David B. Collinge is a Professor of Plant Pathology in the Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology in the Faculty of Life Science at the University of Copenhagen.

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• List of Contributors xiiiForeword xixAcknowledgments xxvChapter 1 The Status and Prospects for Biotechnological Approaches for Attaining Sustainable Disease Resistance 1David B. Collinge, Ewen Mullins, Birgit Jensen and Hans J.L. Jørgensen1.1 Introduction 11.2 Factors to consider when generating disease‐resistant crops 21.3 Opportunities to engineer novel cultivars for disease resistance 101.4 Technical barriers to engineering novel cultivars for disease resistance 131.5 Approaches for identification and selection of genes important for disease resistance 141.6 Promising strategies for engineering disease‐resistant crops 151.7 Future directions and issues 15References 16Part I: Biological Strategies Leading Towards Disease Resistance 21Chapter 2 Engineering Barriers to Infection by Undermining Pathogen Effector Function or by Gaining Effector Recognition 23Ali Abdurehim Ahmed, Hazel McLellan, Geziel Barbosa Aguilar, Ingo Hein, Hans Thordal‐Christensen and Paul R.J. Birch2.1 Introduction 232.2 Plant defence and effector function 242.3 Strategies for engineering resistance 332.4 Perspective 42References 43Chapter 3 Application of Antimicrobial Proteins and Peptides in Developing Disease‐Resistant Plants 51Ashis Kumar Nandi3.1 Introduction 513.2 Biological role of PR‐proteins 523.3 Antimicrobial peptides 563.4 Regulation of PR‐protein expression 573.5 Biotechnological application of PR‐protein genes in developing improved crop plants 603.6 Future directions 61Acknowledgement 63References 63Chapter 4 Metabolic Engineering of Chemical Defence Pathways in Plant Disease Control 71Fred Rook4.1 Introduction 714.2 Present status of metabolic engineering in the control of plant disease 734.3 Metabolic engineering: technical challenges and opportunities 784.4 The outlook for metabolically engineering of disease resistance in crops 83References 85Chapter 5 Arabinan: Biosynthesis and a Role in Host‐Pathogen Interactions 91Maria Stranne and Yumiko Sakuragi5.1 Introduction 915.2 Biosynthesis and modification of arabinan 945.3 Distribution of arabinan in different tissues and during development 965.4 Role of arabinan in plant growth and development 985.5 Roles of arabinan degrading enzymes in virulence of phytopathogenic fungi 995.6 Roles of arabinan in pathogen interactions 1015.7 Conclusion 103References 103Chapter 6 Transcription Factors that Regulate Defence Responses and Their Use in Increasing Disease Resistance 109Prateek Tripathi, Aravind Galla, Roel C. Rabara and Paul J. Rushton6.1 Introduction 1096.2 Transcription factors and plant defence 1106.3 AP2/ERF transcription factors 1116.4 bZIP transcription factors 1136.5 WRKY transcription factors 1146.6 MYB transcription factors 1166.7 Other transcription factor families 1176.8 Can the manipulation of specific transcription factors deliver sustainable disease resistance? 1186.9 Have we chosen the right transgenes? 1196.10 Have we chosen the right expression strategies? 1206.11 What new ideas are there for the future of TF‐based crop improvement? 121References 124Chapter 7 Regulation of Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses by Plant Hormones 131Dominik K. Großkinsky, Eric van der Graaff and Thomas Roitsch7.1 Introduction 1317.2 Regulation of biotic stress responses by plant hormones 1327.3 Regulation of abiotic stress responses by plant hormones 1407.4 Conclusions and further perspectives 145References 147Part II: Case Studies for Groups of Pathogens and Important Crops. Why is it Especially Advantageous to use Transgenic Strategies for these Pathogens or Crops? 