David Murphy PhD, CPsychol, AFBPsS, is a Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapist with a particular interest in the field of trauma, and the Course Director for the Master's program in Person-Centered Counselling and Psychotherapy at the University of Nottingham, UK. He previously held the position of Honorary Psychologist in Psychotherapy and the Centre for Trauma, Resilience and Growth, Nottingham Healthcare NHS Trust.

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• About the Contributors xixForeword xxviiPART 1 Introduction and Foundations 1CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Textbook on Counselling Psychology 3David MurphyCHAPTER 2 A History of British Counselling Psychology 8Alan FranklandIntroduction 9A Founding Figure 10The Institutional History 11And How Has It Grown Since? 15And Now? 16CHAPTER 3 Counselling Psychology: Assumptions, Challenges, and Aspirations 22Stephen JosephIntroduction 23The Assumptions of Counselling Psychology in Relation to the Medical Ideology 24Challenges to Counselling Psychology 28Looking to the Future of Counselling Psychology 31Conclusion 33CHAPTER 4 Philosophical Issues in Counselling Psychology 36Simon du PlockA Personal Perspective 37So What Do We Mean When We Use the Word “Philosophy”? 38The Relationship between Philosophy and Therapy 40The Place of Philosophy in Counselling Psychology 41A Philosophically Informed Knowledge Base for Counselling Psychology 43A Philosophical Rather Than a Medical Perspective on What it Means to Be Well 45A Philosophical Perspective on Movement and Exercise 47Conclusion 49PART 2 Approaches to Counselling Psychology 53CHAPTER 5 Existential Counselling Psychology 55Elaine KasketIntroduction 56Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 57Epistemologies: The Ways of Knowing within Existential Therapy 58Guiding Principles: Core Theoretical Assumptions 59Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 61The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 62Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Existential Therapy 63Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, and Extensions of the Existential Approach 65Future Orientations 68Conclusion 69CHAPTER 6 Person-Centred Experiential Counselling Psychology 72David MurphyIntroduction 73Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 74Epistemology: Ways of Knowing 75Guiding Principles and Core Assumptions 75Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 77The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 79Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Person-Centred Experiential Counselling Psychology 80Adaptations, Developments, and Extensions of Original Approach 81Future Orientations 84Conclusion 84CHAPTER 7 Psychodynamic Counselling Psychology 88Andrea HalewoodIntroduction 89Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 89Epistemologies: The Ways of Knowing 90Guiding Principles: Core Theoretical Assumptions 91Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 92The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 93Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Psychodynamic Therapy 94Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 95Future Orientations 99Conclusion 100CHAPTER 8 Cognitive-Behavioural Counselling Psychology 104Windy DrydenIntroduction 105Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 105Epistemologies: The Ways of Knowing 106Guiding Principles: Core Theoretical Assumptions 107Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 108The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 110Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions toEffective Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy 111Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 113Future Orientations 116Conclusion 117CHAPTER 9 Transpersonal Counselling Psychology 120John RowanIntroduction 121Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 121Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing in Transpersonal Counselling Psychology 122Guiding Principles and Core Theoretical Assumptions 123Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 124The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 125Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Transpersonal Counselling Psychology 127Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 129Future Orientations 131Conclusion 131CHAPTER 10 Pluralistic Counselling Psychology 134Terry Hanley, Laura Anne Winter, John McLeod, and Mick CooperIntroduction 135Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 136Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing 136Guiding Principles: Core Theoretical Assumptions 137Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 138The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 139Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Pluralistic Counselling Psychology 140Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 141Future Orientations 145Conclusion 146CHAPTER 11 Psychotherapy Integration for Counselling Psychology 150Michael J. Lambert and John C. NorcrossIntroduction 151Varieties of Integration 152Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 155Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing 155Guiding Principles and Core Theoretical Assumptions 156Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 158The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 159Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Counselling Psychology 161Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 162Conclusions and Future Directions 164PART 3 Working with Client Groups 169CHAPTER 12 Counselling Psychology for Children and Young People 171Terry Hanley, Jasmina Frzina, and Nafeesa NizamiIntroduction 172Background and Scope of Work for Counselling Psychologists Working with Children and Young People 172Guiding Principles for Practitioners 174Conceptualizing Distress for this Group 176Common Issues 177Review of Evidence-based Methods 178Legal and Ethical Issues and Relevant Frameworks for Reference 179Conclusion 182CHAPTER 13 Counselling Psychologists Working with People with Special Needs and Disabilities 185Anne EmersonIntroduction 186Models of Disability 187Guiding Principles for Practitioners 187Conceptualizing Distress 191Counselling Psychology Approaches for SND 194Conclusion 196CHAPTER 14 Counselling Psychology for Clients with Asperger Syndrome 200Anja RuttenIntroduction 201Autism and Asperger Syndrome 201Diagnostic Labels 202Considering Autism as Counselling Psychologists 202Is Autism a Disability? 203Person-First Language or Not? 204Autistic People’s Distress 204Therapeutic Work with Clients with Asperger Syndrome 205Experiences of Therapy 207Conclusion 209CHAPTER 15 Counselling Psychology for Trauma in Emergency Services Occupations 214Noreen TehraniIntroduction 215The Nature of Traumatic Exposure in Organizations 215The Impact of Trauma on Emergency Service Personnel 217High Risk Roles and Duty of Care 218Early Trauma Interventions 220Trauma Therapy 222Conclusion 226PART 4 Socio-cultural Issues 229CHAPTER 16 Sexualities in Counselling Psychology 231Eric E. Arnold and Melanie E. BrewsterIntroduction 232Diverse Sexual Practices 232Unpacking the Alphabet Soup: LGB Identities 233Identity Intersectionality in a Multicultural World 235Minority Stress and Marginalization 238Identity Development 238Experiences in School and Work 239Intimacy and Families 240Physical Health in LGB Communities 241Mental Health 242CHAPTER 17 Social Class in Counselling Psychology 249William Ming Liu and Alex J. ColbowIntroduction 250Social Class and Psychological Distress 251Counselling Psychology as a Transmitter of Classism 253What Students and Clinicians Can Do 256Upward Mobility Bias 258Conclusion 260CHAPTER 18 Issues of Race and Ethnicity in Counselling Psychology 265Ohemaa Nkansa-DwamenaIntroduction 266Dialogue and Narrative: How Does CounsellingThink About Race and Ethnicity? 267Privilege, Prejudice, Bias, and Race 269Challenging Stereotypes 270Clinical Practice: How Do We Engage with Race and Ethnicity? 271Working Across the Lifespan: History in Race and Ethnicity 274Conclusion 278CHAPTER 19 Gender in Counselling Psychology 281Meg-John Barker and Christina RichardsIntroduction 282Understanding Gender 283Counselling Psychology with Cisgender Women and Men 286Counselling Psychology with Trans Men and Women 288Counselling Psychology with Nonbinary People 290Conclusion 293PART 5 Professional Issues 297CHAPTER 20 Developing Ethical Awareness Whilst Training to Be a Counselling Psychologist 299Pam JamesIntroduction 300Question 1: What is Working Ethically? 