Alexander V. Laskin, PhD, is a professor of strategic communication at Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, USA. He is the author of more than 50 publications, including books, book chapters, and articles on investor relations, international communications, and measurement and evaluation. Dr. Laskin's research on investor relations was recognized with the Ketchum Excellence in Public Relations Research Award. Dr. Laskin also offers consulting services in investor relations, research and evaluation, and international communications.

• Notes on Contributors ixPart I The Foundations of Financial Communication and Investor Relations: Theory and Industry 11. Investor Relations and Financial Communication: The Evolution of the Profession 3Alexander V. Laskin2. Crisis Communication: Insights and Implications for Investor Relations 23Rachel L. Whitten and W. Timothy Coombs3. Risk, Uncertainty, and Message Convergence: Toward a Theory of Financial Communication 33Kathryn E. Anthony and Steven J. Venette4. The Role of Argumentation in Financial Communication and Investor Relations 45Rudi Palmieri5. Shareholder Democracy in the Digital Age 61Sandra Duhe6. Ethics in Financial Communication and Investor Relations: Stakeholder Expectations, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Principle-Based Analyses 71Shannon A. Bowen, Won-ki Moon, and Joon Kyoung Kim7. Communicative Enactment of Virtue: A Structurational Approach to Understanding Ethical Financial Communication 87Steven J. Venette and Joel O. Iverson8. The Skills Required to Be a Successful Investor Relations Officer 97Kala Krishnan9. How Shareholders Differ: Types of Shareholders and Investment Philosophies 107Rose Hiquet and Won-yong Oh10. Financial Analysts and Their Role in Financial Communication and Investor Relations 117Marlies Whitehouse11. Securities Law for Financial Communication and Investor Relations in the United States, 1929–2016 127David L. Remund and Kathryn Kuttis12. Women on Wall Street: Problematizing Gendered Metaphors in Finance 137Lauren Berkshire HearitPart II The Practice of Financial Communication and Investor Relations: Strategies and Tactics 14513. Explaining Communication Choices During Equity Offerings: Market Timing or Impression Management? 147Danial R. Hemmings, Niamh M. Brennan, and Doris M. Merkl-Davies14. Financial and Investor Relations for Start-Up Businesses and Emerging Companies 157Kristie Byrum15. Whose Hype Matters? The Battle for Value Creation in Contemporary Financial Communications 167Kip Kiefer and Richard A. Hunt16. Shareholder Activism and the New Role of Investor Relations 179Christian Pieter Hoffmann and Christian Fieseler17. Corporate Proxy Contests: Overview, Application, and Outlook 187Matthew W. Ragas18. More Than a Zero-Sum Game: Integrating Investor and Public Relations to Navigate Conflict With Activist Investors 197Constance S. Chandler19. Integrated Reporting: Bridging Investor Relations and Strategic Management 209Kristin Kohler and Christian Pieter Hoffmann20. Corporate Social Responsibility: Committing to Social and Environmental Impact in the Global Economy 221Derek Moscato21. Transparency Signaling in Corporate Social Responsibility Press Releases in a Vice Industry 233Jessalynn Strauss22. Faith-Based Investor Activism for Corporate Environmental Responsibility: Catalysts for Corporate Change? 245Nur Uysal23. Issues Management in Investor Relations and Financial Communication 261Robert L. Heath24. Measurement and Evaluation of Investor Relations and Financial Communication Activities 275Alexander V. Laskin and Anna A. Laskin25. Perception Audits: Learning Investment Community Sentiment 283Donna N. Stein26. Conference Calls: A Communication Perspective 293Andrea Rocci and Carlo Raimondo27. When CEOs Talk: Risks, Opportunities, and Expectations of Financial Communication in an Online World 309Pauline A. Howes28. Financial Crisis Management and Wells Fargo: Reputation or Profit? 