Advanced Theranostic Materials

Professor Ashutosh Tiwari is Managing Director, Tekidag AB and Group leader, Smart Materials and Biodevices at the Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, Sweden; Editor-in-Chief, Advanced Materials Letters; Secretary General, International Association of Advanced Materials; a materials chemist and also a docent in applied physics from Linköping University, Sweden. He has published more than 425 articles, patents, and conference proceedings in the field of materials science and technology and has edited/authored about 25 books on the advanced state-of-the-art of materials science and technology. He is a founding member of the Advanced Materials World Congress, Smart Materials and Surfaces, Korean Advanced Materials World Congress, African Advanced Materials World Congress, European Graphene Forum and the World Technology Forum.Hirak K Patra completed his PhD in 2007 on "Synthetic Nanoforms as Designer and Explorer for Cellular Events" at the University of Calcutta. He moved to the Applied Physics Division of Linköping University with the prestigious Integrative Regenerative Medicine fellowship at Sweden to work with the Prof. Anthony Turner at his Biosensors and Bioelectronics Center. He has published 17 articles in top journals, 4 patents, and has been honored with several 'Young Scientist' awards globally.Jeong-Woo Choi is a Professor at Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering and a director of Institute of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, South Korea. He received Ph. D. in Rutgers University (USA), D.Eng. in Tokyo Institute of Technology (Japan) and MBA in University of Durham (UK); a visiting scientist in IBM Almaden Research Center and Mitsubishi Electronics Advanced Technology R&D Center. He is an editorial member of Biochip Journal, Biotechnology & Bioprocess Engineering, and J. Ind. & Eng. Chem. He has published more than 340 articles in peer-reviewed international journals and 46 patents in biosensor and bioelectronics fields, and he has edited/authored fifteen books on biosensor and advanced biomaterials.

• Preface xiiiPart 1: System Biology and Translational Medicine1 Aberrant Signaling Pathways 3Gulnaz T. Javan, Sheree J. Finley, Ismail Can, Amandeep Salhotra, Ashinm Malhotra, and Shivani Soni1.1 Cancer 41.2 Pathways Deregulated in Cancer: Introduction 41.3 Introduction to Nanotechnology 61.3.1 Overview of Clinical Nanotechnology 91.3.2 Current Usage in Cancer Treatment 131.4 Current Uses in Cancer Diagnostic 141.4.1 The Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-AKT Pathway 151.4.2 The MAPK Pathway 181.4.3 mTOR Pathway 201.4.4 Receptor Tyrosine Kinase 23Acknowledgment 26References 272 Application of Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment 37Behnoud Hormozi2.1 Introduction 382.1.1 Nanotechnology 382.1.2 Nanobiotechnology 382.1.3 Nanotechnology in Medicine 392.1.4 Cancer and Nano in Medicine 412.2 Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment 412.3 Nanoparticle Platforms as Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy 432.3.1 Lipid-based Nanoparticle Platforms 442.3.2 Polymer-based Nanoparticle Platforms 452.3.3 Protein-based Nanoparticle Platforms 472.3.4 Inorganic Nanoparticle Platforms 472.4 Theranostic Nanomedicine 502.4.1 Theranostic Nanomedicine for Cancer Therapy 542.5 Selective Drug Delivery and Encapsulation for Chemotherapy 542.6 Stimuli-Sensitive Nanopreparations 552.7 Multifunctional Nanopreparations 562.8 Cancer Nanotechnology: Future and Challenges 58References 593 Biomacromolecule-Gated Mesoporous Silica Drug Delivery Systems for Stimuli-Responsive Controlled Release 67Xuezhong Du3.1 Introduction 683.2 Protein-Gated MSN Drug Delivery Systems 693.2.1 Ligand-Binding