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      Stable Isotope Forensics

      Methods and Forensic Applications of Stable Isotope Analysis

      AvWolfram Meier-Augenstein

      Inbunden, Engelska, 2017

      Del i serien Developments in Forensic Science

      1 879 kr

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      Beskrivning

      The number-one guide, internationally, to all aspects of forensic isotope analysis, thoroughly updated and revised and featuring many new case studiesThis edition of the internationally acclaimed guide to forensic stable isotope analysis uses real-world examples to bridge discussions of the basic science, instrumentation and analytical techniques underlying forensic isotope profiling and its various technical applications. Case studies describe an array of applications, many of which were developed by the author himself. They include cases in which isotope profiling was used in murder, and drugs-related crime investigations, as well as for pharmaceutical and food authenticity control studies.Updated with coverage of exciting advances occurring in the field since the publication of the 1st edition, this 2nd edition explores innovative new techniques and applications in forensic isotope profiling, as well as key findings from original research. More than a simple update, though, this edition has been significantly revised in order to address serious problems that can arise from non-comparable and unfit-for-purpose stable isotope data. To that end, Part II has been virtually rewritten with greater emphasis now being placed on important quality control issues in stable isotope analysis in general and forensic stable isotope analysis in particular. Written in a highly accessible style that will appeal to practitioners, researchers and students alikeIllustrates the many strengths and potential pitfalls of forensic stable isotope analysisUses recent case examples to bridge underlying principles with technical applicationsPresents hands-on applications that let experienced researchers and forensic practitioners match problems with success stories   Includes new chapters devoted to aspects of quality control and quality assurance, including scale normalisation, the identical treatment principle, hydrogen exchange and accreditationStable Isotope Forensics, 2nd Edition is an important professional resource for forensic scientists, law enforcement officials, public prosecutors, defence attorneys, forensic anthropologists and others for whom isotope profiling has become an indispensable tool of the trade. It is also an excellent introduction to the field for senior undergraduate and graduate forensic science students."All students of forensic criminology, and all law enforcement officers responsible for the investigation of serious crime , will want to study this book. Wolfram highlights the value, and future potential, of Stable Isotope Forensics as an emerging powerful tool in the investigation of crime."—Roy McComb, Deputy Director, Specialist Investigations, National Crime Agency (NCA), UK“A single author text in these days is rare and the value of this book lies in the dedication and experience of the author which is evident in the clarity of prose, the honest illustration of evidence and the realistic practical application of the subject - it makes this a text of genuine scientific value.”— Prof Dame Sue Black, PhD, DBE, OBE, FRSE, Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, University of Dundee, UKThe book provides an excellent, vivid and comprehensible introduction into the world of stable isotope science and analytics. Compared to the first edition, the aspects of quality control and assurance in the analysis of stable isotopes in general, and forensic application in particular, are now taking much more room. This allows the book to serve the target groups: students, academic professionals and practitioners, and serves as a solid resource of basic and applicable information about the strengths and potential pitfalls of the application of stable isotope signatures. The present high-quality book shows the great potential of stable isotopes and is a must for everyone interested in isotope forensics.M.E. Böttcher & U. Flenker, Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies, January 2018.A list of errata is available at http://booksupport.wiley.com

      Produktinformation

      • Utgivningsdatum:2017-12-01
      • Mått:175 x 246 x 31 mm
      • Vikt:1 111 g
      • Format:Inbunden
      • Språk:Engelska
      • Serie:Developments in Forensic Science
      • Antal sidor:512
      • Upplaga:2
      • Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
      • ISBN:9781119080206

      Utforska kategorier

      • Analytisk kemi inom Naturvetenskap och teknik
      • Brottsutredning och kriminalteknik inom Samhälle och politik

      Mer om författaren

      Wolfram Meier-Augenstein, PhD is Professor in Stable Isotope Forensics at the Robert Gordon University in Aberdeen, Scotland, UK. He is a registered expert advisor with the National Crime Agency (NCA, UK) and holds a Diplom-Chemiker degree, as well as a Doctorate in Bio-organic Chemistry, both awarded by the University of Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany. Dr. Meier-Augenstein has assisted police forces and coroners' offices around the world in murder enquiries and drug-related crime investigations.

