide (GO) 1847.6 Arc-Discharge Method 1947.7 Solvothermal Method 1947.8 Substrate-Free Gas Phase Synthesis Of Graphene 1957.9 Other Growth Methods 1967.10 Summary 1968 Direct Transfer or Roll-To-Roll Transfer of Graphene Sheet onto Desired Substrate 1978.1 Introduction 1978.2 Direct Transfer of Graphene by Etching and Scooping Method 1998.3 Direct Transfer of Graphene by Etching and Scooping Method Using a Graphene Protecting Media 2008.4 Roll-to-Roll Synthesis and Transfer of Graphene 2058.5 Apparatus Used for Roll-to-Roll Transfer of Graphene Sheet 2088.6 Considerations for Minimizing Defects or Cracking During Transfer 2128.7 Summary 2149 Graphene in Industry, Commercialization Challenges and Economics 2179.1 Introduction 2179.2 Graphene Industries 219

Madhuri Sharon, (Retd Director Reliance Industries Ltd) Ph.D. from Leicester University UK, Post-Doctoral Research from Bolton Institute of Technology U.K., is Director of NSN Research Centre for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology; Managing Director of Monad Nanotech; Adjunct-Professor University of Mumbai; and Professor-Emeritus JJT University. Established many Plant Tissue-Culture units and a Radio-isotope lab at ICRISAT.Maheshwar Sharon, (Retd. Professor IIT Bombay) Ph.D. from Leicester University UK, Post-Doctoral Research from Bolton Institute of Technology U.K., is Director of NSN Research Centre for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology and Technical Director of Monad Nanotech also Adjunct-Professor University of Mumbai. His specializations are Electrochemistry (Photoelectrochemistry & Battery), Solid State Chemistry (Diffusion & Electrical Properties), Superconductivity, Carbon (fullerenes, nanocarbon, low band gap semiconductor etc.) and Energy: Photovoltaic wet & dry Solar Cells. For his contribution to carbon he was awarded 'Bangur Award'. He has five patents, five books and 173 publications to his credit. He has research collaboration with Chubu University of Japan.

• Foreword (Hisanori Shinohara) xvPreface xvii1 The History of Graphene 12 Structure and Properties of Graphene 172.1 The Structure of Graphene 172.2 Disorder in Graphene Structure 252.3 Properties of Graphene 282.4 Summary 373 Nanographene and Carbon Quantum Dots (C-Dots) 393.1 Nanographene 403.2 Graphene Quantum Dots or Carbon Dots 463.3 Conclusions 714 Identification and Characterization of Graphene 734.1 Introduction 734.2 Microscopic Methods 764.3 Spectroscopic Methods 814.4 Optical Property Analysis 934.5 Measurement of Mechanical Properties 994.6 Thermal Properties and Thermal Effect Analysis 1054.7 Characterization of Electrical Properties 1084.8 Work Function 1094.9 Anomolous Quantum Hall Effect 1094.10 Spin Transport 1104.11 Summary 1115 Engineering Properties of Graphene 1135.1 Introduction 1135.2 Engineering Magnetic Properties 1145.3 Engineering Graphene with Enhanced Mechanical Properties 1155.4 Engineering the Field Emission (FE) Properties 1195.5 Engineering Band Gap or Energy Gap of Graphene 1205.6 Engineering the Electronic Properties of Graphene 1225.7 Engineering Structural Properties of Graphene 1325.8 Summary 1426 Applications of Graphene 1456.1 Application Possibilities 1466.2 Summary 1647 Towards Mass Production of Graphene: Lab to Industry (Scaling Up) 1677.1 Exfoliation of Graphite: A Top-Down Approach 1687.2 Length-Wise Unzipping of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) 1717.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method 1797.4 Epitaxial growth of Graphene on Silicon Carbide 1817.5 Reduction of Graphene Oxide (GO) 1847.6 Arc-Discharge Method 1947.7 Solvothermal Method 1947.8 Substrate-Free Gas Phase Synthesis Of Graphene 1957.9 Other Growth Methods 1967.10 Summary 1968 Direct Transfer or Roll-To-Roll Transfer of Graphene Sheet onto Desired Substrate 1978.1 Introduction 1978.2 Direct Transfer of Graphene by Etching and Scooping Method 1998.3 Direct Transfer of Graphene by Etching and Scooping Method Using a Graphene Protecting Media 2008.4 Roll-to-Roll Synthesis and Transfer of Graphene 2058.5 Apparatus Used for Roll-to-Roll Transfer of Graphene Sheet 2088.6 Considerations for Minimizing Defects or Cracking During Transfer 2128.7 Summary 2149 Graphene in Industry, Commercialization Challenges and Economics 2179.1 Introduction 2179.2 Graphene Industries 219

