Industrial Water Resource Management

Pradip K. Sengupta, Hydrologist, works at the Jadavpur Centre for Study of Earth Science, India.

"The book is well written, with case studies, illustrations, and tables to explain the underlying concepts in each chapter. The chapters are structured well and provide consistent and step-by-step information from simple concept introduction to more complex topics. This book provides useful tools for industry, communities, policy makers, as well as advanced-level undergraduate and graduate students to develop a sustainable water strategy." Vadose Zone Journal, November 2018

• Series Editor Foreword – Challenges in Water Management xviForeword xviiiPreface xxAcknowledgements xxv1 Introduction 11.1 The context 11.1.1 The story of Coca]Cola in India 21.2 Water goals in the 21st Century 41.3 Water ethics 71.4 Value of water 101.4.1 Water valuation 111.4.2 Application of water valuation 121.5 Water and energy nexus 131.5.1 Impact of energy production on water resources 161.6 Global water stress 171.7 Industrial impact on water resource 201.7.1 Impact on the quantity of the source water 201.7.2 Hydro]morphological impact 201.7.3 Quality impact 201.7.4 Impact on the access to water by the stakeholders 211.7.5 Affordability of water 211.8 Water sustainability 211.9 Impact of climate change 241.10 Dimensions in industrial water management 251.10.1 Global perspective 271.10.2 Water accounting 271.10.3 Water stewardship 281.10.4 Adaptive management 281.11 Green growth and green business 281.11.1 The challenges of green growth 291.11.2 Natural capital concept 301.11.3 Green growth policy fundamentals 301.11.4 Indicators of green growth 311.12 Conclusion 31Note 32Bibliography 322 Water Scenarios and Business Models of The Twenty]first Century 372.1 Water scenario 372.1.1 Countrywise water scenario 392.2 Water indicators 452.2.1 Baseline water stress 452.2.2 Inter]annual variability 462.2.3 Water conflict 462.2.4 River basins and aquifers under threat and conflict 472.2.5 Physical water risk in business 492.2.6 Disruption in the supply chain 492.2.7 Failure to meet basic water needs 492.3 Global water trends 502.4 Business models 502.4.1 Business as usual model 512.4.2 Alternative model 512.5 Integrated water resource management 522.5.1 History of IWRM 532.5.2 Principles of IWRM 532.6 Sustainable development goal for business sector 562.7 Conclusion 56Bibliography 583 Understanding Water 613.1 Introduction 613.2 Hydrological cycle 633.2.1 Water cycle and ecosystems 673.3 Water on land 673.3.1 Soil water 683.4 Stores of water 703.5 Surface runoff 723.5.1 Meteorological factors affecting runoff 723.5.2 Physical factors affecting runoff 723.5.3 Human activities can affect runoff 733.6 River and river basin 743.6.1 Stream order 763.6.2 Drainage basin, catchment and watershed boundaries 763.6.3 Classification of river basin and hydrological unit 763.7 Industrial impact on river flow 783.7.1 Temporal and spatial control over river flow 793.7.2 Water direct withdrawal 793.7.3 Physical disturbance of riverbeds 793.7.4 Pollution 793.7.5 Water clogging 803.8 Surface water management 813.8.1 Key component of a SWMP 823.9 Groundwater 833.9.1 Groundwater hydrology (hydrogeology) 843.9.2 Fundamentals concepts 853.9.3 Aquifer and confining beds 853.9.4 Groundwater system 953.9.5 Essential studies in groundwater 963.9.6 Relation between groundwater withdrawal and stream flow 983.9.7 Groundwater withdrawal in the recharging zone 1003.9.8 Hydrogeological investigation 1003.9.5 Groundwater management 1033.10 Conclusion 103Notes 106Bibliography 1064 Corporate Water Stewardship 1094.1 Introduction 1094.2 Why water stewardship? 