155Chapter 8 Engineered Resistance to Viruses: A Case of Plant Innate Immunity 157Paula Tennant and Marc Fuchs8.1 Introduction 1578.2 Mitigation of viruses 1588.3 Biotechnology and virus resistance 1588.4 Success stories 1628.5 Challenges of engineering RNAi‐mediated resistance 1638.6 Benefits of virus‐resistant transgenic crops 1648.7 Conclusions 166References 167Chapter 9 Problematic Crops: 1. Potatoes: Towards Sustainable Potato Late Blight Resistance by Cisgenic R Gene Pyramiding 171Kwang‐Ryong Jo, Suxian Zhu, Yuling Bai, Ronald C.B. Hutten, G.J. Kessel, Vivianne G.A.A. Vleeshouwers, Evert Jacobsen, Richard G.F. Visser and Jack H. Vossen9.1 Potato late blight resistance breeding advocates GM strategies 1719.2 GM strategies for late blight resistance breeding 1779.3 Late blight‐resistant GM varieties 186References 187Chapter 10 Problematic Crops: 1. Grape: To Long Life and Good Health: Untangling the Complexity of Grape Diseases to Develop Pathogen‐Resistant Varieties 193Dario Cantu, M. Caroline Roper, Ann L.T. Powell and John M. Labavitch10.1 Introduction 19310.2 Introduction to grapevine pathology 19410.3 Approaches for the improvement of grapevine disease resistance 19810.4 Pierce’s disease of grapevines: a case study 202References 211Chapter 11 Developing Sustainable Disease Resistance in Coffee: Breeding vs. Transgenic Approaches 217Avinash Kumar, Simmi P. Sreedharan, Nandini P. Shetty and Giridhar Parvatam11.1 Introduction 21711.2 Agronomic aspects of coffee 21711.3 Major threats to coffee plantations 21911.4 Breeding for disease resistance and pest management 22511.5 Various traits targeted for transgenic coffee development 22711.6 Bottlenecks in coffee transgenic development 22911.7 GM or hybrid joe: what choices to make? 235Acknowledgements 236Endnote 236References 236Webliographies 243Chapter 12 Biotechnological Approaches for Crop Protection: Transgenes for Disease Resistance in Rice 245Blanca San Segundo, Belén Lopez‐García and María Coca12.1 Introduction 24512.2 Plant immunity 24712.3 Transgenic approaches to engineer disease resistance in rice plants 25012.4 Targeted genome engineering 26012.5 Safety issues of genetically engineered rice 26112.6 Conclusions and future prospects 263Acknowledgement 265References 265Part III: Status of Transgenic Crops Around the World 273Chapter 13 Status of Transgenic Crops in Argentina 275Fernando F. Bravo‐Almonacid and María Eugenia Segretin13.1 Transgenic crops approved for commercialization in Argentina 27513.2 Economic impact derived from transgenic crops cultivation 27813.3 Local developments 27813.4 Perspectives 282References 282Chapter 14 The Status of Transgenic Crops in Australia 285Michael Gilbert14.1 Introduction 28514.2 Government policies 28614.3 Field trials 28714.4 Crops deregulated 28714.5 Crops grown 28714.6 Public sentiment toward GM crops 29114.7 Value capture 29114.8 What is in the pipeline 29214.9 Summary 292Endnotes 293References 293Chapter 15 Transgenic Crops in Spain 295María Coca, Belén Lopez‐García and Blanca San Segundo15.1 Introduction 29515.2 Transgenic crops in Europe 29615.3 Transgenic crops in Spain 29715.4 Future prospects 300Acknowledgements 302References 302Chapter 16 Biotechnology and Crop Disease Resistance in South Africa 305Maryke Carstens and Dave K. Berger16.1 Genetically modified crops in South Africa 30516.2 Economic, social and health benefits of GM crops in South Africa 30816.3 Biotechnology initiatives for crop disease control in South Africa 30916.4 Future prospects 312Acknowledgements 313References 313Part IV: Implications of Transgenic Technologies for Improved Disease Control 317Chapter 17 Exploiting Plant Induced Resistance as a Route to Sustainable Crop Protection 319Michael R. Roberts and Jane E. Taylor17.1 Introduction 31917.2 Examples of elicitors of induced resistance 32117.3 Priming of induced resistance 32617.4 Drivers and barriers to the adoption of plant activators in agriculture and horticulture 33017.5 Conclusions and future prospects 334References 334Chapter 18 Biological Control Using Microorganisms as an Alternative to Disease Resistance 341Dan Funck Jensen, Magnus Karlsson, Sabrina Sarrocco and Giovanni Vannacci18.1 Introduction 34118.2 Getting the right biocontrol organism 34318.3 New