300Question 2: Why is it Necessary to Have Codes of Practice and What Are They? 302Question 3: What is the Specific Nature of Counselling Psychology Training? 304Question 4: Does the Way of Working Ethically Change from Pre- to Postqualification? 306General Learning Points for the Development of a Personal Ethical Awareness 312Conclusion 312CHAPTER 21 Practice Ethics for Counselling Psychology 315Dee DanchevIntroduction 316Trust 316Codes, Principles, and Virtues 317Dilemmas and Structures for Solving Dilemmas 318Are There Ethical Differences Among Therapeutic Orientations? 322Responsibility 322Online Counselling 323What Are Unethical Actions? 325Practice Supervision 325CHAPTER 22 The Politics of Counselling Psychology 330Colin Feltham and Richard HouseIntroduction 331Politics and Counselling Psychologists 331Alignment with Marginalized and Oppressed Groups 334Professional Politics 336Wider Applications of Counselling Psychology Theory, and Crossovers 339CHAPTER 23 Supervision in Counselling Psychology 346Mary Creaner and Ladislav TimulakIntroduction 347Defining Supervision in Counselling Psychology 347The Relationship in Counselling Psychology Supervision 349Models of Supervision in Counselling Psychology 351Supervision Competencies 352Supervision Training for Counselling Psychologists 353Multicultural and Diversity Issues in Supervision 354Posttraining Supervision in Counselling Psychology 354Future Directions for Supervision in Counselling Psychology 355CHAPTER 24 Training in Counselling Psychology 361Ewan Gillon, Ladislav Timulak, and Mary CreanerIntroduction 362The Structure of Counselling Psychology Training in the UK 362The Organization of Counselling Psychology Training in the UK 364Training Standards in Counselling Psychology Internationally 369Developing the Training Agenda in the UK 372Conclusion 373PART 6 Research in Counselling Psychology 377CHAPTER 25 Research Ethics in Counselling Psychology 379Dee DanchevIntroduction 380Historical Context 380The Ethics of the Researcher and Their Positioning 381The Participant’s Perspective 383The Use of Incentives 384Informed Consent 385Deception 387Anonymity 387Online Research 388Research Method, Analysis, and Reporting Findings 388Aftercare of Participants 389Dissemination and the Research Afterlife 389Researcher Self-care 390Conclusion 391CHAPTER 26 An Introduction to Qualitative Research in Counselling Psychology 394John McLeodIntroduction 395Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing 395Guiding Principles 397What Questions Can Be Asked in Qualitative Psychological Research? 398Key Research Methods 399Sampling 400Approaches to Analysing Data 402Conclusion 405CHAPTER 27 An Introduction to Quantitative Research in Counselling Psychology 408Duncan CramerIntroduction 409Why Use Quantitative Research Methods? 409Guiding Principles and Core Methodological Assumptions 411Major Types of Experimental Designs 412Questions That Can Be Asked in Quantitative Psychological Research 413Key Research Methods 414Sampling 416Sample Research Study Example 420Conclusion 422CHAPTER 28 Hermeneutic Single Case Efficacy Design for Counselling Psychology 425Robert Elliott and Mark WiddowsonIntroduction 426Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing 426Guiding Principles and Assumptions 428Research Questions Addressed 429Key Research Methods 430Sampling 432Approaches to Analysing Data 432HSCED Examples 434Conclusion: Strengths and Limitations of HSCED 435CHAPTER 29 Theory-Building Case Studies for Counselling Psychology 439William B. StilesIntroduction 440How Theory-building Research Works 440How to Do Theory-building Case Studies 445Conclusion 451Index 453

David Murphy PhD, CPsychol, AFBPsS, is a Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapist with a particular interest in the field of trauma, and the Course Director for the Master's program in Person-Centered Counselling and Psychotherapy at the University of Nottingham, UK. He previously held the position of Honorary Psychologist in Psychotherapy and the Centre for Trauma, Resilience and Growth, Nottingham Healthcare NHS Trust.