1104.2.1 Partnership development 1114.2.2 Improve efficiency 1114.2.3 Public acceptance 1124.2.4 Incentives 1124.2.5 Balancing risk and economic performance 1134.2.6 Reinforces communication 1134.3 Aspects of water stewardship 1164.3.1 Legal aspect 1164.3.2 Environmental aspect 1174.3.3 Social aspect 1174.3.4 Technological aspect 1174.3.5 Economic aspect 1194.4 Challenges in water stewardship 1194.4.1 Legal challenges 1194.4.2 Challenges in the value chain 1204.4.3 Watershed Challenges 1214.4.4 Social challenges 1224.4.5 Market challenges 1244.5 Developing a corporate strategy in water stewardship 1254.5.1 Understand and recognise sustainability 1264.5.2 Develop an engagement framework 1264.5.3 Identification of stakeholders 1264.5.4 Engagement risks 1274.5.5 Collective action framework 1274.6 Goals and commitments 1294.7 Establish systems and processes 1324.8 Opportunities in water stewardship 1324.8.1 Management improvement 1324.8.2 Knowledge asset development 1334.8.3 Investment 1334.8.4 Developing information and database 1334.8.5 Human resource development 1364.9 Water Literacy 1384.9.1 Definition and concept 1384.9.2 Water literacy framework 1394.10 Action programmes under WSI 1404.10.1 Conduct a water resource assessment 1404.10.2 Conduct a water footprint analysis 1404.10.3 Conduct a sustainability analysis 1404.10.4 Water accounting and disclosure 1414.10.5 Implement mitigation measures 1424.11 Outcome of water stewardship initiatives (WSI) 1424.12 Water stewardship standards 1424.13 Global organisations for facilitating water stewardship 1434.14 Water stewardship tools 1504.15 Case studies 1504.15.1 Unilever 1504.15.2 BASF 1514.15.3 TOM’s of Maine 1514.15.4 Mars Inc. 1514.15.5 Nestlé 1524.15.6 Coca]Cola 1524.16 Conclusion 153Bibliography 1535 Water Governance Framework and Water Acts 1585.1 Introduction 1585.2 What is water governance? 1595.3 Water laws 1615.4 Tasks of water governance 1615.5 Challenges in water governance 1625.6 Legal framework 1635.7 Institutional framework 1645.7.1 Ministries 1665.7.2 Government departments 1665.7.3 Authorities 1675.7.4 Institutions 1675.8 Principles of water governance 1675.9 Spatial scale of water governance 1685.10 Hierarchical governance 1695.11 Cross]cutting authority of governance 1705.12 Stakeholders engagement in water governance 1705.13 Functions and functionaries of the water governance 1715.14 Role of civil society organisations (CSO) 1725.15 Water governance framework of different countries (case studies) 1745.15.1 European union water framework directives 1745.15.2 Water governance in Australia 1765.15.3 Water governance in Brazil 1785.15.4 Water governance in Canada 1795.15.5 Water governance in China 1815.15.6 Water governance in India 1835.15.7 Water governance in Indonesia 1855.15.8 Water governance in Namibia 1855.15.9 Water governance in South Africa 1885.16 Conclusion 190Notes 190Bibliography 1916 Water Quality Standards and Water Pollution 1956.1 Water quality]standards 1956.1.1 Introduction 1956.1.2 Quality parameters for drinking water 1966.1.3 Microbiological contaminants 1976.1.4 Physical parameters 1976.1.5 Organic chemical pollutants 1976.1.6 Parameters indicative of environmental pollution 1976.1.7 Guidelines for standard quality parameters 2026.1.8 Water quality requirements of industries 2026.1.9 Water quality of effluent 2056.2 Industrial water pollution 2106.2.1 Definition 2106.2.2 Direct reasons of water pollution 2166.2.3 Indirect reasons of pollution 