approaches for studying the biology of BCAs and biocontrol interactions 35118.4 Strategy for using biocontrol in IPM 354References 357Webliography 363Chapter 19 TILLING in Plant Disease Control: Applications and Perspectives 365Francesca Desiderio, Anna Maria Torp, Giampiero Valè and Søren K. Rasmussen19.1 Concepts of forward and reverse genetics 36519.2 The TILLING procedure 36619.3 Mutagenesis 36619.4 DNA preparation and pooling of individuals 37119.5 Mutation discovery 37219.6 Identification and evaluation of the individual mutant 37419.7 Bioinformatics tools 37419.8 EcoTILLING 37519.9 Modified TILLING approaches 37519.10 Application of TILLING and TILLING‐related procedures in disease resistance 37619.11 Perspectives 380References 381Chapter 20 Fitness Costs of Pathogen Recognition in Plants and Their Implications for Crop Improvement 385James K.M. Brown20.1 The goal of durable resistance 38520.2 New ways of using R‐genes 38620.3 Costs of resistance in crop improvement 38720.4 Fitness costs of R‐gene defences 38820.5 Phenotypes of R‐gene over‐expression 39020.6 Requirements for R‐protein function 39120.7 Necrotic phenotypes of R‐gene mutants 39420.8 Summary of fitness costs of R‐gene mutations 39620.9 R‐genes in plant breeding 39720.10 Biotech innovation and genetic diversity 40020.11 Conclusion 400Acknowledgement 400References 400Index 405

David B. Collinge is a Professor of Plant Pathology in the Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology in the Faculty of Life Science at the University of Copenhagen.

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• List of Contributors xiiiForeword xixAcknowledgments xxvChapter 1 The Status and Prospects for Biotechnological Approaches for Attaining Sustainable Disease Resistance 1David B. Collinge, Ewen Mullins, Birgit Jensen and Hans J.L. Jørgensen1.1 Introduction 11.2 Factors to consider when generating disease‐resistant crops 21.3 Opportunities to engineer novel cultivars for disease resistance 101.4 Technical barriers to engineering novel cultivars for disease resistance 131.5 Approaches for identification and selection of genes important for disease resistance 141.6 Promising strategies for engineering disease‐resistant crops 151.7 Future directions and issues 15References 16Part I: Biological Strategies Leading Towards Disease Resistance 21Chapter 2 Engineering Barriers to Infection by Undermining Pathogen Effector Function or by Gaining Effector Recognition 23Ali Abdurehim Ahmed, Hazel McLellan, Geziel Barbosa Aguilar, Ingo Hein, Hans Thordal‐Christensen and Paul R.J. Birch2.1 Introduction 232.2 Plant defence and effector function 242.3 Strategies for engineering resistance 332.4 Perspective 42References 43Chapter 3 Application of Antimicrobial Proteins and Peptides in Developing Disease‐Resistant Plants 51Ashis Kumar Nandi3.1 Introduction 513.2 Biological role of PR‐proteins 523.3 Antimicrobial peptides 563.4 Regulation of PR‐protein expression 573.5 Biotechnological application of PR‐protein genes in developing improved crop plants 603.6 Future directions 61Acknowledgement 63References 63Chapter 4 Metabolic Engineering of Chemical Defence Pathways in Plant Disease Control 71Fred Rook4.1 Introduction 714.2 Present status of metabolic engineering in the control of plant disease 734.3 Metabolic engineering: technical challenges and opportunities 784.4 The outlook for metabolically engineering of disease resistance in crops 83References 85Chapter 5 Arabinan: Biosynthesis and a Role in Host‐Pathogen Interactions 91Maria Stranne and Yumiko Sakuragi5.1 Introduction 915.2 Biosynthesis and modification of arabinan 945.3 Distribution of arabinan in different tissues and during development 965.4 Role of arabinan in plant growth and development 985.5 Roles of arabinan degrading enzymes in virulence of phytopathogenic fungi 995.6 Roles of arabinan in pathogen interactions 1015.7 Conclusion 103References 103Chapter 6 Transcription Factors that Regulate Defence Responses and Their Use in Increasing Disease Resistance 109Prateek Tripathi, Aravind Galla, Roel C. Rabara and Paul J. Rushton6.1 Introduction 1096.2 Transcription factors and plant defence 1106.3 AP2/ERF transcription factors 1116.4 bZIP transcription factors 1136.5 WRKY transcription factors 1146.6 MYB transcription factors 1166.7 Other transcription factor families 1176.8 Can the manipulation of specific transcription factors deliver sustainable disease resistance? 