Protein-Gated MSN Systems 703.2.2 Metal-Chelating Protein-Gated MSN Systems 743.3 DNA-Gated MSN Drug Delivery Systems 753.3.1 Single-Stranded DNA-Gated MSN Systems 763.3.2 Double-Stranded DNA-Gated MSN Systems 773.3.3 Hairpin or Quadruplex DNA-Gated MSN Systems 803.3.4 Native DNA-Gated MSN Systems 833.3.5 Near-Infrared Light-Triggered DNA-Gated MSN Systems 873.4 Conclusions and Perspectives 89Acknowledgments 90References 904 Construction of Functional DNA Nanostructures for Theranostic Applications 93Jiang Li, Fan Li, Hao Pei, Lihua Wang, Qing Huang, and Chunhai Fan4.1 The Progress of Structural DNA Nanotechnology 944.2 DNA Nanostructures for Diagnostics 964.3 DNA Nanostructures for Diagnostics on the Interface 964.4 Diagnostic in Homogeneous Solution 994.4.1 Spherical Nucleic Acids (SNA) Probes for Detections in Solution 994.4.2 Nanochips in Solution 1004.4.3 Intracellular/In Vivo Diagnosis 1034.5 DNA Nanostructures for Therapeutics 1064.5.1 Delivery of Small-Molecular Drugs 1074.5.2 Delivery of CpG DNAs 1094.5.3 RNA Interference (RNAi) 1114.5.4 Delivery of Proteins 1144.6 Integration of Diagnosis and Therapy: Smart DNA Theranostic Nanodevices 1154.7 Targeted Delivery 1154.8 Controlled/Triggered Release 1174.9 Summary and Perspectives 1194.9.1 The Bioeffects of DNA Nanostructures 1194.9.2 Purity and Yield 1204.9.3 Dynamic Structures for Theranostic 120References 121Part 2: Imaging and Therapeutics5 Dimercaptosuccinic Acid-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles as a Localized Delivery System in Cancer Immunotherapy 133Raquel Mejías, Lucía Gutiérrez, María P. Morales, and Domingo F. Barber5.1 Introduction 1345.1.1 Nanoparticle-based Drug Delivery Systems 1345.1.2 Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Cancer Treatment 1355.1.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNP) 1355.1.4 Nanoparticle Biodistribution and Degradation 1365.2 Nanoparticle Detection and Quantification: In Vitro and In Vivo Techniques 1375.2.1 Optical Microscopy 1375.2.2 Colorimetric Assays 1375.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy 1385.2.4 Magnetic Methods 1405.2.5 Elemental Analysis 1425.2.6 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 1435.3 Evaluation of Nanoparticle-Induced Toxicity 1435.3.1 In Vitro Toxicity 1435.4 Magnetic Targeting of Nanoparticles 1475.5 A Specific Example: DMSA-Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles 1485.5.1 In Vitro DMSA-MNP Uptake and Intracellular Localization 1485.5.2 In Vitro DMSA-MNP Toxicity 1495.5.3 In Vitro DMSA-MNP-Induced Cell Stress and Apoptosis 1505.5.4 In Vivo DMSA-MNP Distribution 1505.5.5 In Vivo DMSA-MNP-Induced Toxicity 1525.5.6 In Vivo DMSA-MNP Biotransformation 1525.6 Conclusions 153Acknowledgments 154References 1546 Cardiovascular Nanomedicine 159Suryyani Deb and Hirak Kumar Patra6.1 Introduction 1606.2 Nanoscale Cardiovascular Diagnostics 1606.2.1 Cardiac Molecular Biomarker Detection from Peripheral Blood 1616.2.2 Diagnosis through Nano-based Molecular Imaging 1636.2.3 Determination of Stem Cell Delivery 1656.3 Nanotechnology in Cardiovascular Therapeutics 1676.3.1 Drug Delivery 1676.3.2 Gene Delivery 1696.3.3 Tissue Engineering 1696.4 Nanotechnology in the Surgery of Cardiovascular Disease 1706.5 Conclusion 172References 1737 Chitosan-based Interpenetrating Polymeric Network Systems for Sustained Drug Release 183Amit Kumar Nayak and Dilipkumar Pal7.1 Introduction 1847.2 IPNs and Their Uses in Drug Delivery 1857.3 Chitosan 1877.4 Chitosan-Tamarind Seed Polysaccharide IPN Microparticles and Matrix Tablets for Sustained Release of Aceclofenac 1897.5 Chitosan-Hydroxyethyl Cellulose IPN Microspheres of Isoniazid 1937.6 Chitosan-Methyl Cellulose IPN Microspheres of Theophylline 1947.7 