Standard Colorimetry

Definitions, Algorithms and Software

AvClaudio Oleari

Häftad, Engelska, 2015

Del i serien SDC-Society of Dyers and Colourists

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Beskrivning

Colour is a sensation and as such it is a subjective and incommunicable quantity. Colour measurement is possible because we can create a correspondence between colour sensations and the light radiations that stimulate them. This correspondence concerns the physics of light radiation, the physiology of the visual process and the psychology of vision.Historically, in parallel to standard colorimetry, systems for colour ordering have been developed that allow colour specifications in a very practical and concrete way, based on the direct vision of material colour samples arranged in colour atlases. Colour-ordering systems are sources of knowledge of colour vision, which integrate standard colorimetry.Standard Colorimetry: Definitions, Algorithms and Software: Describes physiology and psychophysics useful to understand colorimetryConsiders all the photometric and colorimetric systems standardized by CIE (XYZ, CIELAB, CIELUV, LMS)Presents colorimetric instrumentation in order to guide the reader toward colorimetric practiceDiscusses colorimetric computation to understand the meaning of numerical colour specificationConsiders colorimetry in colour syntheses and in imaging colour reproductionIncludes ready-to-use, freely-available software, “Colorimetric eXercise”, which has multiple toolboxes dedicated to displaying CIE systems, atlases, any colour and its whole numerical specificationcolour-vision phenomena and tests Standard Colorimetry: Definitions, Algorithms and Software is an accessible and valuable resource for students, lecturers, researchers and laboratory technicians in colour science and image technology.Standard Colorimetry: Definitions, Algorithms and Software is published in partnership with the Society of Dyers and Colourists (SDC). Find out more at www.wiley.com/go/sdc

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2015-12-25
Mått:191 x 246 x 20 mm
Vikt:980 g
Format:Häftad
Språk:Engelska
Serie:SDC-Society of Dyers and Colourists
Antal sidor:512
Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN:9781118894446

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Professor Claudio Oleari received a doctorate in physics from Padua University in 1969. His scientific activity after 1986 is dedicated to Vision Science and Colorimetry. He is visiting professor at Granada University and is a member of the Italian Society of Optics and Photonics. Oleari is the author of more than 100 papers, generally signed as the single author, and he is editor and co-author of the only Italian text book on colorimetry and color science, "Misurare il colore". Oleari is now Associate Professor of Physics at the University of Parma where he teaches coliometry, biophysics, physical optics, physics and applied physics at graduate and postgraduate levels.Gabriele Simone received his BiT in 2005 and his MSIT in 2007 both at University of Milan-Department of Information Technology, Italy. He is currently pursuing a PhD in Color Imaging. He is a member of the Norwegian Colour and Visual Computing Laboratory at Gjøvik University College and his main research topic is contrast measure, image difference metrics, and tone mapping algorithms in HDR images. Today is working as Application Development Engineer at STMicroelectronics APG-M&RF Division-Infotainment BU.