1186.9 Have we chosen the right transgenes? 1196.10 Have we chosen the right expression strategies? 1206.11 What new ideas are there for the future of TF‐based crop improvement? 121References 124Chapter 7 Regulation of Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses by Plant Hormones 131Dominik K. Großkinsky, Eric van der Graaff and Thomas Roitsch7.1 Introduction 1317.2 Regulation of biotic stress responses by plant hormones 1327.3 Regulation of abiotic stress responses by plant hormones 1407.4 Conclusions and further perspectives 145References 147Part II: Case Studies for Groups of Pathogens and Important Crops. Why is it Especially Advantageous to use Transgenic Strategies for these Pathogens or Crops? 155Chapter 8 Engineered Resistance to Viruses: A Case of Plant Innate Immunity 157Paula Tennant and Marc Fuchs8.1 Introduction 1578.2 Mitigation of viruses 1588.3 Biotechnology and virus resistance 1588.4 Success stories 1628.5 Challenges of engineering RNAi‐mediated resistance 1638.6 Benefits of virus‐resistant transgenic crops 1648.7 Conclusions 166References 167Chapter 9 Problematic Crops: 1. Potatoes: Towards Sustainable Potato Late Blight Resistance by Cisgenic R Gene Pyramiding 171Kwang‐Ryong Jo, Suxian Zhu, Yuling Bai, Ronald C.B. Hutten, G.J. Kessel, Vivianne G.A.A. Vleeshouwers, Evert Jacobsen, Richard G.F. Visser and Jack H. Vossen9.1 Potato late blight resistance breeding advocates GM strategies 1719.2 GM strategies for late blight resistance breeding 1779.3 Late blight‐resistant GM varieties 186References 187Chapter 10 Problematic Crops: 1. Grape: To Long Life and Good Health: Untangling the Complexity of Grape Diseases to Develop Pathogen‐Resistant Varieties 193Dario Cantu, M. Caroline Roper, Ann L.T. Powell and John M. Labavitch10.1 Introduction 19310.2 Introduction to grapevine pathology 19410.3 Approaches for the improvement of grapevine disease resistance 19810.4 Pierce’s disease of grapevines: a case study 202References 211Chapter 11 Developing Sustainable Disease Resistance in Coffee: Breeding vs. Transgenic Approaches 217Avinash Kumar, Simmi P. Sreedharan, Nandini P. Shetty and Giridhar Parvatam11.1 Introduction 21711.2 Agronomic aspects of coffee 21711.3 Major threats to coffee plantations 21911.4 Breeding for disease resistance and pest management 22511.5 Various traits targeted for transgenic coffee development 22711.6 Bottlenecks in coffee transgenic development 22911.7 GM or hybrid joe: what choices to make? 235Acknowledgements 236Endnote 236References 236Webliographies 243Chapter 12 Biotechnological Approaches for Crop Protection: Transgenes for Disease Resistance in Rice 245Blanca San Segundo, Belén Lopez‐García and María Coca12.1 Introduction 24512.2 Plant immunity 24712.3 Transgenic approaches to engineer disease resistance in rice plants 25012.4 Targeted genome engineering 26012.5 Safety issues of genetically engineered rice 26112.6 Conclusions and future prospects 263Acknowledgement 265References 265Part III: Status of Transgenic Crops Around the World 273Chapter 13 Status of Transgenic Crops in Argentina 275Fernando F. Bravo‐Almonacid and María Eugenia Segretin13.1 Transgenic crops approved for commercialization in Argentina 27513.2 Economic impact derived from transgenic crops cultivation 27813.3 Local developments 27813.4 Perspectives 282References 282Chapter 14 The Status of Transgenic Crops in Australia 285Michael Gilbert14.1 Introduction 28514.2 Government policies 28614.3 Field trials 28714.4 Crops deregulated 28714.5 Crops grown 28714.6 Public sentiment toward GM crops 29114.7 Value capture 29114.8 What is in the