Mehmet Sankir received his PhD in Macromolecular Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA in 2005. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey and group leader of Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. Mehmet has actively carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation and desalination.Nurdan Demirci Sankir is currently an Associate Professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey. She received her M.Eng and PhD degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA in 2005. She then joined NanoSonic Inc. in Virginia, USA as R&D engineer and program manager, and in 2007 she enrolled at TOBB ETU where she established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories. Nurdan has actively carried out research activities in many areas including solar driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation and nanostructured semiconductors.

• Preface xviiPart I Catalytic and Electrochemical Hydrogen Production1 Hydrogen Production from Oxygenated Hydrocarbons: Review of Catalyst Development, Reaction Mechanism and Reactor Modeling 3Mohanned Mohamedali, Amr Henni and Hussameldin  Ibrahim1.1 Introduction 41.2 Catalyst Development for the Steam Reforming Process 61.3 Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism for Steam Reforming of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons 371.4 Reactor Modeling and Simulation in Steam Reforming of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons 48References 502 Ammonia Decomposition for Decentralized Hydrogen Production in Microchannel Reactors: Experiments and CFD Simulations 77Steven Chiuta, Raymond C. Everson, Hein W.J.P. Neomagus and Dmitri G. Bessarabov2.1 Introduction 782.2 Ammonia Decomposition for Hydrogen Production 802.3 Ammonia-Fueled Microchannel Reactors for Hydrogen Production: Experiments 892.4 CFD Simulation of Hydrogen Production in Ammonia-Fueled Microchannel Reactors 962.5 Summary 104Acknowledgments 104References 1043 Hydrogen Production with Membrane Systems 113F. Gallucci, A. Arratibel, J.A. Medrano, E. Fernandez, M.v. Sint Annaland and D.A. Pacheco Tanaka3.1 Introduction 1143.2 Pd-Based Membranes 1153.3 Fuel Reforming in Membrane Reactors for Hydrogen Production 1253.4 Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis of Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactors for Methane Reforming 1293.5 Conclusions 143Acknowledgments 144References 1444 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Bioethanol 153Peng He and Hua Song4.1 Introduction 1544.2 Production Technology Overview 1554.3 Catalyst Overview 1664.4 Catalyst Optimization Strategies 1684.5 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetic Studies 1744.6 Computational Approaches 1794.7 Economic Considerations 1824.8 Future Development Directions 185Acknowledgment 189References 1895 Hydrogen Generation from the Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane Using Transition Metal Nanoparticles as Catalyst 207Serdar Akbayrak and Saim Özkar5.1 Introduction 2075.2 Transition Metal Nanoparticles in Catalysis 2095.3 Preparation, Stabilization and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles 2095.4 Transition Metal Nanoparticles in Hydrogen Generation from the Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane 2125.5 Durability of Catalysts in Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane 2185.6 Conclusion 221References 2226 Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis 231Sergey A. Grigoriev and Vladimir N. Fateev6.1 Historical Aspects of Water Electrolysis 2316.2 Fundamentals of Electrolysis 2326.3 Modern Status of Electrolysis 2386.4 Perspectives of Hydrogen Production by Electrolysis 266Acknowledgment 268References 2697 Electrochemical Hydrogen Production from SO2 and Water in a SDE Electrolyzer 277A.J. Krüger, J. Kerres, H.M. Krieg and D. Bessarabov7.1 Introduction 2787.2 Membrane Characterization 2807.3 MEA  Characterization 2867.4 Effect of Anode Impurities 2937.5 High Temperature SO2 Electrolysis 2957.6 Conclusion 297References 298Part II Bio Hydrogen Production8 Biomass Fast Pyrolysis for Hydrogen Production from Bio-Oil 