Diagnosing and Treating Children and Adolescents

BRANDÉ FLAMEZ, PHD, NCC, LPC is a licensed professional counselor and clinical professor in the Counseling and Special Populations department at Lamar University. She is also the CEO and Founder of the nonprofit Serving and Learning Together (SALT) world Inc., which provides volunteer services to developing countries. CARL J. SHEPERIS, PHD, NCC, ACS, LMHC, LPC serves as Chair of the Department of Counseling and Special Populations at Lamar University. He is a Past-President of the Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling, Associate Editor for Quantitative Research for the Journal of Counseling and Development, and a Director for the National Board for Certified Counselors.

• Preface xiAcknowledgements xiiiAbout the Editors xvList of Contributors xviiPART I STAGES OF THE COMPREHENSIVE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS 1CHAPTER 1 CONCEPTUALIZING DSM-5 DISORDERS IN CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 3Brandé Flamez, Jason H. King, and Joshua D. FrancisIntroduction 3Defining a Mental Disorder 4The Clinical Significance Criterion in Diagnosis 7The Developmental Process 8Age-Related Factors 11Neurodevelopment and Neurodevelopmental Disorders 14Changes in Diagnostic Categories from the DSM-IV-TR to the DSM-5 20Summary 25References 26CHAPTER 2 EFFECTIVE STRATEGIES FOR ASSESSING DSM-5 DISORDERS 28Joshua D. Francis and Laura R. HaddockIntroduction 28Diagnostic Challenges and Special Consideration When Working with Children and Adolescents 28Classification Models 33Identifying Sources of Information 35Assessment Strategies 38Establishing Diagnostic Validity 44Assessment Instrument Validity and Reliability 46Conducting a Differential Diagnosis 47Clinical Case Formulation 48Comprehensive Case Study 49Summary 51References 52CHAPTER 3 DEVELOPING AND EVALUATING CLIENT TREATMENT PLANS 55Laura R. Haddock, Michelle Perepiczka, and Ruth Ouzts MooreIntroduction 55Assessment Measures for Children (6–17) in the DSM-5 55Case Conceptualization 63Diagnosing 64Components of a Comprehensive Treatment Plan 68Challenges in the Treatment Planning Process 71Strategies to Maximize Treatment Plan Effectiveness 75Treatment Plan Development 76Summary 78References 79CHAPTER 4 ADDRESSING CLIENT DIVERSITY THROUGHOUT THE DIAGNOSTIC PROCESS 81Jacob J. Levy and Shawn L. SpurgeonIntroduction 81Culture and Multiculturalism 81Culture and Diagnostic Decision Making 83Cultural Concepts of Distress 86Culture and the DSM 87The Process of Multicultural Assessment 88Case Example: Alon 92Summary 96References 97PART II DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS 101CHAPTER 5 AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER 103Joshua John Diehl, Christina G. McDonnell, and Kristin ValentinoIntroduction 103Description of the Disorder 103Differential Diagnosis 110Assessment Strategies 112Treatment Strategies and Interventions 115Evaluation Strategies 117Diagnostic Challenges 118Summary 120References 122CHAPTER 6 ATTENTION-DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER 128Jason D. KushnerIntroduction 128Description of the Disorder 131DSM-5 Criteria 132Differential Diagnosis 134Assessment Strategies 135Treatment Strategies and Interventions 137Evaluation Strategies 141Diagnostic Challenges 143Summary 145References 146CHAPTER 7 SCHIZOPHRENIA SPECTRUM AND OTHER PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS 148Tara Chandrasekhar, Lindsey M. Hazzard, and Linmarie SikichIntroduction 148Description of Disorder 149DSM-5 Criteria 156Differential Diagnosis 161Assessment Strategies 165Treatment Strategies and Interventions 167Psychosocial Interventions 169Evaluation Strategies 173Diagnostic Challenges 173Summary 174References 175CHAPTER 8 BIPOLAR AND RELATED DISORDERS 177Gregory T. Hatchett and Nicole R. MotleyIntroduction 177Description of the Disorders 179DSM-5 Criteria 180Differential Diagnosis 184Assessment Strategies 191Treatment Strategies and Interventions 193Evaluation Strategies 195Diagnostic Challenges 196Summary 197References 199CHAPTER 9 DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS 203Carlos P. Zalaquett and SeriaShia Chatters-SmithIntroduction 203How to Distinguish between