Innehållsförteckning

Society of Dyers and Colourists xvPreface xvii1 Generalities on Colour and Colorimetry 11.1 Colour 11.2 Colorimetry 2References 4Bibliography 42 Optics for Colour Stimulus 52.1 Introduction 52.2 Electromagnetic Waves 72.3 Photons 112.4 Radiometric and Actinometric Quantities 112.5 Inverse Square Law 142.6 Photometric Quantities 142.7 Retinal Illumination 16References 16Bibliography 163 Colour and Light–Matter Interaction 173.1 Introduction 173.1.1 Luminous Colours 173.1.2 Non]luminous Colours 183.1.3 Light Phenomena and Body Appearance 183.2 Light Sources 193.3 Planckian Radiator 203.4 Light Regular Reflection and Refraction 213.4.1 Snell’s Laws 223.4.2 Fresnel’s Laws 233.5 Light Scattering 243.5.1 Lambertian Diffusion 253.5.2 Light Scattering on a Rough Surface 253.5.3 Light Scattering in an Optically Heterogeneous Medium 263.6 Light Absorption and Colour Synthesis 283.6.1 Simple Subtractive Synthesis 283.6.2 Complex Subtractive Synthesis 283.7 Fluorescence 293.8 Transparent Media 303.8.1 Internal Transmittance of a Medium 303.8.2 Total Transmittance and Total Reflectance 323.9 Turbid Media 333.9.1 Two]Flux Model of Kubelka–Munk 343.9.2 Saunderson’s Equation 363.9.3 Colorant Characterization and Formulation 383.10 Ulbricht’s Integration Sphere 41References 43Bibliography 444 Perceptual Phenomenology of Light and Colour 454.1 Introduction 454.2 Perceived Colours, Categorization and Language 464.3 Light Dispersion and Light Mixing 474.3.1 Newton’s Prism Experiment, Colour Wheel and Colour Attributes 484.3.2 Maxwell’s Disk Experiment 504.4 Unique Hues, Colour Opponencies and Degree of Resemblance 524.5 Colour Similitude 554.6 Unrelated and Related Colours 564.6.1 Relative Attributes 564.7 Colour Interactions 57References 655 Visual System 675.1 Introduction 675.2 Eye Anatomy and Optical Image Formation 685.3 Eye and Pre]retina Physics 725.4 Anatomy of the Retina 745.4.1 Retina Layers 765.4.2 Fovea 775.4.3 Foveola 785.4.4 Extra Fovea 785.4.5 Macula Lutea 795.4.6 Rod and Cone Distribution 795.5 From the Retina to the Brain 805.5.1 Scotopic Vision 805.5.2 Photopic Trichromatic Vision 815.5.3 Rushton’s Univariance Principle and Photoreceptor Activation 825.5.4 Horizontal Cells 835.5.5 Bipolar Cells 835.5.6 Amacrine Cells 845.5.7 Ganglion Cells and Visual Pathways 845.5.8 From the Ganglion Cells to the Visual Cortex 855.6 Visual System and Colorimetry 87Bibliography 88References 886 Colour]Vision Psychophysics 916.1 Introduction 916.1.1 Psychophysics and Physiology 916.1.2 Visual Judgement 926.1.3 Modes of Colour Appearance and Viewing Situations 936.1.4 Colour Stimuli 956.1.5 Colour]Attribute Matching 986.1.6 Visual Detection Threshold and Sensitivity 996.1.7 Scaling of Colour Attributes 1006.2 Adaptation 1036.2.1 Brightness Adaptation 1056.2.2 Threshold in Dark Adaptation 1066.3 Absolute Thresholds in Human Vision 1086.4 Absolute Threshold and Spectral Sensitivity in Scotopic and Photopic Visions 1086.4.1 Silent Substitution Method 1096.5 Luminous Efficiency Function 1136.5.1 Abney Additivity Law and Luminance 1146.6 Light Adaptation and Sensitivity 1166.7 Weber’s and Fechner’s Laws 1186.7.1 Contrast Sensitivity 1196.7.2 Fechner’s Scaling 1196.8 Stevens’ Law 1196.8.1 Brightness Scaling and Stevens’ Law 1196.9 Fechner’s and Stevens’ Psychophysics 1216.10 Wavelength Discrimination 1216.11 Saturation Discrimination and Least Colorimetric Purity 1236.12 Rushton’s Univariance Principle and Scotopic Vision 1246.13 Tristimulus Space 1256.13.1 Rushton’s Univariance Principle and Grassmann’s Laws in Photopic Vision 1266.13.2 Metamerism 1306.13.3 Chromaticity 1316.13.4 Reference Frames in Tristimulus Space 1326.13.5 Measurement of the Colour-Matching Functions in the RGB Reference Frame 1346.13.6 Luminance and Exner-Schrödinger’s ‘Helligkeit’ Equation 1396.13.7 Dichromats and Fundamental Reference Frame 1416.13.8 Newton’s Centre]of]Gravity Rule and Chromaticity]Diagram Properties 1456.14 Lightness Scales 1496.15 Helmholtz-Kohlrausch Effect 1506.16 Colour Opponencies and Chromatic Valence 1536.17 MacAdam’s Chromatic Discrimination Ellipses 1556.18 Perceived Colour Difference 1566.19 Abney’s and Bezold-Brücke’s Phenomena 