307K. Bizkarra, V.L. Barrio, P.L. Arias and J.F. Cambra8.1 Introduction 3088.2 Biomass Pyrolysis to Produce Bio-Oils 3108.3 Bio–oil Reforming Processes 3318.4 Future  Prospects  346References  3489 Production of a Clean Hydrogen-Rich Gas by the Staged Gasification of Biomass and Plastic Waste 363Joo-Sik Kim and Young-Kon Choi9.1 Introduction 3649.2 Chemistry of Gasification 3659.3 Tar Cracking and H2 Production 3679.4 Staged Gasification 3689.5 Experimental Results and Discussion 3709.6 Conclusions 383References 38310 Enhancement of Bio-hydrogen Production Technologies by Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria 385Hugo Iván Velázquez-Sánchez, Pablo Antonio López-Pérez, María Isabel Neria-González and Ricardo Aguilar-López10.1 Introduction 38610.2 Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria for H2 Production 38710.3 Kinetic Modeling of the SR Fermentation 38810.4 Bifurcation Analysis 39410.5 Process Control Strategies 39810.6 Conclusions 403Acknowledgment 403Nomenclature 403References 40411 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) as Innovative Technology for Sustainable Hydrogen Production: Fundamentals and Perspective Applications 407Abudukeremu Kadier, Mohd Sahaid Kalil, Azah Mohamed, Hassimi Abu Hasan, Peyman Abdeshahian, Tayebeh Fooladi and Aidil Abdul Hamid11.1 Introduction 40811.2 Principles of MEC for Hydrogen Production 40911.3 Thermodynamics of MEC 41011.4 Factors Influencing the Performance of MECs 41211.5 Current Application of MECs 43211.6 Conclusions and Prospective Application of MECs 440Acknowledgments 441References 44112 Algae to Hydrogen: Novel Energy-Efficient Co-Production of Hydrogen and Power 459Muhammad Aziz and Ilman Nuran Zaini12.1 Introduction 45912.2 Algae Potential and Characteristics 46112.3 Energy-Efficient Energy Harvesting Technologies 46412.4 Pretreatment (Drying) 46712.5 Conversion of Algae to Hydrogen-Rich Gases 47012.6 Conclusions 482References 483Part III Photo Hydrogen Production13 Semiconductor-Based Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 489Zipeng Xing, Zhenzi Li and Wei Zhou13.1 Introduction 49013.2 Semiconductor Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for   Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 49113.3 Semiconductor Sulfide-Based Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 50613.4 Metal-Free Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 51713.5 Summary and Prospects 527Acknowledgments 528References 52814 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation Enabled by Nanostructured TiO2 Materials 545Mengye Wang, Meidan Ye, James Iocozziaand Zhiqun Lin14.1 Introduction 54614.2 Photocatalytic H2  Generation 54714.3 Main Experimental Parameters in Photocatalytic H2 Generation Reaction 54914.4 Types of TiO2 Nanostructures 55114.5 Conclusions and Outlook 568Acknowledgments 569References 56915 Polymeric Carbon Nitride-Based Composites for Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 579Pablo Martín-Ramos, Jesús Martín-Gil and Manuela Ramos Silva15.1 Introduction 58015.2 General Comments on g-C3N4 and its Basic Properties 58115.3 Synthesis of Bulk g-C3N4 58615.4 Functionalization of g-C3N4 58815.5 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Using g-C3N4 59815.6 Conclusions 614References 615

Mehmet Sankir received his PhD in Macromolecular Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA in 2005. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey and group leader of Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. Mehmet has actively carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation and desalination.Nurdan Demirci Sankir is currently an Associate Professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey. She received her M.Eng and PhD degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA in 2005. She then joined NanoSonic Inc. in Virginia, USA as R&D engineer and program manager, and in 2007 she enrolled at TOBB ETU where she established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories. Nurdan has actively carried out research activities in many areas including solar driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation and nanostructured semiconductors.

