Bio Monomers for Green Polymeric Composite Materials

P.M. Visakh, MSc, MPhil, PhD, is Assistant Professor at TUSUR University, Tomsk, Russia. Oguz Bayraktar, MSc, PhD, is Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Ege University, Turkey. Gopalakrishnan Menon, MSc, PhD, works at the Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Tomsk State University, Russia.

• List of Contributors xiPreface xv1 Biomonomers for Green Polymers: Introduction 1P. M. Visakh1.1 Processing Methods for Bionanocomposites 11.2 Biopolymeric Material-based Blends: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 41.3 Applications of Biopolymeric Gels in Medical Biotechnology 51.4 Introduction to Green Polymeric Membranes 61.5 Properties and Applications of Gelatin, Pectin, and Carrageenan Gels 71.6 Biodegradation of Green Polymeric Composite Materials 91.7 Applications of Green Polymeric Composite Materials 101.8 Constituents, Fabrication, Crosslinking, and Clinical Applications of Hydrogels 111.9 Natural Aerogels as Thermal Insulation 13References 142 Processing Methods for Bionanocomposites 25Dipali R. Bagal-Kestwal, M.H. Pan and Been-Huang Chiang2.1 Introduction 252.2 Classification of NBCs 262.2.1 Matrix-based NBCs 262.2.1.1 Polysaccharide Nanocomposites 262.2.1.2 Animal Protein-based Nanocomposites 282.2.1.3 Plant Protein-based Nanocomposites 292.2.2 Reinforcement-based NBCs 292.2.2.1 Metal Nanocomposites 302.2.2.2 Inorganic Nanocomposites 312.3 General Processing Methods for NBCs 312.3.1 Pressure Extrusion 322.3.2 Solid-state Shear Pulverization 322.3.3 Electrospinning and Co-axial Electrospinning 332.3.4 Solution Casting and Evaporation 342.3.5 Melt Intercalation Method 342.3.6 In Situ Polymerization 352.3.7 Drying Techniques (Freeze-drying and Hot Pressing) 352.3.8 Polymer Grafting 362.4 Properties of NBCs 372.5 Future and Applications of NBCs 37Acknowledgments 37References 383 Biopolymeric Material-based Blends: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 57Muhammad Abdur Rehman and Zia ur Rehman3.1 Introduction 573.2 State of the Art in Biopolymeric Blends 583.3 Preparative Methods for Blend Formation 583.4 Blend Preparation by the Melting Process 593.5 Aqueous Blending Technology 603.6 Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic Biopolymeric Blends 633.6.1 Biopolymeric Blends of Starch and Polylactic Acid 643.6.1.1 Maleic Anhydride-grafted PLA Chains 653.6.1.2 Polycaprolactone-grafted Polysaccharide Copolymers 653.6.2 Hydrolytic Degradability of Biopolymeric Blends 653.6.3 Thermodynamics of Miscibility with Additives 663.6.3.1 Methylene Diphenyl Diisocyanate 663.6.3.2 Dioctyl Maleate 673.6.3.3 Polyvinyl Alcohols 673.6.3.4 Poly(hydroxyester ether) 673.6.3.5 Poly(𝛽-hydroxybutyrate)-co-3-hydroxyvalerate 673.6.3.6 Poly(3-hydroxybutyric acid-3-hydroxyvaleric acid) 673.6.4 Poly(hydroxyalkanoate) 683.6.4.1 Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 683.7 Opportunities and Challenges 683.8 Summary 69References 694 Applications of Biopolymeric Gels in Medical Biotechnology 77Zulal Yalinca and Sükrü Tüzmen4.1 Introduction 774.1.1 Historical Background 774.1.2 Classification of Hydrogels 774.1.3 Preparation Methods of Hydrogels 804.1.3.1 Physical Crosslinked Hydrogels 814.1.3.2 Chemical Crosslinked Hydrogels 814.1.3.3 General Properties of Hydrogels 814.2 Types of Biopolymeric Gels 814.3 Applications of Biopolymeric Gel 844.3.1 Applications of Hydrogels in Drug-delivery Systems 864.3.2 Applications of Hydrogels in siRNA and Peptide-based Therapeutics 874.3.3 Applications of Hydrogels in Wound Healing, Tissue Engineering, and Regenerative Medicine 884.