Madhuri Sharon, (Retd Director Reliance Industries Ltd) Ph.D. from Leicester University UK, Post-Doctoral Research from Bolton Institute of Technology U.K., is Director of NSN Research Centre for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology; Managing Director of Monad Nanotech; Adjunct-Professor University of Mumbai; and Professor-Emeritus JJT University. Established many Plant Tissue-Culture units and a Radio-isotope lab at ICRISAT.Maheshwar Sharon, (Retd. Professor IIT Bombay) Ph.D. from Leicester University UK, Post-Doctoral Research from Bolton Institute of Technology U.K., is Director of NSN Research Centre for Nanotechnology & Bionanotechnology and Technical Director of Monad Nanotech also Adjunct-Professor University of Mumbai. His specializations are Electrochemistry (Photoelectrochemistry & Battery), Solid State Chemistry (Diffusion & Electrical Properties), Superconductivity, Carbon (fullerenes, nanocarbon, low band gap semiconductor etc.) and Energy: Photovoltaic wet & dry Solar Cells. For his contribution to carbon he was awarded 'Bangur Award'. He has five patents, five books and 173 publications to his credit. He has research collaboration with Chubu University of Japan.

• Foreword (Hisanori Shinohara) xvPreface xvii1 The History of Graphene 12 Structure and Properties of Graphene 172.1 The Structure of Graphene 172.2 Disorder in Graphene Structure 252.3 Properties of Graphene 282.4 Summary 373 Nanographene and Carbon Quantum Dots (C-Dots) 393.1 Nanographene 403.2 Graphene Quantum Dots or Carbon Dots 463.3 Conclusions 714 Identification and Characterization of Graphene 734.1 Introduction 734.2 Microscopic Methods 764.3 Spectroscopic Methods 814.4 Optical Property Analysis 934.5 Measurement of Mechanical Properties 994.6 Thermal Properties and Thermal Effect Analysis 1054.7 Characterization of Electrical Properties 1084.8 Work Function 1094.9 Anomolous Quantum Hall Effect 1094.10 Spin Transport 1104.11 Summary 1115 Engineering Properties of Graphene 1135.1 Introduction 1135.2 Engineering Magnetic Properties 1145.3 Engineering Graphene with Enhanced Mechanical Properties 1155.4 Engineering the Field Emission (FE) Properties 1195.5 Engineering Band Gap or Energy Gap of Graphene 1205.6 Engineering the Electronic Properties of Graphene 1225.7 Engineering Structural Properties of Graphene 1325.8 Summary 1426 Applications of Graphene 1456.1 Application Possibilities 1466.2 Summary 1647 Towards Mass Production of Graphene: Lab to Industry (Scaling Up) 1677.1 Exfoliation of Graphite: A Top-Down Approach 1687.2 Length-Wise Unzipping of Carbon Nanotubes (CNT) 1717.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method 1797.4 Epitaxial growth of Graphene on Silicon Carbide 1817.5 Reduction of Graphene Oxide (GO) 1847.6 Arc-Discharge Method 1947.7 Solvothermal Method 1947.8 Substrate-Free Gas Phase Synthesis Of Graphene 1957.9 Other Growth Methods 1967.10 Summary 1968 Direct Transfer or Roll-To-Roll Transfer of Graphene Sheet onto Desired Substrate 1978.1 Introduction 1978.2 Direct Transfer of Graphene by Etching and Scooping Method 1998.3 Direct Transfer of Graphene by Etching and Scooping Method Using a Graphene Protecting Media 2008.4 Roll-to-Roll Synthesis and Transfer of Graphene 2058.5 Apparatus Used for Roll-to-Roll Transfer of Graphene Sheet 2088.6 Considerations for Minimizing Defects or Cracking During Transfer 2128.7 Summary 2149 Graphene in Industry, Commercialization Challenges and Economics 2179.1 Introduction 2179.2 Graphene Industries 219