1616.20 Chromatic Adaptation and Colour Constancy 1646.20.1 Asymmetric Colour Matching 1656.20.2 Empirical Data 1666.20.3 Von Kries’s Coefficient Law 1666.20.4 Retinex 1686.21 Colour]Vision Psychophysics and Colorimetry 170References 1717 CIE Standard Photometry 1777.1 Introduction 1777.2 History of the Basic Photometric Unit 1807.3 CIE 1924 Spectral Luminous Efficiency Function 1807.4 CIE 1924 and CIE 1988 Standard Photometric Photopic Observers 1817.5 Photometric and Radiometric Quantities 1827.6 CIE 1951 Standard Scotopic Photometric Observer 1857.7 CIE 2005 Photopic Photometric Observer with 10° Visual Field 1857.8 CIE Fundamental Photopic Photometric Observer with 2°/10° Visual Field 1857.8.1 Photopic Spectral Luminous Efficiency Functions for the 2° Fundamental Observer 1867.8.2 Photopic Spectral Luminous Efficiency Functions for the 10° Fundamental Observer 186References 1868 Light Sources and Illuminants for Colorimetry 1898.1 Introduction 1898.2 Equal]Energy Illuminant 1908.3 Blackbody Illuminant 1918.4 CIE Daylights 1938.5 CIE Indoor Daylights 1958.6 CIE Standard Illuminants 1968.7 CIE Light Sources: A, B and C 1978.8 CIE Sources for Colorimetry 1988.9 CIE Illuminants: B, C and D 1998.10 Fluorescent Lamps 1998.10.1 Typical Fluorescent Lamps 1998.10.2 New Set of Fluorescent Lamps 2008.11 Gas]Discharge Lamps 2048.12 Light]Emitting Diodes 205References 2089 CIE Standard Psychophysical Observers and Systems 2099.1 Introduction 2099.2 CIE 1931 Standard Colorimetric System and Observer 2109.2.1 CIE 1931 RGB Reference Frame and WDW Chromaticity]Coordinates Normalization 2119.2.2 CIE 1931 XYZ Reference Frame 2149.3 CIE 1964 (Supplementary) Standard Colorimetric Observer/System (10°]Standard Colorimetric Observer) 2189.4 CIE 1989 Standard Deviate Observer/System 2219.5 Vos’ 1978 Modified Observer for 2° Visual Field 2219.5.1 Smith–Pokorny’s Cone Fundamentals 2239.5.2 Vos’ 1978 2° Fundamental Observer Data and MacLeod–Boynton’s Chromaticity Diagram 2239.6 CIE Standard Stockman]Sharpe’s ‘Physiologically Relevant’ Fundamentals and XYZ Reference Frame 2249.6.1 XFYFZF and XF,10YF,10ZF,10 Reference Frames 2269.6.2 MacLeod-Boynton’s Tristimulus Space and Chromaticity Diagram 2299.7 CIE Colorimetric Specification of Primary and Secondary Light Sources 232References 23410 Chromaticity Diagram from Newton to the CIE 1931 Standard System 23710.1 Introduction 23710.2 Newton and the Centre of Gravity Rule 23710.3 Material Colours and Impalpable Colours in the Eighteenth Century 24310.4 Physiological Intuitions and the Centre of Gravity Rule – Young, Grassmann, Helmholtz, Maxwell and Schrödinger 24510.5 Conclusion 251References 25111 CIE Standard Psychometric Systems 25311.1 Introduction to Psychometric Systems in Colour Vision 25311.2 CIE Lightness L* 25411.3 Psychometric Chromaticity Diagrams and Related Colour Spaces 25511.3.1 CIE 1960 (u, v) UCS Psychometric Chromaticity Diagram 25511.3.2 CIE 1964 (U*, V*, W*) Uniform Colour Space – CIEUVW Colour Space 25711.3.3 CIE 1976 (u′, v′) UCS Psychometric Chromaticity Diagram 25711.3.4 CIE 1976 (L*, u*, v*) Colour Space – CIELUV Colour Space 25911.3.5 CIE 1976 (L*, a*, b*) Colour Space – CIELAB Colour Space 26111.4 Colour Difference Specification 26411.4.1 Colour Difference Data 26411.4.2 CIE 1976 Colour]Difference Formulae 26511.4.3 CMC(l : c) Colour]Difference Formula 26611.4.4 CIE 1994 Colour]Difference Formula 26711.4.5 CIEDE2000 Total Colour]Difference Formula 26811.4.6 Small Colour Differences in OSA]UCS Space 27011.4.7 Metamerism Indices 27011.4.8 Daylight]Simulator Evaluation and ‘Special Metamerism Index: Change in Illuminant’ 27311.5 Conclusion 276References 27612 Instruments and Colorimetric Computation 27912.1 Introduction 27912.2 Reflection and Transmission Optical]Modulation 28212.2.1 Absolute Quantities of Optical]Modulation 28212.2.2 Relative Quantities of Optical]Modulation 28312.3 Spectroradiometric and Spectrophotometric Measurements 29612.3.1 Introduction to the Spectrometer 29612.3.2 Instrumental Convolution 30312.3.3 Deconvolution 30812.4 Colorimetric Calculations 30912.4.1 CIE Colour Specification 30912.4.2 Relative Colour Specification 31012.4.3 Deconvolution 31212.4.4 