Biosensors and Nanotechnology

ZEYNEP ALTINTAS, PhD, is the head of the Biosensors and Receptor Development Group at the Technical University of Berlin, Germany. She serves as an expert reviewer for EU and Wisconsin Groundwater Coordinating Council (USA) funded projects, in addition to acting as a reviewer for several important journals in her areas of expertise. She is also a member of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC).

• List of Contributors xiPreface xvAcknowledgments xviiSection 1 Introduction to Biosensors, Recognition Elements, Biomarkers, and Nanomaterials 11 General Introduction to Biosensors and Recognition Receptors 3Frank Davis and Zeynep Altintas1.1 Introduction to Biosensors 31.2 Enzyme‐ Based Biosensors 41.3 DNA‐ and RNA‐Based Biosensors 51.4 Antibody‐Based Biosensors 71.5 Aptasensors 81.6 Peptide‐Based Biosensors 101.7 MIP‐Based Biosensor 111.8 Conclusions 12References 132 Biomarkers in Health Care 17Adama Marie Sesay, Pirkko Tervo, and Elisa Tikkanen2.1 Introduction 172.2 Biomarkers 182.2.1 Advantage and Utilization of Biomarkers 182.2.2 Ideal Characteristics of Biomarkers 192.3 Biological Samples and Biomarkers 202.4 Personalized Health and Point‐of‐Care Technology 222.5 Use of Biomarkers in Biosensing Technology 242.6 Biomarkers in Disease Diagnosis 262.7 Conclusions 29References 303 The Use of Nanomaterials and Microfluidics in Medical Diagnostics 35Jon Ashley and Yi Sun3.1 Introduction 353.2 Nanomaterials in Medical Diagnostics (Bottom‐Up Approach) 363.2.1 Carbon Nanomaterials 373.2.2 Metallic Nanoparticles 393.2.2.1 Quantum Dots 393.2.2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles (Fe2O3, FeO, and Fe3O4) 413.2.2.3 Gold Nanoparticles 413.2.2.4 Silver Nanoparticles 423.2.2.5 Nanoshells 423.2.2.6 Nanocages 433.2.2.7 Nanowires 433.2.3 Polymer‐Based Nanoparticles 443.3 Application of Microfluidic Devices in Clinical Diagnostics (Top‐Down Approach) 453.3.1 Unique Features of Microfluidic Devices 453.3.2 Applications of Microfluidic Devices in Medical Diagnostics 463.3.2.1 Types of Microfluidic POC Devices 473.3.2.2 Benchtop Microfluidic Instruments 473.3.2.3 Small, Lightweight Microfluidic Devices 493.3.2.4 Simple Un‐instrumented Microfluidic Systems 503.4 Integration of Microfluidics with Nanomaterials 523.5 Future Perspectives of Nanomaterial and Microfluidic‐Based Diagnostics 53References 54Section 2 Biosensor Platforms for Disease Detection and Diagnostics 594 SPR‐Based Biosensor Technologies in Disease Detection and Diagnostics 61Zeynep Altintas and Wellington M. Fakanya4.1 Introduction 614.2 Basic Theoretical Principles 634.3 SPR Applications in Disease Detection and Diagnostics 664.3.1 SPR Biosensors in Cancer Detection 664.3.2 SPR Sensors in Cardiac Disease Detection 684.3.3 SPR Sensors in Infectious Disease Detection 714.4 Conclusions 72References 745 Piezoelectric‐Based Biosensor Technologies in Disease Detection and Diagnostics 77Zeynep Altintas and Noor Azlina Masdor5.1 Introduction 775.2 QCM Biosensors 785.3 Disease Diagnosis Using QCM Biosensors 805.3.1 Cancer Detection Using QCM Biosensors 825.3.2 Cardiovascular System Disorder Detection Using Biosensors 855.3.3 Pathogenic Disease Detection Using QCM Biosensors 885.4 Conclusions 90References 916 Electrochemical‐Based Biosensor Technologies in Disease Detection and Diagnostics 95Andrea Ravalli and Giovanna Marrazza6.1 Introduction 956.2 Electrochemical Biosensors: Definitions, Principles, and Classifications 966.3 Biomarkers in Clinical Applications 1026.3.1 Electrochemical Biosensors for Tumor Markers 1026.3.2 Electrochemical Biosensors for Cardiac Markers 1106.3.3 Electrochemical Biosensors for Autoimmune Disease 1156.3.4 Electrochemical Biosensors for Autoimmune Infectious Disease 1166.4 Conclusions 118References 1187 MEMS‐Based Cell Counting Methods 125Mustafa Kangul, Eren Aydın, Furkan Gokce, Ozge Zorlu, Ebru Ozgur, and Haluk Kulah7.1 Introduction 1257.2 MEMS‐Based Cell Counting Methods 1267.2.1 Optical Cell Counting Methods 1267.2.1.1 Quantification of the Cells by Detecting Luminescence 1277.2.1.2 Quantification of the Cells via High‐Resolution Imaging Techniques 1307.3 Electrical and Electrochemical