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 88References 895 Introduction to Green Polymeric Membranes 95Mohamad Azuwa Mohamed, Nor Asikin Awang, Wan Norharyati Wan Salleh and Ahmad Fauzi Ismail5.1 Introduction 955.2 Types of Green Polymeric Membranes 965.2.1 Cellulose Polymeric Membranes 965.2.2 Chitosan Polymeric Membranes 985.3 Properties of Green Polymeric Membranes 1005.3.1 Film-forming Properties 1005.3.2 Mechanical Properties 1015.3.3 Thermal Stability Properties 1015.3.4 Chemical Stability 1025.3.5 Hydrophilicity–Hydrophobicity Balance Properties 1025.4 Applications of Green Polymeric Membranes 1035.4.1 Heavy Metal Removal 1035.4.2 Water Purification 1055.4.3 Dye Removal 1075.4.4 Biomedical Applications 1095.4.5 Renewable Energy 1105.5 Conclusion 111References 1126 Properties and Applications of Gelatin, Pectin, and Carrageenan Gels 117Dipali R. Bagal-Kestwal, M.H. Pan and Been-Huang Chiang6.1 Introduction 1176.2 Gelatin 1176.2.1 Structural Unit of Gelatin 1186.2.2 Molecular Structure of Gelatin 1186.2.3 Properties of Gelatin 1196.2.3.1 Thickening Ability 1196.2.3.2 Gelling Ability 1206.2.3.3 Film-Forming Property 1206.2.3.4 Other Properties 1206.2.3.5 Microbiological Properties 1206.2.4 Gelatin Applications 1206.2.4.1 Food Applications 1216.2.4.2 Cosmetics and Pharmaceutical Applications 1216.2.4.3 Other Applications 1226.3 Pectins 1226.3.1 Natural Sources of Pectin 1226.3.2 Structural Unit of Pectin 1236.3.3 Low Methoxyl Pectins 1246.3.4 High Methoxyl Pectins 1246.3.5 Gelation of Pectins 1256.3.6 Pectin Extraction 1256.3.7 Pectin Functionality and Applications 1266.4 Carrageenans 1286.4.1 Sources 1286.4.2 Carrageenan Structure 1286.4.3 Properties of Carrageenans 1296.4.4 Extraction of Carrageenans 1296.4.5 Applications of Carrageenans 1306.5 Future Prospects 132Acknowledgments 132References 1337 Biodegradation of Green Polymeric Composites Materials 141Karthika M., Nitheesha Shaji, Athira Johnson, Neelakandan M. Santhosh, Deepu A. Gopakumar and Sabu Thomas7.1 Introduction 1417.2 Biodegradation of Green Polymers 1427.2.1 Green Polymers: Definition and Properties 1427.2.2 Mechanism of Biodegradation 1447.2.3 Biodegradation of Green Polymers 1497.3 Biodegradation of Composite Materials 1507.4 Conclusion 155References 1568 Applications of Green Polymeric Composite Materials 161Bilahari Aryat, V.K. YaduNath, Neelakandan M. Santhosh and Deepu A. Gopakumar8.1 Introduction 1618.2 Biotechnological and Biomedical Applications of PEG 1628.2.1 Biological Separations 1628.2.2 PEG Proteins and PEG Peptides for Medical Applications 1638.2.3 Poly(lactic acid): Properties and Applications 1638.2.3.1 Activity of PEG on Non-fouling Surfaces 1648.2.3.2 Tether between Molecules and Surfaces 1648.2.3.3 Control of Electro-osmosis 1648.2.3.4 PLA as a Viable Biodegradable Polymer 1648.3 Industrial Applications 1658.3.1 Biological Applications 1708.3.2 Biosensors 1708.3.3 Tissue Engineering 1708.3.4 Wound-healing Applications 1708.3.5 Packaging Applications 1718.4 Conclusion 171References 1729 Hydrogels used for Biomedical Applications 175Nafisa Gull, Shahzad Maqsood Khan, Atif Islam and Muhammad Taqi Zahid Butt9.1 Introduction 1759.2 Hydrogels 1759.3 Short History of Hydrogels 1769.4 Methods of Fabrication of Hydrogels 1769.5 Classification of Hydrogels 1779.6 Natural Polymers Used for Hydrogels 1779.6.1 Protein 1779.6.1.1 Collagen 1779.6.1.2 Gelatine 1789.6.1.3 Matrigel 1789.6.2 Polysaccharides 1799.6.2.1 Hyaluronic Acid 1799.6.2.2 Alginate 1809.6.2.3 Chitosan 1809.6.2.4 Xyloglucan 1819.6.2.5 Dextran 1819.6.2.6 Agarose 1839.6.3 Heparin 1839.7 Synthetic Polymers Used for Hydrogels 1859.7.1 Polyacrylic Acid 1859.7.2 Polyimide 1859.7.3 Polyethylene Glycol 1869.7.4 Polyvinyl Alcohol 1869.8 Crosslinking of Hydrogels 1879.8.1 Physical Crosslinking 1879.8.2 Chemical Crosslinking 1879.8.3 Photocrosslinking 1889.9 Biomedical Applications of Hydrogels 1889.9.1 Contact Lenses 1889.9.2 Oral Drug Delivery 1899.9.3 Tissue Engineering 1899.9.4 Wound Healing 1909.9.5 Gene Delivery 1909.10 Conclusions 191References 19110 Natural Aerogels as Thermal Insulators 201Mohammadreza Saboktakin and Amin SaboktakinReferences 220Index 227