• Preface xviiPart I Catalytic and Electrochemical Hydrogen Production1 Hydrogen Production from Oxygenated Hydrocarbons: Review of Catalyst Development, Reaction Mechanism and Reactor Modeling 3Mohanned Mohamedali, Amr Henni and Hussameldin  Ibrahim1.1 Introduction 41.2 Catalyst Development for the Steam Reforming Process 61.3 Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism for Steam Reforming of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons 371.4 Reactor Modeling and Simulation in Steam Reforming of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons 48References 502 Ammonia Decomposition for Decentralized Hydrogen Production in Microchannel Reactors: Experiments and CFD Simulations 77Steven Chiuta, Raymond C. Everson, Hein W.J.P. Neomagus and Dmitri G. Bessarabov2.1 Introduction 782.2 Ammonia Decomposition for Hydrogen Production 802.3 Ammonia-Fueled Microchannel Reactors for Hydrogen Production: Experiments 892.4 CFD Simulation of Hydrogen Production in Ammonia-Fueled Microchannel Reactors 962.5 Summary 104Acknowledgments 104References 1043 Hydrogen Production with Membrane Systems 113F. Gallucci, A. Arratibel, J.A. Medrano, E. Fernandez, M.v. Sint Annaland and D.A. Pacheco Tanaka3.1 Introduction 1143.2 Pd-Based Membranes 1153.3 Fuel Reforming in Membrane Reactors for Hydrogen Production 1253.4 Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis of Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactors for Methane Reforming 1293.5 Conclusions 143Acknowledgments 144References 1444 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Bioethanol 153Peng He and Hua Song4.1 Introduction 1544.2 Production Technology Overview 1554.3 Catalyst Overview 1664.4 Catalyst Optimization Strategies 1684.5 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetic Studies 1744.6 Computational Approaches 1794.7 Economic Considerations 1824.8 Future Development Directions 185Acknowledgment 189References 1895 Hydrogen Generation from the Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane Using Transition Metal Nanoparticles as Catalyst 207Serdar Akbayrak and Saim Özkar5.1 Introduction 2075.2 Transition Metal Nanoparticles in Catalysis 2095.3 Preparation, Stabilization and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles 2095.4 Transition Metal Nanoparticles in Hydrogen Generation from the Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane 2125.5 Durability of Catalysts in Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane 2185.6 Conclusion 221References 2226 Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis 231Sergey A. Grigoriev and Vladimir N. Fateev6.1 Historical Aspects of Water Electrolysis 2316.2 Fundamentals of Electrolysis 2326.3 Modern Status of Electrolysis 2386.4 Perspectives of Hydrogen Production by Electrolysis 266Acknowledgment 268References 2697 Electrochemical Hydrogen Production from SO2 and Water in a SDE Electrolyzer 277A.J. Krüger, J. Kerres, H.M. Krieg and D. Bessarabov7.1 Introduction 2787.2 Membrane Characterization 2807.3 MEA  Characterization 2867.4 Effect of Anode Impurities 2937.5 High Temperature SO2 Electrolysis 2957.6 Conclusion 297References 298Part II Bio Hydrogen Production8 Biomass Fast Pyrolysis for Hydrogen Production from Bio-Oil 307K. Bizkarra, V.L. Barrio, P.L. Arias and J.F. Cambra8.1 Introduction 3088.2 Biomass Pyrolysis to Produce Bio-Oils 3108.3 Bio–oil Reforming Processes 3318.4 Future  Prospects  346References  3489 Production of a Clean Hydrogen-Rich Gas by the Staged Gasification of Biomass and Plastic Waste 363Joo-Sik Kim and Young-Kon Choi9.1 Introduction 3649.2 Chemistry of Gasification 3659.3 Tar Cracking and H2 Production 3679.4 Staged Gasification 3689.5 Experimental Results and Discussion 3709.6 Conclusions 383References 38310 Enhancement of Bio-hydrogen Production Technologies by Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria 385Hugo Iván Velázquez-Sánchez, Pablo Antonio López-Pérez, María Isabel Neria-González and Ricardo Aguilar-López10.1 Introduction 38610.2 Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria for H2 Production 38710.3 Kinetic Modeling of the SR Fermentation 38810.4 Bifurcation Analysis 39410.5 Process Control Strategies 39810.6 Conclusions 403Acknowledgment 403Nomenclature 403References 40411 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) as Innovative Technology for Sustainable Hydrogen Production: Fundamentals and Perspective Applications 407Abudukeremu Kadier, Mohd Sahaid Kalil, Azah Mohamed, Hassimi Abu Hasan, Peyman Abdeshahian, Tayebeh Fooladi and Aidil Abdul Hamid11.1 Introduction 40811.2 Principles of MEC for Hydrogen Production 40911.3 Thermodynamics