319Hilary Fussell Sisco29. Warren Buffett, Value Investing, Media, and Social Media 327Jeremy Harris LipschultzPart III Financial Communication Outside the Corporate Context: From Governments to Families 34130. Financial Communications: The Federal Reserve System’s Contributions 343Marci R. Schneider31. Restoring Legitimacy to Financial Regulators and Institutions: Admission of Wrongdoing as a Settlement Strategy 355Jeffrey D. Brand32. The Privileged Space of Financial Communication: Journalistic Perspectives, Relationships, and Implications for Financial Public Relations 365Luke Capizzo and Erich J. Sommerfeldt33. Nonprofit Financial Communication: Donors’ Preferred Information Types, Qualities, and Sources 377Timothy Penning34. The Sunshine Act: Promoting Transparency in Financial Relationships Between Physicians and the Pharmaceutical Industry 391Laura E. Willis35. A Review of Family Financial Communication 399Lynsey K. RomoPart IV Financial Communication and Investor Relations Around theWorld 40936. Consultation and Disclosure for International Financing 411Leticia M. Solaun37. The Nordic Approach to Investor Relations 419Elina Melgin, Vilma Luoma-aho, Minea Hara, and Jari Melgin38. Investor Relations in Germany: Institutionalization and Professional Roles 429Kristin Kohler39. The Evolution of Financial Communication in Italy: The Case of Oscar di Bilancio 443Gianluca Comin, Simone Ros, and Alberto Scotti40. A Stress Test for Investor Relations and Financial Communication Professionals: A Case From Europe 449Toni Muzi Falconi41. Investor Relations and Financial Communication in an Emerging Market: The Republic of Turkey 457B. Pýnar Ozdemir42. Financial Communication in India: A Case Study of the Reserve Bank and Its Governor 465Rajul Jain and Sarab Kochhar43. Influences and Priorities in Investor Relations in Australia 473Ian Westbrook44. Financial Communication and Investor Relations: A Latin American Approach 485Carolina A. Carbone and Gabriel Sadi45. Investor Relations in Brazil: From the Protection of Major Stakeholders to Value Management for Concerned Parties 493Luiz-Alberto de Farias, Paulo Nassar, and Agatha Camargo ParaventiIndex 509

Alexander V. Laskin, PhD, is a professor of strategic communication at Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, USA. He is the author of more than 50 publications, including books, book chapters, and articles on investor relations, international communications, and measurement and evaluation. Dr. Laskin's research on investor relations was recognized with the Ketchum Excellence in Public Relations Research Award. Dr. Laskin also offers consulting services in investor relations, research and evaluation, and international communications.

• Notes on Contributors ixPart I The Foundations of Financial Communication and Investor Relations: Theory and Industry 11. Investor Relations and Financial Communication: The Evolution of the Profession 3Alexander V. Laskin2. Crisis Communication: Insights and Implications for Investor Relations 23Rachel L. Whitten and W. Timothy Coombs3. Risk, Uncertainty, and Message Convergence: Toward a Theory of Financial Communication 33Kathryn E. Anthony and Steven J. Venette4. The Role of Argumentation in Financial Communication and Investor Relations 45Rudi Palmieri5. Shareholder Democracy in the Digital Age 61Sandra Duhe6. Ethics in Financial Communication and Investor Relations: Stakeholder Expectations, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Principle-Based Analyses 71Shannon A. Bowen, Won-ki Moon, and Joon Kyoung Kim7. Communicative Enactment of Virtue: A Structurational Approach to Understanding Ethical Financial Communication 87Steven J. Venette and Joel O. Iverson8. The Skills Required to Be a Successful Investor Relations Officer 97Kala Krishnan9. How Shareholders Differ: Types of Shareholders and Investment Philosophies 107Rose Hiquet and Won-yong Oh10. Financial Analysts and Their Role in Financial Communication and Investor Relations 117Marlies Whitehouse11. Securities Law for Financial Communication and Investor Relations in the United States, 1929–2016 127David L. Remund and Kathryn Kuttis12. Women on Wall Street: Problematizing Gendered Metaphors in Finance 137Lauren Berkshire HearitPart II The Practice of Financial Communication and Investor Relations: Strategies and Tactics 14513. Explaining Communication Choices During Equity Offerings: Market Timing or Impression Management? 