Chitosan-Acrylamide-Grafted-Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) and Hydrolyzed Acrylamide-Grafted-Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) IPN Microgels of Cefadroxil 1987.8 Chitosan-Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) IPN Discs of Diclofenac Sodium 1997.9 Chitosan-Poly(Ethylene Oxide-Grafted-Acrylamide) Semi-IPN Hydrogel Microspheres of Capecitabine 2007.10 Acrylamide-Grafted Dextran-Chitosan Semi-IPN Microspheres of Acyclovir 2017.11 Chitosan-Acrylamide-Grafted Hydroxyethylcellulose Semi-IPN Microspheres of Diclofenac Sodium 2027.12 Poly [N-Acryloylglycine-Chitosan] IPN Hydrogel of 5-Fluorouracil 2027.13 Chitosan-N,N′-Dimethylacrylamide Semi-IPN Microspheres of Chlorothiazide 2037.14 Conclusion 203References 2048 Nanocapsules in Biomedicine 209Frank J. Hernandez, Murat Kavruk, Luiza I. Hernandez, and Veli C. Ozalp8.1 Nanocapsules: A Novel Nano-Drug Delivery System 2108.2 Magic Bullets: Nanocapsules in Future Medicine 2118.3 In Vitro Applications of Nanocapsules 2128.3.1 Functionalized Mesoporous Silica Materials for Controlled Drug Delivery 2128.3.2 Cationic Polymer Nanocapsules for Controlled Multi-drug Delivery 2208.3.3 Lipid Nanocapsules 2218.4 In Vivo Applications of Nanocapsules 2248.4.1 In Vivo Diagnostic Imaging 2258.4.2 In Vivo Therapeutics 2268.5 Conclusions 228References 2289 Chitosan-based Polyelectrolyte Complexes 235Bojan Èalija, Nebojša Cekiæ, and Jela Miliæ9.1 Introduction 2369.2 Chitosans: Chemical Structure, Physicochemical Properties, and Toxicological and Regulatory Aspects 2379.2.1 Chemical Structure and Source 2379.2.2 Physicochemical Properties 2389.2.3 Toxicological and Regulatory Aspects 2399.3 Polyelectrolyte Complexes: Theoretical Background, Structure, and Basic Properties 2409.4 Chitosan-based Polyelectrolyte Complexes in Particulate Drug Carriers 2429.4.1 PECs Comprised of Chitosans and Natural or Semisynthetic Polyanions 2439.4.2 PECs Comprised of Chitosans and Synthetic Polyanions 2499.4.3 Influence of Chitosans Functional Properties and Experimental Conditions on Polyelectrolyte Complexation 2549.5 Characterization of Chitosan-Based PECs and Chitosan-based PEC Particulate Drug Carriers 2589.5.1 Size and Morphology 2589.5.2 Zeta Potential 2599.5.3 Structural Analysis 2599.5.4 Encapsulation Efficiency and Drug Loading Capacity 2619.5.5 In Vitro Swelling Studies 2629.5.6 In Vitro Drug Release Studies 2639.6 Conclusion 263Acknowledgment 264References 264Part 3: Diagnostics and Featured Prognostics10. Non-invasive Glucose Biosensors Based on Nanomaterials 273Farnoush Faridbod, Mohammad Reza Ganjali, Bagher Larijani and Parviz Norouzi10.1 Diabetes and Its Prevalence 27410.2 Importance of Glucose Monitoring 27410.3 Glucose Measurement Methods 27510.4 Non-invasive Glucose Determination 27510.4.1 Non-invasive Glucose Determination Using Tissues 27610.4.2 Non-invasive Glucose Determination Method Using Fluids 27710.5 Glucose Biosensors 27910.6 New Generation of Non-invasive Glucose Biosensors-Based Nanomaterials 28110.7 Future Perspective in Glucose Monitoring 29010.8 Conclusion 292References 29211 Self-Directed Assembly of Nanoparticles 297Arun Prakash Upadhyay, Dilip Kumar Behara, Gyan Prakash Sharma, Raj Ganesh S. Pala, and Sri Sivakumar11.1 Introduction 29711.2 Self-Assembly through Molecular Interactions/Forces 29811.2.1 Van der Waals Interactions 29811.2.2 Electrostatic Interaction 30111.3 Hydrogen-Bonding Interactions 30411.3.1 Covalent Interactions 30611.3.2 DNA-Based Cross-Linking Interactions 31111.4 Directed Self-Assembly by External Forces 31511.4.1 Magnetic Field-Driven Directed Self-Assembly 31511.4.2 Electric Field-Driven Directed Self-Assembly 31911.4.3 Flow Field-Driven Directed Self-Assembly 32111.5 Conclusion 325Acknowledgment 326References 326Index 337