2166.2.4 Indicators of industrial water pollution 2176.2.5 Socio economic indicator of water pollution 2176.2.6 Biological indicators of water pollution 2186.2.7 Industrial sources of pollution 2196.2.8 Water pollution from industrial emission 2196.2.9 Water pollution from industrial effluent 2216.2.10 Water pollution from solid]waste disposal 2226.2.11 Impacts of mining on water quality 2226.2.12 Water pollution potentiality in petrochemical and power industry 2226.2.13 Groundwater pollution from industrial effluents and leachates 2236.2.14 Water pollution identifiers 2276.2.15 Management and control of water pollution 2286.2.16 Wastewater management 2326.2.17 Disposal of wastewater 2336.2.18 Effluent treatment 2356.2.19 Treatment methods 2356.2.20 Solid]waste management 2386.2.21 Management of leachate 2416.3 Conclusion 241Notes 241Bibliography 2417 Water Abstraction, Purification and Distribution 2467.1 Overview 2467.2 Water sourcing by industries 2477.3 Surface water abstraction 2487.3.1 Reservoir intake 2497.3.2 River and lake intakes 2517.3.3 Impacts of surface water abstraction 2527.4 Methods of groundwater abstraction 2537.4.1 Abstraction of baseflow 2537.4.2 Abstraction of groundwater from aquifer 2547.4.3 Construction of a tube well 2557.4.4 Impacts of groundwater abstraction 2627.5 Water abstraction from the sea 2647.5.1 Environmental impact of seawater withdrawal 2647.6 Conveyance system 2647.6.1 Conveying water from the source to the treatment plant 2657.7 Water purification 2657.7.1 Primary screening 2677.7.2 Clarification 2677.7.3 Disinfection 2697.7.4 Desalination 2697.7.5 Membrane technologies 2707.8 Water supply and distribution 2747.8.1 Pipes 2757.8.2 Storage system 2757.9 Water delivery and distribution software 2777.9.1 Overview 2787.9.2 Capabilities 2787.9.3 Applications 2797.10 Conclusion 280Bibliography 2808 Water Resource Assessment 2828.1 Introduction 2828.2 Water resource assessment tools 2848.3 General scenario 2868.4 WRA basics 2868.4.1 Conceptual and policy framework 2868.4.2 Defining a research agenda 2888.4.3 Defining the physical boundary 2888.5 WRA data generation 2898.5.1 Secondary data collection 2898.5.2 Primary data generation 2908.5.3 Biophysical data 2908.5.4 Hydrometeorological data 2948.5.5 Data table 2958.5.6 Hydrogeological data 2958.5.7 Socioeconomic data 2978.5.8 Water use and discharge 2988.6 Water balance 2988.7 Estimation of surface runoff 2998.7.1 Khosla’s Formula 3018.7.2 Estimation of rainfall runoff by SCS curve number (CN) method 3018.7.3 Runoff calculation 3048.8 Estimation of stream discharge 3088.8.1 Volumetric gauging 3088.8.2 Float gauging 3088.8.3 Current metering 3088.9 Estimation of renewable groundwater resource 3098.9.1 Water level fluctuation method 3098.9.2 Rainfall infiltration method 3118.9.3 Soil water balance method 3118.10 Estimation of pond/reservoir storage volume 3128.10.1 Area calculation irregularly shaped ponds 3128.10.2 Pond depth and volume estimation 3138.11 Estimation of source]water quality 3138.11.1 Water sampling 3148.11.2 Water analysis 3168.12 Aquifer test 3168.12.1 Field procedures 3178.12.2 Test procedures 3178.12.3 Pumping test data reduction and presentation 3208.12.4 Analysis of test results 3208.12.5 Calculations and aquifer test results 3218.13 Build understanding of key catchment processes and interaction 3218.14 Long]term simulation of catchment behaviour 3218.15 Assessment of sustainable and exploitable water over assessment period 3218.16 Presentation of water resource assessment 3228.17 Conclusion 322Note 323Bibliography 3239 