pipeline 29214.9 Summary 292Endnotes 293References 293Chapter 15 Transgenic Crops in Spain 295María Coca, Belén Lopez‐García and Blanca San Segundo15.1 Introduction 29515.2 Transgenic crops in Europe 29615.3 Transgenic crops in Spain 29715.4 Future prospects 300Acknowledgements 302References 302Chapter 16 Biotechnology and Crop Disease Resistance in South Africa 305Maryke Carstens and Dave K. Berger16.1 Genetically modified crops in South Africa 30516.2 Economic, social and health benefits of GM crops in South Africa 30816.3 Biotechnology initiatives for crop disease control in South Africa 30916.4 Future prospects 312Acknowledgements 313References 313Part IV: Implications of Transgenic Technologies for Improved Disease Control 317Chapter 17 Exploiting Plant Induced Resistance as a Route to Sustainable Crop Protection 319Michael R. Roberts and Jane E. Taylor17.1 Introduction 31917.2 Examples of elicitors of induced resistance 32117.3 Priming of induced resistance 32617.4 Drivers and barriers to the adoption of plant activators in agriculture and horticulture 33017.5 Conclusions and future prospects 334References 334Chapter 18 Biological Control Using Microorganisms as an Alternative to Disease Resistance 341Dan Funck Jensen, Magnus Karlsson, Sabrina Sarrocco and Giovanni Vannacci18.1 Introduction 34118.2 Getting the right biocontrol organism 34318.3 New approaches for studying the biology of BCAs and biocontrol interactions 35118.4 Strategy for using biocontrol in IPM 354References 357Webliography 363Chapter 19 TILLING in Plant Disease Control: Applications and Perspectives 365Francesca Desiderio, Anna Maria Torp, Giampiero Valè and Søren K. Rasmussen19.1 Concepts of forward and reverse genetics 36519.2 The TILLING procedure 36619.3 Mutagenesis 36619.4 DNA preparation and pooling of individuals 37119.5 Mutation discovery 37219.6 Identification and evaluation of the individual mutant 37419.7 Bioinformatics tools 37419.8 EcoTILLING 37519.9 Modified TILLING approaches 37519.10 Application of TILLING and TILLING‐related procedures in disease resistance 37619.11 Perspectives 380References 381Chapter 20 Fitness Costs of Pathogen Recognition in Plants and Their Implications for Crop Improvement 385James K.M. Brown20.1 The goal of durable resistance 38520.2 New ways of using R‐genes 38620.3 Costs of resistance in crop improvement 38720.4 Fitness costs of R‐gene defences 38820.5 Phenotypes of R‐gene over‐expression 39020.6 Requirements for R‐protein function 39120.7 Necrotic phenotypes of R‐gene mutants 39420.8 Summary of fitness costs of R‐gene mutations 39620.9 R‐genes in plant breeding 39720.10 Biotech innovation and genetic diversity 40020.11 Conclusion 400Acknowledgement 400References 400Index 405

David B. Collinge is a Professor of Plant Pathology in the Department of Plant Biology and Plant Biotechnology in the Faculty of Life Science at the University of Copenhagen.

Select Guide Rating

• List of Contributors xiiiForeword xixAcknowledgments xxvChapter 1 The Status and Prospects for Biotechnological Approaches for Attaining Sustainable Disease Resistance 1David B. Collinge, Ewen Mullins, Birgit Jensen and Hans J.L. Jørgensen1.1 Introduction 11.2 Factors to consider when generating disease‐resistant crops 21.3 Opportunities to engineer novel cultivars for disease resistance 101.4 Technical barriers to engineering novel cultivars for disease resistance 131.5 Approaches for identification and selection of genes important for disease resistance 141.6 Promising strategies for engineering disease‐resistant crops 151.7 Future directions and issues 15References 16Part I: Biological Strategies Leading Towards Disease Resistance 21Chapter 2 Engineering Barriers to Infection by Undermining Pathogen Effector Function or by Gaining Effector Recognition 23Ali Abdurehim Ahmed, Hazel McLellan, Geziel Barbosa Aguilar, Ingo Hein, Hans Thordal‐Christensen and Paul R.J. Birch2.1 Introduction 232.2 Plant defence and effector function 242.3 Strategies for engineering resistance 332.4 Perspective 