Cell Counting Methods 1317.3.1 Impedimetric Cell Quantification 1337.3.2 Voltammetric and Amperometric Cell Quantification 1357.4 Gravimetric Cell Counting Methods 1367.4.1 Deflection‐Based Cell Quantification 1367.4.2 Resonant‐Based Cell Quantification 1387.4.2.1 Theory of the Resonant‐Based Sensors 1387.4.2.2 Actuation and Sensing Methods of Resonators in MEMS Applications 1407.4.2.3 Resonator Structure Types Used for Cell Detection Applications 1457.5 Conclusion and Comments 149References 1518 Lab‐on‐a‐Chip Platforms for Disease Detection and Diagnosis 155Ziya Isiksacan, Mustafa Tahsin Guler, Ali Kalantarifard, Mohammad Asghari, and Caglar Elbuken8.1 Introduction 1558.2 Continuous Flow Platforms 1568.3 Paper‐Based LOC Platforms 1618.4 Droplet‐Based LOC Platforms 1668.5 Digital Microfluidic‐Based LOC Platforms 1698.6 CD‐Based LOC Platforms 1728.7 Wearable LOC Platforms 1748.8 Conclusion and Outlook 176References 177Section 3 Nanomaterial’s Applications inBiosensors and Diagnostics 1839 Applications of Quantum Dots in Biosensors and Diagnostics 185Zeynep Altintas, Frank Davis, and Frieder W. Scheller9.1 Introduction 1859.2 Quantum Dots: Optical Properties, Synthesis, and Surface Chemistry 1869.3 Biosensor Applications of QDs 1879.4 Other Biological Applications of QDs 1919.5 Water Solubility and Cytotoxicity 1949.6 Conclusion 196References 19710 Applications of Molecularly Imprinted Nanostructures in Biosensors and Diagnostics 201Deniz Aktas‐Uygun, Murat Uygun, and Sinan Akgol10.1 Introduction 20110.2 Molecular Imprinted Polymers 20210.3 Imprinting Approaches 20410.4 Molecularly Imprinted Nanostructures 20510.5 MIP Biosensors in Medical Diagnosis 20710.6 Diagnostic Applications of MIP Nanostructures 21010.7 Conclusions 212References 21311 Smart Nanomaterials: Applications in Biosensors and Diagnostics 219Frank Davis, Flavio M. Shimizu, and Zeynep Altintas11.1 Introduction 21911.2 Metal Nanoparticles 22111.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles 22611.4 Carbon Nanotubes 23111.5 Graphene 23511.6 Nanostructured Metal Oxides 24211.7 Nanostructured Hydrogels 24711.8 Nanostructured Conducting Polymers 25411.9 Conclusions and Future Trends 260References 26212 Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials in Biosensors and Diagnostics 277Zeynep Altintas12.1 Introduction 27712.2 MNP‐Based Biosensors for Disease Detection 27912.3 MNPs in Cancer Diagnosis and Therapy 28412.4 Cellular Applications of MNPs in Biosensing, Imaging, and Therapy 28912.5 Conclusions 290References 29113 Graphene Applications in Biosensors and Diagnostics 297Adina Arvinte and Adama Marie Sesay13.1 Introduction 29713.2 Graphene and Biosensors 29813.2.1 Structure 29813.2.2 Preparation 29913.2.3 Properties 30113.2.4 Commercialization in the Field of Graphene Sensors 30213.2.5 Latest Developments in Graphene‐based Diagnosis 30313.3 Medical Applications of Graphene 30313.3.1 Electrochemical Graphene Biosensors for Medical Diagnostics 30413.3.1.1 Glucose Detection 30413.3.1.2 Cysteine Detection 30713.3.1.3 Cholesterol Detection 30913.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 31013.3.1.5 Glycated Hemoglobin 31213.3.1.6 Neurotransmitters 31213.3.1.7 Amyloid‐Beta Peptide 31513.3.2 Electrochemical Graphene Aptasensors 31613.3.2.1 Nucleic Acids 31613.3.2.2 Cancer Cell 31813.3.3 Optical Graphene Sensors for Medical Diagnostics 31913.4 Conclusions 322Acknowledgments 322References 322Section 4 Organ-Specific Health Care Applications for Disease Cases Using Biosensors 32714 Optical Biosensors and Applications to Drug Discovery for Cancer Cases 329Zeynep Altintas14.1 Introduction 32914.2 Biosensor Technology and Coupling Chemistries 33214.3 Optical Biosensors for Drug Discovery 33514.4 Computational Simulations and New Approaches for Drug–Receptor Interactions 34114.5 Conclusions 343References 34415 Biosensors for Detection of Anticancer Drug–DNA Interactions 349Arzum Erdem, Ece Eksin, and Ece Kesici15.1 Introduction 34915.2 Electrochemical Techniques 35115.3 Optical Techniques 35615.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy Technique 35815.5 QCM Technique 36015.6 Conclusions 361Acknowledgments 361References 361Index