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• About the Contributors xixForeword xxviiPART 1 Introduction and Foundations 1CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Textbook on Counselling Psychology 3David MurphyCHAPTER 2 A History of British Counselling Psychology 8Alan FranklandIntroduction 9A Founding Figure 10The Institutional History 11And How Has It Grown Since? 15And Now? 16CHAPTER 3 Counselling Psychology: Assumptions, Challenges, and Aspirations 22Stephen JosephIntroduction 23The Assumptions of Counselling Psychology in Relation to the Medical Ideology 24Challenges to Counselling Psychology 28Looking to the Future of Counselling Psychology 31Conclusion 33CHAPTER 4 Philosophical Issues in Counselling Psychology 36Simon du PlockA Personal Perspective 37So What Do We Mean When We Use the Word “Philosophy”? 38The Relationship between Philosophy and Therapy 40The Place of Philosophy in Counselling Psychology 41A Philosophically Informed Knowledge Base for Counselling Psychology 43A Philosophical Rather Than a Medical Perspective on What it Means to Be Well 45A Philosophical Perspective on Movement and Exercise 47Conclusion 49PART 2 Approaches to Counselling Psychology 53CHAPTER 5 Existential Counselling Psychology 55Elaine KasketIntroduction 56Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 57Epistemologies: The Ways of Knowing within Existential Therapy 58Guiding Principles: Core Theoretical Assumptions 59Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 61The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 62Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Existential Therapy 63Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, and Extensions of the Existential Approach 65Future Orientations 68Conclusion 69CHAPTER 6 Person-Centred Experiential Counselling Psychology 72David MurphyIntroduction 73Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 74Epistemology: Ways of Knowing 75Guiding Principles and Core Assumptions 75Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 77The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 79Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Person-Centred Experiential Counselling Psychology 80Adaptations, Developments, and Extensions of Original Approach 81Future Orientations 84Conclusion 84CHAPTER 7 Psychodynamic Counselling Psychology 88Andrea HalewoodIntroduction 89Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 89Epistemologies: The Ways of Knowing 90Guiding Principles: Core Theoretical Assumptions 91Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 92The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 93Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Psychodynamic Therapy 94Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 95Future Orientations 99Conclusion 100CHAPTER 8 Cognitive-Behavioural Counselling Psychology 104Windy DrydenIntroduction 105Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 105Epistemologies: The Ways of Knowing 106Guiding Principles: Core Theoretical Assumptions 107Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 108The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 110Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions toEffective Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy 111Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 113Future Orientations 116Conclusion 117CHAPTER 9 Transpersonal Counselling Psychology 120John RowanIntroduction 121Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 121Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing in Transpersonal Counselling Psychology 122Guiding Principles and Core Theoretical Assumptions 123Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 124The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 125Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Transpersonal Counselling Psychology 127Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 129Future Orientations 131Conclusion 131CHAPTER 10 Pluralistic Counselling Psychology 134Terry Hanley, Laura Anne Winter, John McLeod, and Mick CooperIntroduction 135Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 136Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing 136Guiding Principles: Core Theoretical Assumptions 137Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 138The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 139Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Pluralistic Counselling Psychology 140Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 141Future Orientations 145Conclusion 146CHAPTER 11 Psychotherapy Integration for Counselling Psychology 150Michael J. Lambert and John C. NorcrossIntroduction 151Varieties of Integration 152Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 155Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing 155Guiding Principles and Core Theoretical Assumptions 156Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 158The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 159Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Counselling Psychology 161Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 162Conclusions and Future Directions 164PART 3 Working with Client Groups 169CHAPTER 12 Counselling Psychology for Children and Young People 171Terry Hanley, Jasmina Frzina, and Nafeesa NizamiIntroduction 172Background and Scope of Work for Counselling Psychologists Working with Children and Young People 172Guiding Principles for Practitioners 174Conceptualizing Distress for this Group 176Common Issues 177Review of Evidence-based Methods 178Legal and Ethical Issues and Relevant Frameworks for Reference 179Conclusion 182CHAPTER 13 Counselling Psychologists Working with People with Special Needs and Disabilities 185Anne EmersonIntroduction 186Models of Disability 187Guiding Principles for Practitioners 187Conceptualizing Distress 191Counselling Psychology Approaches for SND 194Conclusion 196CHAPTER 14 Counselling Psychology for Clients with Asperger Syndrome 200Anja RuttenIntroduction 201Autism and Asperger Syndrome 201Diagnostic Labels 202Considering Autism as Counselling Psychologists 202Is Autism a Disability? 203Person-First Language or Not? 204Autistic People’s Distress 204Therapeutic Work with Clients with Asperger Syndrome 205Experiences of Therapy 207Conclusion 209CHAPTER 15 Counselling Psychology for Trauma in Emergency Services Occupations 214Noreen TehraniIntroduction 215The Nature of Traumatic Exposure in Organizations 215The Impact of Trauma on Emergency Service Personnel 217High Risk Roles and Duty of Care 218Early Trauma Interventions 220Trauma Therapy 222Conclusion 226PART 4 Socio-cultural Issues 229CHAPTER 16 Sexualities in Counselling Psychology 231Eric E. Arnold and Melanie E. BrewsterIntroduction 232Diverse Sexual Practices 232Unpacking the Alphabet Soup: LGB Identities 233Identity Intersectionality in a Multicultural World 235Minority Stress and Marginalization 238Identity Development 238Experiences in School and Work 239Intimacy and Families 240Physical Health in LGB Communities 241Mental Health 242CHAPTER 17 Social Class in Counselling Psychology 249William Ming Liu and Alex J. ColbowIntroduction 250Social Class and Psychological Distress 251Counselling Psychology as a Transmitter of Classism 253What Students and Clinicians Can Do 256Upward Mobility Bias 258Conclusion 260CHAPTER 18 Issues of Race and Ethnicity in Counselling Psychology 265Ohemaa Nkansa-DwamenaIntroduction 266Dialogue and Narrative: How Does CounsellingThink About Race and Ethnicity? 267Privilege, Prejudice, Bias, and Race 269Challenging Stereotypes 270Clinical Practice: How Do We Engage with Race and Ethnicity? 271Working Across the Lifespan: History in Race and Ethnicity 274Conclusion 278CHAPTER 19 Gender in Counselling Psychology 281Meg-John Barker and Christina RichardsIntroduction 282Understanding Gender 283Counselling Psychology with Cisgender Women and Men 286Counselling Psychology with Trans Men and Women 288Counselling Psychology with Nonbinary People 290Conclusion 293PART 5 Professional Issues 297CHAPTER 20 Developing Ethical Awareness Whilst Training to Be a Counselling Psychologist 299Pam JamesIntroduction 300Question 1: What is Working Ethically? 300Question 2: Why is it Necessary to Have Codes of Practice and What Are They? 302Question 3: What is the Specific Nature of Counselling Psychology Training? 304Question 4: Does the Way of Working Ethically Change from Pre- to Postqualification? 306General Learning Points for the Development of a Personal Ethical Awareness 312Conclusion 312CHAPTER 21 Practice Ethics for Counselling Psychology 315Dee DanchevIntroduction 316Trust 316Codes, Principles, and Virtues 317Dilemmas and Structures for Solving Dilemmas 318Are There Ethical Differences Among Therapeutic Orientations? 322Responsibility 322Online Counselling 323What Are Unethical Actions? 325Practice Supervision 325CHAPTER 22 The Politics of Counselling Psychology 330Colin Feltham and Richard HouseIntroduction 331Politics and Counselling Psychologists 331Alignment with Marginalized and Oppressed Groups 334Professional Politics 336Wider Applications of Counselling Psychology Theory, and Crossovers 339CHAPTER 23 Supervision in Counselling Psychology 346Mary Creaner and Ladislav TimulakIntroduction 347Defining Supervision in Counselling Psychology 347The Relationship in Counselling Psychology Supervision 349Models of Supervision in Counselling Psychology 351Supervision Competencies 352Supervision Training for Counselling Psychologists 353Multicultural and Diversity Issues in Supervision 354Posttraining Supervision in Counselling Psychology 354Future Directions