147Danial R. Hemmings, Niamh M. Brennan, and Doris M. Merkl-Davies14. Financial and Investor Relations for Start-Up Businesses and Emerging Companies 157Kristie Byrum15. Whose Hype Matters? The Battle for Value Creation in Contemporary Financial Communications 167Kip Kiefer and Richard A. Hunt16. Shareholder Activism and the New Role of Investor Relations 179Christian Pieter Hoffmann and Christian Fieseler17. Corporate Proxy Contests: Overview, Application, and Outlook 187Matthew W. Ragas18. More Than a Zero-Sum Game: Integrating Investor and Public Relations to Navigate Conflict With Activist Investors 197Constance S. Chandler19. Integrated Reporting: Bridging Investor Relations and Strategic Management 209Kristin Kohler and Christian Pieter Hoffmann20. Corporate Social Responsibility: Committing to Social and Environmental Impact in the Global Economy 221Derek Moscato21. Transparency Signaling in Corporate Social Responsibility Press Releases in a Vice Industry 233Jessalynn Strauss22. Faith-Based Investor Activism for Corporate Environmental Responsibility: Catalysts for Corporate Change? 245Nur Uysal23. Issues Management in Investor Relations and Financial Communication 261Robert L. Heath24. Measurement and Evaluation of Investor Relations and Financial Communication Activities 275Alexander V. Laskin and Anna A. Laskin25. Perception Audits: Learning Investment Community Sentiment 283Donna N. Stein26. Conference Calls: A Communication Perspective 293Andrea Rocci and Carlo Raimondo27. When CEOs Talk: Risks, Opportunities, and Expectations of Financial Communication in an Online World 309Pauline A. Howes28. Financial Crisis Management and Wells Fargo: Reputation or Profit? 319Hilary Fussell Sisco29. Warren Buffett, Value Investing, Media, and Social Media 327Jeremy Harris LipschultzPart III Financial Communication Outside the Corporate Context: From Governments to Families 34130. Financial Communications: The Federal Reserve System’s Contributions 343Marci R. Schneider31. Restoring Legitimacy to Financial Regulators and Institutions: Admission of Wrongdoing as a Settlement Strategy 355Jeffrey D. Brand32. The Privileged Space of Financial Communication: Journalistic Perspectives, Relationships, and Implications for Financial Public Relations 365Luke Capizzo and Erich J. Sommerfeldt33. Nonprofit Financial Communication: Donors’ Preferred Information Types, Qualities, and Sources 377Timothy Penning34. The Sunshine Act: Promoting Transparency in Financial Relationships Between Physicians and the Pharmaceutical Industry 391Laura E. Willis35. A Review of Family Financial Communication 399Lynsey K. RomoPart IV Financial Communication and Investor Relations Around theWorld 40936. Consultation and Disclosure for International Financing 411Leticia M. Solaun37. The Nordic Approach to Investor Relations 419Elina Melgin, Vilma Luoma-aho, Minea Hara, and Jari Melgin38. Investor Relations in Germany: Institutionalization and Professional Roles 429Kristin Kohler39. The Evolution of Financial Communication in Italy: The Case of Oscar di Bilancio 443Gianluca Comin, Simone Ros, and Alberto Scotti40. A Stress Test for Investor Relations and Financial Communication Professionals: A Case From Europe 449Toni Muzi Falconi41. Investor Relations and Financial Communication in an Emerging Market: The Republic of Turkey 457B. Pýnar Ozdemir42. Financial Communication in India: A Case Study of the Reserve Bank and Its Governor 465Rajul Jain and Sarab Kochhar43. Influences and Priorities in Investor Relations in Australia 473Ian Westbrook44. Financial Communication and Investor Relations: A Latin American Approach 485Carolina A. Carbone and Gabriel Sadi45. Investor Relations in Brazil: From the Protection of Major Stakeholders to Value Management for Concerned Parties 493Luiz-Alberto de Farias, Paulo Nassar, and Agatha Camargo ParaventiIndex 509

Alexander V. Laskin, PhD, is a professor of strategic communication at Quinnipiac University, Hamden, Connecticut, USA. He is the author of more than 50 publications, including books, book chapters, and articles on investor relations, international communications, and measurement and evaluation. Dr. Laskin's research on investor relations was recognized with the Ketchum Excellence in Public Relations Research Award. Dr. Laskin also offers consulting services in investor relations, research and evaluation, and international communications.