42References 43Chapter 3 Application of Antimicrobial Proteins and Peptides in Developing Disease‐Resistant Plants 51Ashis Kumar Nandi3.1 Introduction 513.2 Biological role of PR‐proteins 523.3 Antimicrobial peptides 563.4 Regulation of PR‐protein expression 573.5 Biotechnological application of PR‐protein genes in developing improved crop plants 603.6 Future directions 61Acknowledgement 63References 63Chapter 4 Metabolic Engineering of Chemical Defence Pathways in Plant Disease Control 71Fred Rook4.1 Introduction 714.2 Present status of metabolic engineering in the control of plant disease 734.3 Metabolic engineering: technical challenges and opportunities 784.4 The outlook for metabolically engineering of disease resistance in crops 83References 85Chapter 5 Arabinan: Biosynthesis and a Role in Host‐Pathogen Interactions 91Maria Stranne and Yumiko Sakuragi5.1 Introduction 915.2 Biosynthesis and modification of arabinan 945.3 Distribution of arabinan in different tissues and during development 965.4 Role of arabinan in plant growth and development 985.5 Roles of arabinan degrading enzymes in virulence of phytopathogenic fungi 995.6 Roles of arabinan in pathogen interactions 1015.7 Conclusion 103References 103Chapter 6 Transcription Factors that Regulate Defence Responses and Their Use in Increasing Disease Resistance 109Prateek Tripathi, Aravind Galla, Roel C. Rabara and Paul J. Rushton6.1 Introduction 1096.2 Transcription factors and plant defence 1106.3 AP2/ERF transcription factors 1116.4 bZIP transcription factors 1136.5 WRKY transcription factors 1146.6 MYB transcription factors 1166.7 Other transcription factor families 1176.8 Can the manipulation of specific transcription factors deliver sustainable disease resistance? 1186.9 Have we chosen the right transgenes? 1196.10 Have we chosen the right expression strategies? 1206.11 What new ideas are there for the future of TF‐based crop improvement? 121References 124Chapter 7 Regulation of Abiotic and Biotic Stress Responses by Plant Hormones 131Dominik K. Großkinsky, Eric van der Graaff and Thomas Roitsch7.1 Introduction 1317.2 Regulation of biotic stress responses by plant hormones 1327.3 Regulation of abiotic stress responses by plant hormones 1407.4 Conclusions and further perspectives 145References 147Part II: Case Studies for Groups of Pathogens and Important Crops. Why is it Especially Advantageous to use Transgenic Strategies for these Pathogens or Crops? 155Chapter 8 Engineered Resistance to Viruses: A Case of Plant Innate Immunity 157Paula Tennant and Marc Fuchs8.1 Introduction 1578.2 Mitigation of viruses 1588.3 Biotechnology and virus resistance 1588.4 Success stories 1628.5 Challenges of engineering RNAi‐mediated resistance 1638.6 Benefits of virus‐resistant transgenic crops 1648.7 Conclusions 166References 167Chapter 9 Problematic Crops: 1. Potatoes: Towards Sustainable Potato Late Blight Resistance by Cisgenic R Gene Pyramiding 171Kwang‐Ryong Jo, Suxian Zhu, Yuling Bai, Ronald C.B. Hutten, G.J. Kessel, Vivianne G.A.A. Vleeshouwers, Evert Jacobsen, Richard G.F. Visser and Jack H. Vossen9.1 Potato late blight resistance breeding advocates GM strategies 1719.2 GM strategies for late blight resistance breeding 1779.3 Late blight‐resistant GM varieties 186References 187Chapter 10 Problematic Crops: 1. Grape: To Long Life and Good Health: Untangling the Complexity of Grape Diseases to Develop Pathogen‐Resistant Varieties 193Dario Cantu, M. Caroline Roper, Ann L.T. Powell and John M. Labavitch10.1 Introduction 19310.2 Introduction to grapevine pathology 19410.3 Approaches for the improvement of grapevine disease resistance 19810.4 Pierce’s disease of grapevines: a case study 202References 211Chapter 11 Developing Sustainable Disease Resistance in Coffee: Breeding vs. Transgenic Approaches 217Avinash Kumar, Simmi P. Sreedharan, Nandini P. Shetty and Giridhar Parvatam11.1 Introduction 21711.2 Agronomic aspects of coffee 21711.3 Major threats to coffee plantations 21911.4 Breeding for disease resistance and pest management 