PETER J. FOS is professor of Health Policy and Systems Management at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health. DAVID J. FINE is former president and CEO of Catholic Health Initiatives (CHI) Institute for Research and Innovation. Previously he served at St. Luke's Health System (SLHS) as president, CEO, and principal executive. MIGUEL A. ZÚNIGA is associate professor and chair of the Department of Health Services and Promotion in the College of Health Sciences at Sam Houston State University.

• List of Tables, Figures, and Exhibits xiiiPreface xxiiiThe Authors xxvii1 Epidemiology in Health Care Administration 1Introduction 2Philosophical Framework 5Focus and Uses of Epidemiology 6Health Care Reform 8The Concept of Populations and Communities 11Managing Health Care for Populations and Communities 12Role of Epidemiology 14Summary 16Study Questions 162 Description of Health 19Introduction 20Health and Disease 21Descriptive Information 25Other Descriptive Variables 41Sources of Descriptive Information 43Reportable Diseases 47Managerial Applications 47Summary 52Study Questions 523 Measurement of Health 55Introduction 56Measures 56Measuring Morbidity 65Measuring Mortality 73Measuring Health 83Other Rates 85Summary 86Study Questions 864 Studying the Health Needs of Populations 89Introduction 90Risk and Causation 91Study Designs 93Association of Risk Factors and Health and Disease 103Measuring Association in Prospective Studies 104Measuring Association in Retrospective Studies 108Application to Population Health Management 110Sampling 113Summary 115Study Questions 1155 Standardizing Population Health Information 117Introduction 118Stratification 120Matching 121Standardization of Information 123Risk Adjustment 136Summary 139Study Questions 1406 Medical Management in Population Health Care 149Introduction 150Medical Management 151Chronic Disease Management 169Summary 170Study Questions 1717 Management of Infectious Epidemics 175Introduction 175Infectious Disease Epidemiology 176Infectious EpidemicsHealth Care–Associated Infections 182Surveillance 186Summary 188Study Questions 1888 Reimbursement Approaches and Marketing 191Introduction 192Reimbursement Methods 193Marketing and Population Health 202Market Research 204Summary 214Study Questions 2159 Population Health Outcomes and Quality of Care 219Introduction 220Assessing Health Outcomes 220Health Status Assessment 225Patient Satisfaction and Patient Expectations Assessment 227Monitoring Health Outcomes 231Managing with Health Outcomes 232Quality of Health Care 241Summary 250Study Questions 25110 Economic Analysis of Health Care for Populations 253Introduction 254Economic Evaluation 257Cost Analysis 259Cost-Benefit Analysis 261Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 262Cost-Utility Analysis 264Discounting 265Sensitivity Analysis 269Burden of Disease Analysis 269Examples of Economic Analysis 272Summary 275Study Questions 27611 Expanding Hospital Health Care Services 281Introduction 282Service Area Population 283Hospital Care Utilization 284Discharges 287Length of Hospital Stay 289Hospital Description 292Payment Sources 293Service Area Population Health 29612 Long-Term Care 303Introduction 303Population Characteristics 304Westside Elderly Care, Inc. 308Utilization of Services 308Staffing 31913 Emergency Department Services 321Introduction 321Emergency Department Utilization 322Payment Sources 331Time Analysis 332Primary Diagnosis at Arrival 336Patient Disposition 33714 Physician Practices 341Introduction 342Population Characteristics 342Resource Utilization 343Time Since Last Visit 346Insurance Coverage 349Reason for Visit 351Preventive Care Visits 355Chronic Conditions 356References 359Index 375

PETER J. FOS is professor of Health Policy and Systems Management at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health. DAVID J. FINE is former president and CEO of Catholic Health Initiatives (CHI) Institute for Research and Innovation. Previously he served at St. Luke's Health System (SLHS) as president, CEO, and principal executive. MIGUEL A. ZÚNIGA is associate professor and chair of the Department of Health Services and Promotion in the College of Health Sciences at Sam Houston State University.