      Innehållsförteckning

      • Series Foreword xiForeword: Dame Sue Black xiiiForeword: Mark Harrison xvForeword to the 1st Edition xviiBook Endorsements xixPreface to the 2nd Edition xxiList of Abbreviations xxvAbout the Companion Website xxviiIntroduction: Stable Isotope ‘Profiling’ or Chemical ‘DNA’:A New Dawn for Forensic Chemistry? xxixI How it Works 1I.1 What are Stable Isotopes? 2I.2 Natural Abundance Variation of Stable Isotopes 4I.3 Chemically Identical and Yet Not the Same 12I.4 Isotope Effects, Mass Discrimination and Isotopic Fractionation 15I.4.1 Physical Chemistry Background 15I.4.2 Fractionation Factor α and Enrichment Factor ε 17I.4.3 Isotopic Fractionation in Rayleigh Processes 19I.4.3.1 Isotopic Fractionation Summary 20I.5 Stable Isotopic Distribution and Isotopic Fractionation of Light Elements in Nature 22I.5.1 Hydrogen 22I.5.2 Oxygen 26I.5.3 Carbon 27I.5.4 Nitrogen 30I.5.5 Sulfur 32I.5.6 Isoscapes 35I.6 Stable Isotope Forensics in Everyday Life 40I.6.1 “Food Forensics” 42I.6.1.1 Authenticity and Provenance of Single-Seed Vegetable Oils 42I.6.1.2 Authenticity and Provenance of Beverages 45I.6.1.3 Caveats 49I.6.2 Authenticity and Provenance of other Premium Products 53I.6.3 Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals 54I.6.4 Environmental Forensics 59I.6.5 Wildlife Forensics 61I.6.6 Anti-Doping Control 62I.7 Summary of Part I 65References Part I 67II Instrumentation, Analytical Techniques and Data Quality 81II.1 Mass Spectrometry versus Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 82II.1.1 Stability, Isotopic Linearity and Isotopic Calibration 85II.2 Instrumentation for Stable Isotope Analysis 90II.2.1 Dual-Inlet IRMS Systems 92II.2.2 Continuous-Flow IRMS Systems 93II.2.3 Bulk Material Stable Isotope Analysis 94II.2.3.1 13C, 15N and 34S 94II.2.3.2 2H and 18O 96II.2.4 Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds 98II.2.4.1 Compound-Specific 13C or 15N Analysis by GC/C-IRMS 98II.2.4.2 Compound-Specific 2H or 18O Analysis by GC/HTC-IRMS 100II.2.4.3 Position-Specific Isotope Analysis 101II.2.5 Compound-Specific 13C/15N Analysis of Polar, Non-Volatile Organic Compounds by LC-IRMS 101II.2.6 Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis and Forensic Compound Identification 103II.3 Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Continuous-Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 106II.3.1 Compliance with IUPAC Guidelines is a Prerequisite not a Luxury 106II.3.2 The Identical Treatment Principle 111II.3.3 The Importance of Scale Normalization 112II.3.3.1 Scale Normalization of Measured δ2H Values to VSMOW 114II.3.3.2 Scale Normalization of Measured δ13C Values to VPDB 120II.3.3.3 Scale Normalization of Measured δ18O Values to VSMOW 122II.3.3.4 Scale Normalization of Measured δ15N Values to Air 126II.3.3.5 Scale Normalization of Measured δ34S Values to VCDT 127II.4 Points of Note for Stable Isotope Analysis 128II.4.1 Preparing for Analysis 128II.4.2 Generic Considerations for BSIA 131II.4.2.1 Scale Normalization of BSIA 132II.4.2.2 Keeping Your Powder Dry 134II.4.2.3 Isobaric Interference 135II.4.2.4 Ionization Quench Effect 137II.4.3 Particular Considerations for BSIA 140II.4.3.1 Bulk 15N Analysis of Nitrates 140II.4.3.2 Bulk 2H Analysis of Nitrogen-Rich Compounds 141II.4.3.3 Total δ2H versus True δ2H Values 141II.4.3.4 Organic Compounds with Exchangeable Hydrogen and Implications for 2H Abundance Analysis 144II.4.3.4.1 Chemical and Biochemical Considerations – Example: Hair 152II.4.3.5 2H Analysis of Human Hair 158II.4.3.5.1 Two-Point Equilibration with Water at Ambient Temperature 161II.4.3.5.2 Two-Point End-Member Comparative Equilibration 166II.4.3.5.3 On-Line Two-Point End-Member Comparative Steam Equilibration 170II.4.4 Points of Note for CSIA 172II.4.4.1 Scale Normalization of GC-IRMS Analyses 172II.4.4.2 Isotope Effects in GC-IRMS during Sample Injection 175II.4.4.3 The Chromatographic Isotope Effect in GC-IRMS 176II.4.4.4 Derivatization of Polar Compounds for GC-IRMS 178II.4.4.5 Compound-Specific 2H Analysis of N- or Cl-Rich Compounds 181II.5 Statistical Analysis of Stable Isotope Data within a Forensic Context 183II.5.1 Chemometric Analysis 183II.5.2 Bayesian Analysis 185II.6 Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Forensic Stable Isotope Analysis 194II.6.1 Accreditation to ISO 17025 195II.6.1.1 Who Assesses the Assessors? 