Childhood Moodiness and Depression 206Description of Depressive Disorders 206Differential Diagnosis 216Assessment Strategies 216Treatment and Intervention Strategies 223Evaluation Strategies 226Diagnostic Challenges 227Summary 228References 229CHAPTER 10 ANXIETY DISORDERS 235Dee C. Ray, Hayley L. Stulmaker, and Sue C. BrattonIntroduction 235Description of Anxiety Disorders 236DSM-5 Criteria 237Differential Diagnosis 246Assessment Strategies 247Treatment Strategies and Interventions 250Evaluation Strategies 253Diagnostic Challenges 254Summary 255References 256CHAPTER 11 OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE AND RELATED DISORDERS 259Nicole R. Hill, Torey Portrie-Bethke, Brooks Bastian Hanks, and Holly H. WagnerIntroduction 259Description of the Disorder 260DSM-5 Criteria 264Differential Diagnosis 268Assessment Strategies 270Treatment Strategies and Interventions 276Evaluation Strategies 280Diagnostic Challenges 281Summary 282References 283CHAPTER 12 TRAUMA- AND STRESSOR-RELATED DISORDERS 286Gerard Lawson, Ryan M. Cook, and Claudia E. HowellIntroduction 286Description of the Disorders 286Adjustment Disorders 288DSM-5 Criteria 288Differential Diagnosis 296Assessment Strategies 297Treatment Strategies and Interventions 305Acute Stress Disorder 309Evaluation Strategies 309Diagnostic Challenges 310Summary 311References 312CHAPTER 13 FEEDING AND EATING DISORDERS 315Laura H. Choate and Gary G. GintnerIntroduction 315Description of Disorders 316DSM-5 Criteria 317Differential Diagnosis 325Assessment Strategies 325Treatment Strategies and Interventions 328Evaluation Strategies 334Diagnostic Challenges 335Summary 336References 337CHAPTER 14 SLEEP-WAKE DISORDERS 340Carl J. Sheperis, Tracy K. Calley, Kathleen Jones-Trebatoski, and Lisa A. WinesIntroduction 340Description of the Disorders 342DSM-5 Criteria 344Differential Diagnosis 352Assessment Strategies 353Treatment Strategies and Interventions 356Evaluation Strategies 360Summary 360References 361CHAPTER 15 GENDER DYSPHORIA 366Anneliese A. Singh and Varunee Faii SangganjanavanichIntroduction 366TGNC Children and the History of Gender Dysphoria 367Description of Gender Dysphoria 370DSM-5 Criteria 373Differential Diagnosis 374Assessment Strategies 376Treatment Strategies and Interventions 379Evaluation Strategies 381Diagnostic Challenges and Other Specified and Unspecified Designations 382Summary 383References 384CHAPTER 16 DISRUPTIVE, IMPULSE-CONTROL, AND CONDUCT DISORDERS 386A. Stephen Lenz and Chloe LancasterIntroduction 386Oppositional Defiant Disorder 387Intermittent Explosive Disorder 391Conduct Disorder 396Antisocial Personality Disorder 401Pyromania 401Kleptomania 404Other Specified Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorder 407Unspecified Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorder 407Considerations for Assessment and Treatment 407Summary 408References 409CHAPTER 17 SUBSTANCE-RELATED DISORDERS 413Carl J. Sheperis, Timothy M. Lionetti, and Joy-Del SnookIntroduction 413Description of the Disorders 413DSM-5 Criteria 414Differential Diagnosis 427Assessment Strategies 428Treatment Strategies and Interventions 429Evaluation Strategies 430Diagnostic Challenges 434Summary 434References 435CHAPTER 18 MAJOR AND MILD NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS DUE TO TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY 441Gregory S. Hupp, Richard J. Cicchetti, and Gary M. SzironyIntroduction 441Description of the Disorder 442DSM-5 Criteria 443Differential Diagnosis 445Assessment Strategies 447Evaluation Strategies 449Treatment Strategies and Interventions 454Diagnostic Challenges 456Summary 461References 463CHAPTER 19 OTHER CONDITIONS THAT MAY BE A FOCUS OF CLINICAL ATTENTION WHEN WORKING WITH CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENTS 465K. Michelle Hunnicutt Hollenbaugh, Julia L. Whisenhunt, and Lee A. Teufel-PridaIntroduction 465Using Z Codes with Children and Adolescents 465Differential Diagnosis 466Focus and Progress of Treatment Related to Other Conditions 469Description of the Clinical Issues 469Child Maltreatment and Neglect Problems 472Housing and Economic Problems 474Treatment 482Evaluation 487Summary 487References 488AUTHOR INDEX 493SUBJECT INDEX 505