for Supervision in Counselling Psychology 355CHAPTER 24 Training in Counselling Psychology 361Ewan Gillon, Ladislav Timulak, and Mary CreanerIntroduction 362The Structure of Counselling Psychology Training in the UK 362The Organization of Counselling Psychology Training in the UK 364Training Standards in Counselling Psychology Internationally 369Developing the Training Agenda in the UK 372Conclusion 373PART 6 Research in Counselling Psychology 377CHAPTER 25 Research Ethics in Counselling Psychology 379Dee DanchevIntroduction 380Historical Context 380The Ethics of the Researcher and Their Positioning 381The Participant’s Perspective 383The Use of Incentives 384Informed Consent 385Deception 387Anonymity 387Online Research 388Research Method, Analysis, and Reporting Findings 388Aftercare of Participants 389Dissemination and the Research Afterlife 389Researcher Self-care 390Conclusion 391CHAPTER 26 An Introduction to Qualitative Research in Counselling Psychology 394John McLeodIntroduction 395Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing 395Guiding Principles 397What Questions Can Be Asked in Qualitative Psychological Research? 398Key Research Methods 399Sampling 400Approaches to Analysing Data 402Conclusion 405CHAPTER 27 An Introduction to Quantitative Research in Counselling Psychology 408Duncan CramerIntroduction 409Why Use Quantitative Research Methods? 409Guiding Principles and Core Methodological Assumptions 411Major Types of Experimental Designs 412Questions That Can Be Asked in Quantitative Psychological Research 413Key Research Methods 414Sampling 416Sample Research Study Example 420Conclusion 422CHAPTER 28 Hermeneutic Single Case Efficacy Design for Counselling Psychology 425Robert Elliott and Mark WiddowsonIntroduction 426Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing 426Guiding Principles and Assumptions 428Research Questions Addressed 429Key Research Methods 430Sampling 432Approaches to Analysing Data 432HSCED Examples 434Conclusion: Strengths and Limitations of HSCED 435CHAPTER 29 Theory-Building Case Studies for Counselling Psychology 439William B. StilesIntroduction 440How Theory-building Research Works 440How to Do Theory-building Case Studies 445Conclusion 451Index 453

David Murphy PhD, CPsychol, AFBPsS, is a Person-Centered Experiential Psychotherapist with a particular interest in the field of trauma, and the Course Director for the Master's program in Person-Centered Counselling and Psychotherapy at the University of Nottingham, UK. He previously held the position of Honorary Psychologist in Psychotherapy and the Centre for Trauma, Resilience and Growth, Nottingham Healthcare NHS Trust.

Select Guide Rating

• About the Contributors xixForeword xxviiPART 1 Introduction and Foundations 1CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Textbook on Counselling Psychology 3David MurphyCHAPTER 2 A History of British Counselling Psychology 8Alan FranklandIntroduction 9A Founding Figure 10The Institutional History 11And How Has It Grown Since? 15And Now? 16CHAPTER 3 Counselling Psychology: Assumptions, Challenges, and Aspirations 22Stephen JosephIntroduction 23The Assumptions of Counselling Psychology in Relation to the Medical Ideology 24Challenges to Counselling Psychology 28Looking to the Future of Counselling Psychology 31Conclusion 33CHAPTER 4 Philosophical Issues in Counselling Psychology 36Simon du PlockA Personal Perspective 37So What Do We Mean When We Use the Word “Philosophy”? 38The Relationship between Philosophy and Therapy 40The Place of Philosophy in Counselling Psychology 41A Philosophically Informed Knowledge Base for Counselling Psychology 43A Philosophical Rather Than a Medical Perspective on What it Means to Be Well 45A Philosophical Perspective on Movement and Exercise 47Conclusion 49PART 2 Approaches to Counselling Psychology 53CHAPTER 5 Existential Counselling Psychology 55Elaine KasketIntroduction 56Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 57Epistemologies: The Ways of Knowing within Existential Therapy 58Guiding Principles: Core Theoretical Assumptions 59Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 61The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 62Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Existential Therapy 63Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, and Extensions of the Existential Approach 65Future Orientations 68Conclusion 69CHAPTER 6 Person-Centred Experiential Counselling Psychology 72David MurphyIntroduction 73Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 74Epistemology: Ways of Knowing 75Guiding Principles and Core Assumptions 75Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 77The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 79Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Person-Centred Experiential