• List of Tables, Figures, and Exhibits xiiiPreface xxiiiThe Authors xxvii1 Epidemiology in Health Care Administration 1Introduction 2Philosophical Framework 5Focus and Uses of Epidemiology 6Health Care Reform 8The Concept of Populations and Communities 11Managing Health Care for Populations and Communities 12Role of Epidemiology 14Summary 16Study Questions 162 Description of Health 19Introduction 20Health and Disease 21Descriptive Information 25Other Descriptive Variables 41Sources of Descriptive Information 43Reportable Diseases 47Managerial Applications 47Summary 52Study Questions 523 Measurement of Health 55Introduction 56Measures 56Measuring Morbidity 65Measuring Mortality 73Measuring Health 83Other Rates 85Summary 86Study Questions 864 Studying the Health Needs of Populations 89Introduction 90Risk and Causation 91Study Designs 93Association of Risk Factors and Health and Disease 103Measuring Association in Prospective Studies 104Measuring Association in Retrospective Studies 108Application to Population Health Management 110Sampling 113Summary 115Study Questions 1155 Standardizing Population Health Information 117Introduction 118Stratification 120Matching 121Standardization of Information 123Risk Adjustment 136Summary 139Study Questions 1406 Medical Management in Population Health Care 149Introduction 150Medical Management 151Chronic Disease Management 169Summary 170Study Questions 1717 Management of Infectious Epidemics 175Introduction 175Infectious Disease Epidemiology 176Infectious EpidemicsHealth Care–Associated Infections 182Surveillance 186Summary 188Study Questions 1888 Reimbursement Approaches and Marketing 191Introduction 192Reimbursement Methods 193Marketing and Population Health 202Market Research 204Summary 214Study Questions 2159 Population Health Outcomes and Quality of Care 219Introduction 220Assessing Health Outcomes 220Health Status Assessment 225Patient Satisfaction and Patient Expectations Assessment 227Monitoring Health Outcomes 231Managing with Health Outcomes 232Quality of Health Care 241Summary 250Study Questions 25110 Economic Analysis of Health Care for Populations 253Introduction 254Economic Evaluation 257Cost Analysis 259Cost-Benefit Analysis 261Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 262Cost-Utility Analysis 264Discounting 265Sensitivity Analysis 269Burden of Disease Analysis 269Examples of Economic Analysis 272Summary 275Study Questions 27611 Expanding Hospital Health Care Services 281Introduction 282Service Area Population 283Hospital Care Utilization 284Discharges 287Length of Hospital Stay 289Hospital Description 292Payment Sources 293Service Area Population Health 29612 Long-Term Care 303Introduction 303Population Characteristics 304Westside Elderly Care, Inc. 308Utilization of Services 308Staffing 31913 Emergency Department Services 321Introduction 321Emergency Department Utilization 322Payment Sources 331Time Analysis 332Primary Diagnosis at Arrival 336Patient Disposition 33714 Physician Practices 341Introduction 342Population Characteristics 342Resource Utilization 343Time Since Last Visit 346Insurance Coverage 349Reason for Visit 351Preventive Care Visits 355Chronic Conditions 356References 359Index 375

PETER J. FOS is professor of Health Policy and Systems Management at Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, School of Public Health. DAVID J. FINE is former president and CEO of Catholic Health Initiatives (CHI) Institute for Research and Innovation. Previously he served at St. Luke's Health System (SLHS) as president, CEO, and principal executive. MIGUEL A. ZÚNIGA is associate professor and chair of the Department of Health Services and Promotion in the College of Health Sciences at Sam Houston State University.

• List of Tables, Figures, and Exhibits xiiiPreface xxiiiThe Authors xxvii1 Epidemiology in Health Care Administration 1Introduction 2Philosophical Framework 5Focus and Uses of Epidemiology 6Health Care Reform 8The Concept of Populations and Communities 11Managing Health Care for Populations and Communities 12Role of Epidemiology 14Summary 16Study Questions 162 Description of Health 19Introduction 20Health and Disease 21Descriptive Information 25Other Descriptive Variables 41Sources of Descriptive Information 43Reportable Diseases 47Managerial Applications 47Summary 52Study Questions 523 Measurement of Health 55Introduction 56Measures 56Measuring Morbidity 65Measuring Mortality 73Measuring Health 83Other Rates 85Summary 86Study Questions 864 Studying the Health Needs of Populations 89Introduction 90Risk and Causation 91Study Designs 93Association of Risk Factors and Health and Disease 103Measuring Association in Prospective Studies 104Measuring Association in Retrospective Studies 108Application to Population Health Management 110Sampling 113Summary 115Study Questions 1155 Standardizing Population Health Information 117Introduction 118Stratification 120Matching 121Standardization of Information 123Risk Adjustment 136Summary 139Study Questions 1406 Medical Management in Population Health Care 149Introduction 150Medical Management 151Chronic Disease Management 169Summary 170Study Questions 1717 Management of Infectious Epidemics 175Introduction 175Infectious Disease Epidemiology 176Infectious EpidemicsHealth Care–Associated Infections 182Surveillance 186Summary 188Study Questions 1888 Reimbursement Approaches and Marketing 191Introduction 192Reimbursement Methods 193Marketing and Population Health 202Market Research 204Summary 214Study Questions 2159 Population Health Outcomes and Quality of Care 219Introduction 220Assessing Health Outcomes 220Health Status Assessment 225Patient Satisfaction and Patient Expectations Assessment 227Monitoring Health Outcomes 231Managing with Health Outcomes 232Quality of Health Care 241Summary 250Study Questions 25110 Economic Analysis of Health Care for Populations 253Introduction 254Economic Evaluation 257Cost Analysis 259Cost-Benefit Analysis 261Cost-Effectiveness Analysis 262Cost-Utility Analysis 264Discounting 265Sensitivity Analysis 269Burden of Disease Analysis 269Examples of Economic Analysis 272Summary 275Study Questions 27611 Expanding Hospital Health Care Services 281Introduction 282Service Area Population 283Hospital Care Utilization 284Discharges 287Length of Hospital Stay 289Hospital Description 292Payment Sources 293Service Area Population Health 29612 Long-Term Care 303Introduction 303Population Characteristics 304Westside Elderly Care, Inc. 308Utilization of Services 308Staffing 31913 Emergency Department Services 321Introduction 321Emergency Department Utilization 322Payment Sources 331Time Analysis 332Primary Diagnosis at Arrival 336Patient Disposition 33714 Physician Practices 341Introduction 342Population Characteristics 342Resource Utilization 343Time Since Last Visit 346Insurance Coverage 349Reason for Visit 351Preventive Care Visits 355Chronic Conditions 356References 359Index 375