22511.5 Various traits targeted for transgenic coffee development 22711.6 Bottlenecks in coffee transgenic development 22911.7 GM or hybrid joe: what choices to make? 235Acknowledgements 236Endnote 236References 236Webliographies 243Chapter 12 Biotechnological Approaches for Crop Protection: Transgenes for Disease Resistance in Rice 245Blanca San Segundo, Belén Lopez‐García and María Coca12.1 Introduction 24512.2 Plant immunity 24712.3 Transgenic approaches to engineer disease resistance in rice plants 25012.4 Targeted genome engineering 26012.5 Safety issues of genetically engineered rice 26112.6 Conclusions and future prospects 263Acknowledgement 265References 265Part III: Status of Transgenic Crops Around the World 273Chapter 13 Status of Transgenic Crops in Argentina 275Fernando F. Bravo‐Almonacid and María Eugenia Segretin13.1 Transgenic crops approved for commercialization in Argentina 27513.2 Economic impact derived from transgenic crops cultivation 27813.3 Local developments 27813.4 Perspectives 282References 282Chapter 14 The Status of Transgenic Crops in Australia 285Michael Gilbert14.1 Introduction 28514.2 Government policies 28614.3 Field trials 28714.4 Crops deregulated 28714.5 Crops grown 28714.6 Public sentiment toward GM crops 29114.7 Value capture 29114.8 What is in the pipeline 29214.9 Summary 292Endnotes 293References 293Chapter 15 Transgenic Crops in Spain 295María Coca, Belén Lopez‐García and Blanca San Segundo15.1 Introduction 29515.2 Transgenic crops in Europe 29615.3 Transgenic crops in Spain 29715.4 Future prospects 300Acknowledgements 302References 302Chapter 16 Biotechnology and Crop Disease Resistance in South Africa 305Maryke Carstens and Dave K. Berger16.1 Genetically modified crops in South Africa 30516.2 Economic, social and health benefits of GM crops in South Africa 30816.3 Biotechnology initiatives for crop disease control in South Africa 30916.4 Future prospects 312Acknowledgements 313References 313Part IV: Implications of Transgenic Technologies for Improved Disease Control 317Chapter 17 Exploiting Plant Induced Resistance as a Route to Sustainable Crop Protection 319Michael R. Roberts and Jane E. Taylor17.1 Introduction 31917.2 Examples of elicitors of induced resistance 32117.3 Priming of induced resistance 32617.4 Drivers and barriers to the adoption of plant activators in agriculture and horticulture 33017.5 Conclusions and future prospects 334References 334Chapter 18 Biological Control Using Microorganisms as an Alternative to Disease Resistance 341Dan Funck Jensen, Magnus Karlsson, Sabrina Sarrocco and Giovanni Vannacci18.1 Introduction 34118.2 Getting the right biocontrol organism 34318.3 New approaches for studying the biology of BCAs and biocontrol interactions 35118.4 Strategy for using biocontrol in IPM 354References 357Webliography 363Chapter 19 TILLING in Plant Disease Control: Applications and Perspectives 365Francesca Desiderio, Anna Maria Torp, Giampiero Valè and Søren K. Rasmussen19.1 Concepts of forward and reverse genetics 36519.2 The TILLING procedure 36619.3 Mutagenesis 36619.4 DNA preparation and pooling of individuals 37119.5 Mutation discovery 37219.6 Identification and evaluation of the individual mutant 37419.7 Bioinformatics tools 37419.8 EcoTILLING 37519.9 Modified TILLING approaches 37519.10 Application of TILLING and TILLING‐related procedures in disease resistance 37619.11 Perspectives 380References 381Chapter 20 Fitness Costs of Pathogen Recognition in Plants and Their Implications for Crop Improvement 385James K.M. Brown20.1 The goal of durable resistance 38520.2 New ways of using R‐genes 38620.3 Costs of resistance in crop improvement 38720.4 Fitness costs of R‐gene defences 38820.5 Phenotypes of R‐gene over‐expression 39020.6 Requirements for R‐protein function 39120.7 Necrotic phenotypes of R‐gene mutants 39420.8 Summary of fitness costs of R‐gene mutations 39620.9 R‐genes in plant breeding 39720.10 Biotech innovation and genetic diversity 40020.11 Conclusion 400Acknowledgement 400References 400Index 405