Counselling Psychology 80Adaptations, Developments, and Extensions of Original Approach 81Future Orientations 84Conclusion 84CHAPTER 7 Psychodynamic Counselling Psychology 88Andrea HalewoodIntroduction 89Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 89Epistemologies: The Ways of Knowing 90Guiding Principles: Core Theoretical Assumptions 91Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 92The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 93Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Psychodynamic Therapy 94Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 95Future Orientations 99Conclusion 100CHAPTER 8 Cognitive-Behavioural Counselling Psychology 104Windy DrydenIntroduction 105Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 105Epistemologies: The Ways of Knowing 106Guiding Principles: Core Theoretical Assumptions 107Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 108The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 110Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions toEffective Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy 111Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 113Future Orientations 116Conclusion 117CHAPTER 9 Transpersonal Counselling Psychology 120John RowanIntroduction 121Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 121Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing in Transpersonal Counselling Psychology 122Guiding Principles and Core Theoretical Assumptions 123Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 124The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 125Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Transpersonal Counselling Psychology 127Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 129Future Orientations 131Conclusion 131CHAPTER 10 Pluralistic Counselling Psychology 134Terry Hanley, Laura Anne Winter, John McLeod, and Mick CooperIntroduction 135Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 136Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing 136Guiding Principles: Core Theoretical Assumptions 137Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 138The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 139Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Pluralistic Counselling Psychology 140Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 141Future Orientations 145Conclusion 146CHAPTER 11 Psychotherapy Integration for Counselling Psychology 150Michael J. Lambert and John C. NorcrossIntroduction 151Varieties of Integration 152Ontological Assumptions: Image of the Person 155Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing 155Guiding Principles and Core Theoretical Assumptions 156Nature and Understanding of Psychological Distress 158The Role and Place of the Therapeutic Relationship 159Therapist, Client, and Relational Contributions to Effective Counselling Psychology 161Contemporary Adaptations, Developments, Extensions 162Conclusions and Future Directions 164PART 3 Working with Client Groups 169CHAPTER 12 Counselling Psychology for Children and Young People 171Terry Hanley, Jasmina Frzina, and Nafeesa NizamiIntroduction 172Background and Scope of Work for Counselling Psychologists Working with Children and Young People 172Guiding Principles for Practitioners 174Conceptualizing Distress for this Group 176Common Issues 177Review of Evidence-based Methods 178Legal and Ethical Issues and Relevant Frameworks for Reference 179Conclusion 182CHAPTER 13 Counselling Psychologists Working with People with Special Needs and Disabilities 185Anne EmersonIntroduction 186Models of Disability 187Guiding Principles for Practitioners 187Conceptualizing Distress 191Counselling Psychology Approaches for SND 194Conclusion 196CHAPTER 14 Counselling Psychology for Clients with Asperger Syndrome 200Anja RuttenIntroduction 201Autism and Asperger Syndrome 201Diagnostic Labels 202Considering Autism as Counselling Psychologists 202Is Autism a Disability? 203Person-First Language or Not? 204Autistic People’s Distress 204Therapeutic Work with Clients with Asperger Syndrome 205Experiences of Therapy 207Conclusion 209CHAPTER 15 Counselling Psychology for Trauma in Emergency Services Occupations 214Noreen TehraniIntroduction 215The Nature of Traumatic Exposure in Organizations 215The Impact of Trauma on Emergency Service Personnel 217High Risk Roles and Duty of Care 218Early Trauma Interventions 220Trauma Therapy 222Conclusion 226PART 4 Socio-cultural Issues 229CHAPTER 16 Sexualities in Counselling Psychology 231Eric E. Arnold and Melanie E. BrewsterIntroduction 232Diverse Sexual Practices 232Unpacking the Alphabet Soup: LGB Identities 233Identity Intersectionality in a Multicultural World 235Minority Stress and Marginalization 238Identity Development 238Experiences in School and Work 239Intimacy and Families 240Physical Health in LGB Communities 241Mental Health 242CHAPTER 17 Social Class in Counselling Psychology 249William Ming Liu and Alex J. ColbowIntroduction 250Social Class and Psychological Distress 251Counselling Psychology as a Transmitter of Classism 253What Students and Clinicians Can Do 256Upward Mobility Bias 258Conclusion 260CHAPTER 18 Issues of Race and Ethnicity in Counselling Psychology 265Ohemaa Nkansa-DwamenaIntroduction 266Dialogue and Narrative: How Does CounsellingThink About Race and Ethnicity? 