Interpolation 31312.4.5 Extrapolation 31512.5 Uncertainty in Colorimetric Measurements 31512.5.1 Laws of Propagation of Uncertainty 31712.5.2 Uncertainty Computation 31812.6 Physical Standards for Colour]Instrument Calibration 320References 32213 Basic Instrumentation for Radiometry, Photometry and Colorimetry 32513.1 Introduction 32513.2 Lighting Cabinet 32713.3 Visual Comparison Colorimeter 32913.4 Instruments with Power Spectral Weighting Measurement 33013.4.1 Photometric Instruments 33013.4.2 Colorimetric Instruments 33213.5 Instruments for Measurements with Spectral Analysis 33613.5.1 Spectroradiometer 33613.5.2 Spectrophotometer 33713.5.3 Multiangle Spectrophotometers 33713.5.4 Fibre]Optic]Reflectance Spectroscopy (FORS) 33813.6 Glossmeter 34113.7 Imaging Instruments 34313.7.1 Imaging Photometer 34313.7.2 Colorimetric Camera 34413.7.3 Multispectral and Hyperspectral Camera 344References 34614 Colour]Order Systems and Atlases 34914.1 Introduction 34914.2 Colour Solid, Optimal Colours and Full Colours 35114.2.1 MacAdam’s Limit 35414.3 Ostwald’s Colour]Order System and Atlas 35414.3.1 Ostwald’s Hue Circle with Temperate Scale 35514.3.2 Ostwald’s Semichrome 35614.3.3 Ostwald’s Blackness, Whiteness and Purity 35714.3.4 Ostwald’s Atlas 35814.4 Munsell’s Colour]Order System and Atlas 36014.4.1 Munsell’s Instruments 36214.4.2 Chromatic Tuning Fork 36214.4.3 Munsell’s Value and Grey Scale 36414.4.4 Munsell’s Hue 36514.4.5 Munsell’s Value in Coloured Scales 36714.4.6 Colour Sphere and Munsell’s Colour Specification 36714.4.7 Munsell’s Chroma 36914.4.8 Colour Tree 36914.4.9 Munsell’s System and CIE Chromaticity Specification 36914.4.10 Helmholtz-Kohlrausch’s Effect and Abney’s Hue Shift Phenomenon in the Munsell Atlas 37114.4.11 Munsell’s Colour Atlas 37114.5 DIN 6264’s Colour]Order System and Atlas 37214.6 OSA]UCS’s Colour]Order System and Atlas 37414.6.1 OSA]UCS’s Lightness 37614.6.2 OSA]UCS’s (g, j) Coordinates 37714.6.3 OSA]UCS’s Colour Difference Formula 37914.6.4 OSA]UCS’s Metrics 37914.7 NCS’s Colour]Order System and Atlas 38014.7.1 NCS’s Axioms 38114.7.2 NCS’s Hue, Chromaticness and Nuance 38214.7.3 Production of the NCS System and Visual Situation 38414.7.4 Psychophysics and Psychometrics for NCS 38414.7.5 Luminance Factor and NCS’s Whiteness Scale 38514.7.6 NCS’s Atlas 387References 38715 Additive Colour Synthesis in Images 39115.1 Introduction 39115.2 Video Colour Image 39215.2.1 RGB Colorimetry 39515.2.2 Video Signal and γ Correction 39715.2.3 Tristimulus Space and YIQ Reference Frame 40115.2.4 sRGB System 40415.2.5 Prints in the sRGB System 40615.2.6 Camera, Photo]Site and Pixel 40615.2.7 Spectral Sensitivities of Digital Cameras 40915.3 Principles of Halftone Printing 41215.4 Towards the Colorimetry of Appearance 419References 42016 Software (Software developed by Gabriele Simone) 42316.1 Introduction to the Software 42316.1.1 Software Installation 42316.1.2 Data Files 42516.2 Monitor 42916.2.1 Monitor Setup 42916.2.2 Visual Evaluation of Gamma (γ) 43016.3 Colour]Vision Tests 43216.4 Visual Contrast Phenomena 44016.4.1 Simultaneous Brightness Contrast and Crispening 44016.4.2 Simultaneous Brightness Contrast in Colour Scales 44116.4.3 Brightness and Chromatic Contrast 44216.4.4 After Image 44216.5 Colour Atlases 44316.5.1 Ostwald’s Atlas 44416.5.2 Munsell’s Atlas 44416.5.3 DIN’s Atlas 44416.5.4 OSA]UCS’ Atlas 44616.5.5 NCS’ Atlas 44716.6 CIE 1976 CIELUV and CIELAB Systems 44816.7 Cone Activation and Tristimulus 45016.8 CIE Colorimetry 45116.8.1 CIE Colour Specification 45216.8.2 CIE Systems 45616.8.3 Chromaticity Diagrams 45916.8.4 Fundamental Observers 46216.8.5 Dominant Wavelength and Purity 46316.8.6 Tristimulus Space Transformations 46316.8.7 Colour]Difference Formulae ΔE 46416.8.8 CIE 1974 Colour Rendering Index Ra 46516.9 Black Body and Daylight Spectra and Other CIE Illuminant Spectra 47016.10 Additive Colour Synthesis 47116.10.1 RGB Monitor, Additive Colour Mixture 47216.10.2 Halftone CMY Printing 47216.11 Subtractive Colorant Mixing 47416.11.1 Two Pigment Mixture 47516.11.2 Four Pigment Mixture 47516.12 Spectral Data View and Download – Illuminant-Observer Weights 47816.13 Save File Opening 478References 480Index 481