of MEC 41011.4 Factors Influencing the Performance of MECs 41211.5 Current Application of MECs 43211.6 Conclusions and Prospective Application of MECs 440Acknowledgments 441References 44112 Algae to Hydrogen: Novel Energy-Efficient Co-Production of Hydrogen and Power 459Muhammad Aziz and Ilman Nuran Zaini12.1 Introduction 45912.2 Algae Potential and Characteristics 46112.3 Energy-Efficient Energy Harvesting Technologies 46412.4 Pretreatment (Drying) 46712.5 Conversion of Algae to Hydrogen-Rich Gases 47012.6 Conclusions 482References 483Part III Photo Hydrogen Production13 Semiconductor-Based Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 489Zipeng Xing, Zhenzi Li and Wei Zhou13.1 Introduction 49013.2 Semiconductor Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for   Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 49113.3 Semiconductor Sulfide-Based Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 50613.4 Metal-Free Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 51713.5 Summary and Prospects 527Acknowledgments 528References 52814 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation Enabled by Nanostructured TiO2 Materials 545Mengye Wang, Meidan Ye, James Iocozziaand Zhiqun Lin14.1 Introduction 54614.2 Photocatalytic H2  Generation 54714.3 Main Experimental Parameters in Photocatalytic H2 Generation Reaction 54914.4 Types of TiO2 Nanostructures 55114.5 Conclusions and Outlook 568Acknowledgments 569References 56915 Polymeric Carbon Nitride-Based Composites for Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 579Pablo Martín-Ramos, Jesús Martín-Gil and Manuela Ramos Silva15.1 Introduction 58015.2 General Comments on g-C3N4 and its Basic Properties 58115.3 Synthesis of Bulk g-C3N4 58615.4 Functionalization of g-C3N4 58815.5 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Using g-C3N4 59815.6 Conclusions 614References 615

Mehmet Sankir received his PhD in Macromolecular Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA in 2005. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey and group leader of Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory. Mehmet has actively carried out research and consulting activities in the areas of membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation and desalination.Nurdan Demirci Sankir is currently an Associate Professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey. She received her M.Eng and PhD degrees in Materials Science and Engineering from the Virginia Polytechnic and State University, USA in 2005. She then joined NanoSonic Inc. in Virginia, USA as R&D engineer and program manager, and in 2007 she enrolled at TOBB ETU where she established the Energy Research and Solar Cell Laboratories. Nurdan has actively carried out research activities in many areas including solar driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation and nanostructured semiconductors.

• Preface xviiPart I Catalytic and Electrochemical Hydrogen Production1 Hydrogen Production from Oxygenated Hydrocarbons: Review of Catalyst Development, Reaction Mechanism and Reactor Modeling 3Mohanned Mohamedali, Amr Henni and Hussameldin  Ibrahim1.1 Introduction 41.2 Catalyst Development for the Steam Reforming Process 61.3 Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism for Steam Reforming of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons 371.4 Reactor Modeling and Simulation in Steam Reforming of Oxygenated Hydrocarbons 48References 502 Ammonia Decomposition for Decentralized Hydrogen Production in Microchannel Reactors: Experiments and CFD Simulations 77Steven Chiuta, Raymond C. Everson, Hein W.J.P. Neomagus and Dmitri G. Bessarabov2.1 Introduction 782.2 Ammonia Decomposition for Hydrogen Production 802.3 Ammonia-Fueled Microchannel Reactors for Hydrogen Production: Experiments 892.4 CFD Simulation of Hydrogen Production in Ammonia-Fueled Microchannel Reactors 962.5 Summary 104Acknowledgments 104References 1043 Hydrogen Production with Membrane Systems 113F. Gallucci, A. Arratibel, J.A. Medrano, E. Fernandez, M.v. Sint Annaland and D.A. Pacheco Tanaka3.1 Introduction 1143.2 Pd-Based Membranes 1153.3 Fuel Reforming in Membrane Reactors for Hydrogen Production 1253.4 Thermodynamic and Economic Analysis of Fluidized Bed Membrane Reactors for Methane Reforming 1293.5 Conclusions 143Acknowledgments 144References 1444 Catalytic Hydrogen Production from Bioethanol 153Peng He and Hua Song4.1 Introduction 1544.2 Production Technology Overview 1554.3 Catalyst Overview 1664.4 Catalyst Optimization Strategies 1684.5 Reaction Mechanism and Kinetic Studies 1744.6 Computational Approaches 1794.7 Economic Considerations 