• Notes on Contributors ixPart I The Foundations of Financial Communication and Investor Relations: Theory and Industry 11. Investor Relations and Financial Communication: The Evolution of the Profession 3Alexander V. Laskin2. Crisis Communication: Insights and Implications for Investor Relations 23Rachel L. Whitten and W. Timothy Coombs3. Risk, Uncertainty, and Message Convergence: Toward a Theory of Financial Communication 33Kathryn E. Anthony and Steven J. Venette4. The Role of Argumentation in Financial Communication and Investor Relations 45Rudi Palmieri5. Shareholder Democracy in the Digital Age 61Sandra Duhe6. Ethics in Financial Communication and Investor Relations: Stakeholder Expectations, Corporate Social Responsibility, and Principle-Based Analyses 71Shannon A. Bowen, Won-ki Moon, and Joon Kyoung Kim7. Communicative Enactment of Virtue: A Structurational Approach to Understanding Ethical Financial Communication 87Steven J. Venette and Joel O. Iverson8. The Skills Required to Be a Successful Investor Relations Officer 97Kala Krishnan9. How Shareholders Differ: Types of Shareholders and Investment Philosophies 107Rose Hiquet and Won-yong Oh10. Financial Analysts and Their Role in Financial Communication and Investor Relations 117Marlies Whitehouse11. Securities Law for Financial Communication and Investor Relations in the United States, 1929–2016 127David L. Remund and Kathryn Kuttis12. Women on Wall Street: Problematizing Gendered Metaphors in Finance 137Lauren Berkshire HearitPart II The Practice of Financial Communication and Investor Relations: Strategies and Tactics 14513. Explaining Communication Choices During Equity Offerings: Market Timing or Impression Management? 147Danial R. Hemmings, Niamh M. Brennan, and Doris M. Merkl-Davies14. Financial and Investor Relations for Start-Up Businesses and Emerging Companies 157Kristie Byrum15. Whose Hype Matters? The Battle for Value Creation in Contemporary Financial Communications 167Kip Kiefer and Richard A. Hunt16. Shareholder Activism and the New Role of Investor Relations 179Christian Pieter Hoffmann and Christian Fieseler17. Corporate Proxy Contests: Overview, Application, and Outlook 187Matthew W. Ragas18. More Than a Zero-Sum Game: Integrating Investor and Public Relations to Navigate Conflict With Activist Investors 197Constance S. Chandler19. Integrated Reporting: Bridging Investor Relations and Strategic Management 209Kristin Kohler and Christian Pieter Hoffmann20. Corporate Social Responsibility: Committing to Social and Environmental Impact in the Global Economy 221Derek Moscato21. Transparency Signaling in Corporate Social Responsibility Press Releases in a Vice Industry 233Jessalynn Strauss22. Faith-Based Investor Activism for Corporate Environmental Responsibility: Catalysts for Corporate Change? 245Nur Uysal23. Issues Management in Investor Relations and Financial Communication 261Robert L. Heath24. Measurement and Evaluation of Investor Relations and Financial Communication Activities 275Alexander V. Laskin and Anna A. Laskin25. Perception Audits: Learning Investment Community Sentiment 283Donna N. Stein26. Conference Calls: A Communication Perspective 293Andrea Rocci and Carlo Raimondo27. When CEOs Talk: Risks, Opportunities, and Expectations of Financial Communication in an Online World 309Pauline A. Howes28. Financial Crisis Management and Wells Fargo: Reputation or Profit? 319Hilary Fussell Sisco29. Warren Buffett, Value Investing, Media, and Social Media 327Jeremy Harris LipschultzPart III Financial Communication Outside the Corporate Context: From Governments to Families 34130. Financial Communications: The Federal Reserve System’s Contributions 343Marci R. Schneider31. Restoring Legitimacy to Financial Regulators and Institutions: Admission of Wrongdoing as a Settlement Strategy 355Jeffrey D. Brand32. The Privileged Space of Financial Communication: Journalistic Perspectives, Relationships, and Implications for Financial Public Relations 365Luke Capizzo and Erich J. Sommerfeldt33. Nonprofit Financial Communication: Donors’ Preferred Information Types, Qualities, and Sources 377Timothy Penning34. The Sunshine Act: Promoting Transparency in Financial Relationships Between Physicians and the Pharmaceutical Industry 391Laura E. Willis35. A Review of Family Financial Communication 399Lynsey K. RomoPart IV Financial Communication and Investor Relations Around theWorld 40936. Consultation and Disclosure for International Financing 411Leticia M. Solaun37. The Nordic Approach to Investor Relations 419Elina Melgin, Vilma Luoma-aho, Minea Hara, and Jari Melgin38. Investor Relations in Germany: Institutionalization and Professional Roles 429Kristin Kohler39. The Evolution of Financial Communication in Italy: The Case of Oscar di Bilancio 443Gianluca Comin, Simone Ros, and Alberto Scotti40. A Stress Test for Investor Relations and Financial Communication Professionals: A Case From Europe 449Toni Muzi Falconi41. Investor Relations and Financial Communication in an Emerging Market: The Republic of Turkey 457B. Pýnar Ozdemir42. Financial Communication in India: A Case Study of the Reserve Bank and Its Governor 465Rajul Jain and Sarab Kochhar43. Influences and Priorities in Investor Relations in Australia 473Ian Westbrook44. Financial Communication and Investor Relations: A Latin American Approach 485Carolina A. Carbone and Gabriel Sadi45. Investor Relations in Brazil: From the Protection of Major Stakeholders to Value Management for Concerned Parties 493Luiz-Alberto de Farias, Paulo Nassar, and Agatha Camargo ParaventiIndex 509