197II.6.2 The Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Network 205II.7 Summary of Part II 207II.A How to Set Up a Laboratory for Continuous-Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 209II.A.1 Pre-Installation Requirements 210II.A.2 Laboratory Location 210II.A.3 Temperature Control 211II.A.4 Power Supply 212II.A.5 Gas Supply 213II.A.6 Forensic Laboratory Considerations 216II.A.7 Finishing Touches 217II.B Sources of International Reference Materials and Tertiary Standards 219II.C Selected Sample Preparation Protocols 220II.C.1 Derivatization of Amino Acids for Compound Specific Isotope Analysis by GC-IRMS 220II.C.2 Acid Digest of Carbonate from Bio-apatite for 13C and 18O Analysis 223II.C.3 Preparing Silver Phosphate from Bio-apatite for 18O Analysis 225II.C.4 Two-Point Water Equilibration Protocol for Determination of Non-ex δ2H Values of Human Hair 227II.D Internet Sources of Guidance and Policy Documents 231References Part II 233III Stable Isotope Forensics: Case Studies and Current Research 247III.1 Forensic Context 248III.1.1 Legal Context 249III.2 Distinguishing Drugs 255III.2.1 Natural and Semisynthetic Drugs 255III.2.1.1 Marijuana 255III.2.1.2 Morphine and Heroin 257III.2.1.3 Cocaine 259III.2.2 Synthetic Drugs 263III.2.2.1 Amphetamines 263III.2.2.2 Methamphetamine: Synthesis and Isotopic Signature 264III.2.2.2.1 Two Different Synthetic Routes – Clandestine Conditions 268III.2.2.3 MDMA: Synthesis and Isotopic Signature 270III.2.2.3.1 Three Different Synthetic Routes – Controlled Conditions 273III.2.2.3.2 One Synthetic Route – Variable Conditions 279III.2.3 “Legal Highs” and “Designer Drugs” 284III.2.3.1 Mephedrone 284III.2.3.2 Piperazines 287III.2.4 Excipients 291III.2.5 Conclusions 293III.3 Elucidating Explosives 296III.3.1 Stable Isotope Analysis of Explosives and Precursors 297III.3.1.1 Ammonium Nitrate (AN) 298III.3.1.2 Hexamine, RDX, C4 and Semtex 300III.3.1.3 Isotopic Product/Precursor Relationship 305III.3.1.3.1 RDX and HMX 305III.3.1.3.2 HMTD and TATP 309III.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide 315III.3.2 Potential Pitfalls 321III.3.3 Conclusions 323III.4 Matching Matchsticks 324III.4.1 13C-Bulk Isotope Analysis 325III.4.2 18O-Bulk Isotope Analysis 326III.4.3 2H-Bulk Isotope Analysis 328III.4.4 Matching Matches from Fire Scenes 330III.4.5 Conclusions 331III.5 Provenancing People 333III.5.1 Stable Isotope Abundance Variation in Human Tissue 336III.5.1.1 Hair and Nails 338III.5.1.1.1 Characteristics of Hair 340III.5.1.1.2 Characteristics of Nails 342III.5.1.1.3 Diagenetic Changes of Keratin 342III.5.1.1.4 2H Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail 343III.5.1.1.5 18O Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail 345III.5.1.1.6 13C Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail 346III.5.1.1.7 15N Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail 347III.5.1.2 Bone and Teeth 350III.5.1.2.1 Chemical Composition of Bone and Teeth 351III.5.1.2.2 Static versus Remodelling Tissue Compartments 352III.5.1.2.3 Diagenetic Changes of Bone and Teeth Mineral 354III.5.1.2.4 Diagenetic Changes of Type I Collagen 356III.5.1.2.5 18O Isotopic Record in Carbonate and Phosphate from Bio-apatite 357III.5.1.2.6 13C Isotopic Record in Carbonate from Bio-apatite 363III.5.1.2.7 Isotopic Record in Type I Collagen 364III.5.1.3 Trophic Level Shift Effect on Stable Isotope Abundance Values in Human Tissue 365III.5.2 Case Examples 370III.5.2.1 The Skull from the Sea 371III.5.2.2 A Human Life Recorded in Hair 375III.5.2.3 Found in Newfoundland 379III.5.2.4 The Case of “The Scissor Sisters” 384III.5.2.5 Too Short a Life 390III.5.2.6 Saltair Sally 393III.5.2.7 A Tale of Two Cultures 394III.5.3 Conclusions and Caveats 397III.6 Stable Isotope Forensics of Other Physical Evidence 401III.6.1 Microbial Isotope Forensics 402III.6.2 Toxins and Poisons 404III.6.3 Paper, Plastic (Bags) and Parcel Tape 404III.6.3.1 Paper 404III.6.3.2 Plastic and Plastic Bags 407III.6.3.3 Parcel Tape 408III.6.4 Conclusions 412III.7 Evaluative Interpretation of Forensic Stable Isotope Data 413III.7.1 Not Scale Referenced δ-Values 415III.7.2 Unresolved Contradictory Data 418III.7.2.1 Example: “Geographic Provenance of a Murder Victim” 418III.7.2.2 Example: “Manslaughter due to Negligence” 420III.7.3 Foregone Conclusions 422III.7.4 Logical Fallacies 424III.7.5 Untested Assumptions 426III.7.6 Conclusion 428III.8 Summary of Part III 430III.A An Abridged List of Forensic Stable Isotope Laboratories Worldwide 432References Part III 434Recommended Reading 453Author’s Biography 459Acknowledgements 461Index 463
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