Corporate Water Accounting and Disclosure 3259.1 The context 3259.1.1 Water Risk 3259.1.2 Water stress 3279.1.3 Water intensity 3289.2 Methods of assessing water risk 3289.2.1 Water risk assessment tools 3289.2.2 Data generation and internal assessment 3329.3 Water profiling 3329.3.1 Water profile of the basin 3329.3.2 Benefit of a watershed profile 3339.3.3 Water profile of a company 3349.3.4 Water balance calculation 3359.3.5 Impact assessment 3379.4 Water footprint 3389.4.1 The relevance of WFA to industry 3419.4.2 Virtual water chain 3429.4.3 Assessment of green water footprint 3429.4.4 Assessment of blue water footprint 3439.4.5 Assessment of grey water footprint (GWF) 3449.4.6 Assessment of business water footprint (BWF) 3459.4.7 Life cycle–based assessment 3519.4.8 Application of water footprint assessment 3529.4.9 Benefits of WFA 3529.4.10 Water footprint assessment as a framework for corporate water sustainability 3539.4.11 International standards of water footprint assessment 3559.4.12 Case studies 3559.5 Industrial response to WF assessment 3569.6 Water disclosure document 3569.7 Benefits of water disclosure 3579.8 Conclusion 357Notes 358Bibliography 35810 Detection of Water Loss and Methods of Water Conservation in Industries 36110.1 Overview 36110.2 Getting started: Develop a water conservation strategy 36210.3 Detection of overuse 36310.3.1 Benchmarking 36310.4 Water audit 36410.4.1 Fundamentals of water audit 36410.4.2 Benefits of water audit 36510.4.3 Scopes and objectives of water audit 36610.4.4 Human resource requirements for water audit 36610.4.5 Corporate process in water audit 36710.4.6 Water audit processes 36810.4.7 Water audit software 37610.4.8 Industrial response to water audit report 38010.4.9 Real loss management 38210.5 Methods of water conservation 38210.5.1 Water use management 38210.5.2 Demand management 38310.5.3 Changing the water use behaviour 38410.5.4 Water use assessment 38410.5.5 Reduced consumption and water loss 38410.5.6 Reuse and recycle 38510.5.7 Zero liquid discharge plants 38510.6 Water saving in agriculture industries 38610.6.1 Soil moisture sensors 38610.6.2 Rain sensors 38610.6.3 Drip/micro–irrigation 38710.6.4 Sprinkler heads 38710.6.5 Centre pivot irrigation 38710.7 Rainwater harvesting 38810.7.1 Introduction 38810.7.2 Regulations and guidelines 38910.7.3 Why industries should take up RWH 39010.7.4 Components of RWH 39110.7.5 Rainwater harvesting potential 39610.7.6 Artificial recharge of groundwater 39810.7.7 Surface runoff harvesting 40110.7.8 Issues in RWH 40310.7.9 Maintenance of RWH system 40310.7.10 Constraints in adopting a rainwater harvesting system 40310.7.11 Promotion and further development of rainwater utilisation 40410.7.12 Example of an industrial RWH 40510.8 Conclusion 406Bibliography 40711 Corporate Social Responsibility: Way Ahead in Water and Human Rights 40911.1 Introduction 40911.2 Public policy on CSR 41011.3 CSR policy of corporations 41211.4 Addressing water in CSR 41311.4.1 Water security 41311.4.2 Drinking water and sanitation 41311.4.3 Ecological development 41411.5 CSR management framework 41411.5.1 Policy 41511.5.2 Procedure 41511.5.3 Institutional arrangement 41611.5.4 Partnership and stakeholders’ engagement 41611.5.5 Reporting 41711.6 CSR initiatives in the water sector 41711.7 International standards and guidelines 41811.8 Case studies 42011.8.1 Coca]Cola 42011.8.2 Nike 42011.8.3 Swiss Re Group 42011.8.4 Molson Coors 42011.8.5 Levi Strauss & Co 42111.9 Future of CSR 42111.10 Conclusion 422Note 422Bibliography 423Glossary 425Annexure 444Index 446