267Privilege, Prejudice, Bias, and Race 269Challenging Stereotypes 270Clinical Practice: How Do We Engage with Race and Ethnicity? 271Working Across the Lifespan: History in Race and Ethnicity 274Conclusion 278CHAPTER 19 Gender in Counselling Psychology 281Meg-John Barker and Christina RichardsIntroduction 282Understanding Gender 283Counselling Psychology with Cisgender Women and Men 286Counselling Psychology with Trans Men and Women 288Counselling Psychology with Nonbinary People 290Conclusion 293PART 5 Professional Issues 297CHAPTER 20 Developing Ethical Awareness Whilst Training to Be a Counselling Psychologist 299Pam JamesIntroduction 300Question 1: What is Working Ethically? 300Question 2: Why is it Necessary to Have Codes of Practice and What Are They? 302Question 3: What is the Specific Nature of Counselling Psychology Training? 304Question 4: Does the Way of Working Ethically Change from Pre- to Postqualification? 306General Learning Points for the Development of a Personal Ethical Awareness 312Conclusion 312CHAPTER 21 Practice Ethics for Counselling Psychology 315Dee DanchevIntroduction 316Trust 316Codes, Principles, and Virtues 317Dilemmas and Structures for Solving Dilemmas 318Are There Ethical Differences Among Therapeutic Orientations? 322Responsibility 322Online Counselling 323What Are Unethical Actions? 325Practice Supervision 325CHAPTER 22 The Politics of Counselling Psychology 330Colin Feltham and Richard HouseIntroduction 331Politics and Counselling Psychologists 331Alignment with Marginalized and Oppressed Groups 334Professional Politics 336Wider Applications of Counselling Psychology Theory, and Crossovers 339CHAPTER 23 Supervision in Counselling Psychology 346Mary Creaner and Ladislav TimulakIntroduction 347Defining Supervision in Counselling Psychology 347The Relationship in Counselling Psychology Supervision 349Models of Supervision in Counselling Psychology 351Supervision Competencies 352Supervision Training for Counselling Psychologists 353Multicultural and Diversity Issues in Supervision 354Posttraining Supervision in Counselling Psychology 354Future Directions for Supervision in Counselling Psychology 355CHAPTER 24 Training in Counselling Psychology 361Ewan Gillon, Ladislav Timulak, and Mary CreanerIntroduction 362The Structure of Counselling Psychology Training in the UK 362The Organization of Counselling Psychology Training in the UK 364Training Standards in Counselling Psychology Internationally 369Developing the Training Agenda in the UK 372Conclusion 373PART 6 Research in Counselling Psychology 377CHAPTER 25 Research Ethics in Counselling Psychology 379Dee DanchevIntroduction 380Historical Context 380The Ethics of the Researcher and Their Positioning 381The Participant’s Perspective 383The Use of Incentives 384Informed Consent 385Deception 387Anonymity 387Online Research 388Research Method, Analysis, and Reporting Findings 388Aftercare of Participants 389Dissemination and the Research Afterlife 389Researcher Self-care 390Conclusion 391CHAPTER 26 An Introduction to Qualitative Research in Counselling Psychology 394John McLeodIntroduction 395Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing 395Guiding Principles 397What Questions Can Be Asked in Qualitative Psychological Research? 398Key Research Methods 399Sampling 400Approaches to Analysing Data 402Conclusion 405CHAPTER 27 An Introduction to Quantitative Research in Counselling Psychology 408Duncan CramerIntroduction 409Why Use Quantitative Research Methods? 409Guiding Principles and Core Methodological Assumptions 411Major Types of Experimental Designs 412Questions That Can Be Asked in Quantitative Psychological Research 413Key Research Methods 414Sampling 416Sample Research Study Example 420Conclusion 422CHAPTER 28 Hermeneutic Single Case Efficacy Design for Counselling Psychology 425Robert Elliott and Mark WiddowsonIntroduction 426Epistemologies: Ways of Knowing 426Guiding Principles and Assumptions 428Research Questions Addressed 429Key Research Methods 430Sampling 432Approaches to Analysing Data 432HSCED Examples 434Conclusion: Strengths and Limitations of HSCED 435CHAPTER 29 Theory-Building Case Studies for Counselling Psychology 439William B. StilesIntroduction 440How Theory-building Research Works 440How to Do Theory-building Case Studies 445Conclusion 451Index 453