1824.8 Future Development Directions 185Acknowledgment 189References 1895 Hydrogen Generation from the Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane Using Transition Metal Nanoparticles as Catalyst 207Serdar Akbayrak and Saim Özkar5.1 Introduction 2075.2 Transition Metal Nanoparticles in Catalysis 2095.3 Preparation, Stabilization and Characterization of Metal Nanoparticles 2095.4 Transition Metal Nanoparticles in Hydrogen Generation from the Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane 2125.5 Durability of Catalysts in Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane 2185.6 Conclusion 221References 2226 Hydrogen Production by Water Electrolysis 231Sergey A. Grigoriev and Vladimir N. Fateev6.1 Historical Aspects of Water Electrolysis 2316.2 Fundamentals of Electrolysis 2326.3 Modern Status of Electrolysis 2386.4 Perspectives of Hydrogen Production by Electrolysis 266Acknowledgment 268References 2697 Electrochemical Hydrogen Production from SO2 and Water in a SDE Electrolyzer 277A.J. Krüger, J. Kerres, H.M. Krieg and D. Bessarabov7.1 Introduction 2787.2 Membrane Characterization 2807.3 MEA  Characterization 2867.4 Effect of Anode Impurities 2937.5 High Temperature SO2 Electrolysis 2957.6 Conclusion 297References 298Part II Bio Hydrogen Production8 Biomass Fast Pyrolysis for Hydrogen Production from Bio-Oil 307K. Bizkarra, V.L. Barrio, P.L. Arias and J.F. Cambra8.1 Introduction 3088.2 Biomass Pyrolysis to Produce Bio-Oils 3108.3 Bio–oil Reforming Processes 3318.4 Future  Prospects  346References  3489 Production of a Clean Hydrogen-Rich Gas by the Staged Gasification of Biomass and Plastic Waste 363Joo-Sik Kim and Young-Kon Choi9.1 Introduction 3649.2 Chemistry of Gasification 3659.3 Tar Cracking and H2 Production 3679.4 Staged Gasification 3689.5 Experimental Results and Discussion 3709.6 Conclusions 383References 38310 Enhancement of Bio-hydrogen Production Technologies by Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria 385Hugo Iván Velázquez-Sánchez, Pablo Antonio López-Pérez, María Isabel Neria-González and Ricardo Aguilar-López10.1 Introduction 38610.2 Sulphate-Reducing Bacteria for H2 Production 38710.3 Kinetic Modeling of the SR Fermentation 38810.4 Bifurcation Analysis 39410.5 Process Control Strategies 39810.6 Conclusions 403Acknowledgment 403Nomenclature 403References 40411 Microbial Electrolysis Cells (MECs) as Innovative Technology for Sustainable Hydrogen Production: Fundamentals and Perspective Applications 407Abudukeremu Kadier, Mohd Sahaid Kalil, Azah Mohamed, Hassimi Abu Hasan, Peyman Abdeshahian, Tayebeh Fooladi and Aidil Abdul Hamid11.1 Introduction 40811.2 Principles of MEC for Hydrogen Production 40911.3 Thermodynamics of MEC 41011.4 Factors Influencing the Performance of MECs 41211.5 Current Application of MECs 43211.6 Conclusions and Prospective Application of MECs 440Acknowledgments 441References 44112 Algae to Hydrogen: Novel Energy-Efficient Co-Production of Hydrogen and Power 459Muhammad Aziz and Ilman Nuran Zaini12.1 Introduction 45912.2 Algae Potential and Characteristics 46112.3 Energy-Efficient Energy Harvesting Technologies 46412.4 Pretreatment (Drying) 46712.5 Conversion of Algae to Hydrogen-Rich Gases 47012.6 Conclusions 482References 483Part III Photo Hydrogen Production13 Semiconductor-Based Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 489Zipeng Xing, Zhenzi Li and Wei Zhou13.1 Introduction 49013.2 Semiconductor Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for   Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 49113.3 Semiconductor Sulfide-Based Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 50613.4 Metal-Free Semiconductor Nanomaterials for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 51713.5 Summary and Prospects 527Acknowledgments 528References 52814 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation Enabled by Nanostructured TiO2 Materials 545Mengye Wang, Meidan Ye, James Iocozziaand Zhiqun Lin14.1 Introduction 54614.2 Photocatalytic H2  Generation 54714.3 Main Experimental Parameters in Photocatalytic H2 Generation Reaction 54914.4 Types of TiO2 Nanostructures 55114.5 Conclusions and Outlook 568Acknowledgments 569References 56915 Polymeric Carbon Nitride-Based Composites for Visible-Light-Driven Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation 579Pablo Martín-Ramos, Jesús Martín-Gil and Manuela Ramos Silva15.1 Introduction 58015.2 General Comments on g-C3N4 and its Basic Properties 58115.3 Synthesis of Bulk g-C3N4 58615.4 Functionalization of g-C3N4 58815.5 Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production Using g-C3N4 59815.6 Conclusions 614References 615