Suvardhan Kanchi is currently at the Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, South Africa. He has co-authored about 35 papers and 11 book chapters in international peer-reviewed journals and edited Nanomaterials: Biomedical, Environmental, and Engineering Applications (Wiley-Scrivener 2018). Shakeel Ahmed is working as an Assistant Professor at Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Mendhar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. He obtained his PhD in the area of biopolymers and bionanocomposites and has published several research publications in area of green nanomaterials and biopolymers for various applications including biomedical, packaging, sensors, and water treatment. He co-edited Chitosan: Derivatives, Composites and Applications (Wiley-Scrivener 2017).

• Preface xxiPart I Future Vision of Green Nanotechnology 11 Recent Advances in Green Nanotechnology and the Vision for the Future 3Sukanchan Palit and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain1.1 Introduction 41.2 The Objective of this Study 41.3 The Rationale for this Study 51.4 What is Meant by Green Nanotechnology? 51.5 The Scientific Doctrine and Truth Behind Nanotechnology Applications 61.6 Recent Research Pursuit in the Field of Nanotechnology 71.7 Scientific Endeavors in the Field of Green Nanotechnology 81.8 Challenges and Opportunities in the Field of Green Nanotechnology 131.9 Environmental Sustainability, Humankind’s Progress and Vision of Science 141.10 Scientific Cognizance, the Greatness of Research Pursuit and Green Nanotechnology 141.11 Global Water Crisis – The Vision and Challenge of Science 151.12 Heavy Metal and Arsenic Groundwater Contamination – The Vision for the Future 151.13 Groundwater Remediation and Water Purification Technologies 161.14 Application of Nanotechnology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment 171.15 The Vision of Renewable Energy Technologies 181.16 Future Research Trends and Flow of Thoughts 191.17 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 20References 202 Green Synthesis of Metal-Based Nanoparticles and Their Applications 23Shamaila Sajjad, Sajjad Ahmed Khan Leghari, Najam-Ul-Athar Ryma and Sidra Anis Farooqi2.1 Introduction 242.2 Botanical Extract Mediated Green Synthesis 272.3 Microbial Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis 472.4 Conclusions 53Acknowledgment 54References 543 Plant and Tree Gums as Renewable Feedstocks for the Phytosynthesis of Nanoparticles: A Green Chemistry Approach 79Aruna Jyothi Kora3.1 Introduction 803.2 Different Varieties of Plant Gums 903.3 Phytosynthesized Nanoparticles and Their Applications 963.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects 101Acknowledgment 102References 1024 Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and its Reaction Mechanisms 113Rajasekhar Chokkareddy and Gan G. Redhi4.1 Introduction 1144.2 Green Synthesis Using Plant Extracts 1174.3 Synthesis and Mechanism Action of Metal Nanoparticles 1204.4 Conclusions 134References 1355 Toxicity of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Future Prospects 141Subramanyam Deepika, Rajendran Harish Kumar, Chinnadurai Immanuel Selvaraj and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan5.1 Introduction 1425.2 Applications of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity 1495.3 Future Perspectives 1585.4 Conclusion 159Conflict of Interest 160Acknowledgment 160Abbreviations 160References 161Part II Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 165 6 Current Advances in Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications 167Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Niranjan Thondavada, Bakusele Kabane and Gan G. Redhi6.1 Introduction 1686.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 1696.3 Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles 1806.4 Conclusions 190References 1917 Green and Sustainable Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Orange Peel Pith 199G. López-Téllez, A. R. Vílchis Néstor, E. Gutiérrez-Segura, J. E. Moreno-Marcelino, A. Alcántara-Cobos, J. M. Malvaez-Medina and A. Castrejón Mejía7.1 Introduction 2007.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Plants 2017.3 Bioreduction Mechanism 2017.4 Suitable Characteristics of Nanoparticles for Remediation 2027.5 Orange Peel Pith as a Support, Reducing and Capping Agent of Metallic Nanoparticles 2037.6 Conclusions 213References 2148 Biological and Biomedical Applications of Eco-Friendly Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles 217G. Madhumitha, J. Fowsiya and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan8.1 Introduction 2178.2 Plant Extract as Bioreactors for Green Synthesis of AuNPs 2188.3 Role of Phytochemicals in AuNPs 2258.4 Biological and Biomedical Applications of AuNPs 2288.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 235Conflict of Interest 235Acknowledgment 235References 2359 Green Tiny Magnets: An Economic and Eco-Friendly Remedy for Environmental Damage 245Paramita Karfa and Rashmi Madhuri9.1 Introduction 2469.2 Classification of Magnetic Materials 2479.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles 2539.4 Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation 26310 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Biopolymers and Plant Extracts 293Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny and Ehab Salih10.1 Introduction 29410.2 Types of Nanomaterials 29510.3 Synthesis Approaches of Metal Nanoparticles 29710.4 Green Synthesis of MNPs 30010.5 Conclusion 310References 31011 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles from Natural Resources and Food Waste and Their Environmental Application 321Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy and Mona S. M. Mansour11.1 Introduction 32211.2 Several Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis 32311.3 Biosynthesis of Different Metallic Nanoparticles from Plant Derivatives 32411.4 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Food and Agro Wastes 34911.5 Nanotechnology in Environmental Applications 36211.6 Conclusions 369Acknowledgment 370References 37012 Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Biomedical and Environmental Applications 387Varadavenkatesan Thivaharan, Vinayagam Ramesh and Selvaraj Raja12.1 Introduction 38812.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis 39012.3 Applications of Phytogenic Silver Nanoparticles 39112.4 Biomedical Applications 39112.5 Environmental Applications 41212.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 418References 41913 Green Synthesis of Silver, Copper and Iron Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Their Applications in Wastewater Treatment 441Th. Babita Devi and M. Ahmaruzzaman13.1 Introduction 44213.2 Plants Mediated Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 44413.3 Synthesis, Mechanism and Characterization of Synthesized Metals Nanoparticles 44413.4 Catalytic Activities of Silver, Copper and Iron Nanoparticles for the Reduction and Photodegradation Process (Waste Water Treatment) 45013.5 Toxicity and Future Prospect 45713.6 Future of Green Route in Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 46113.7 Concluding Summary 462References 463Part III Biosynthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 467 14 Current Scenario in Green Approaches for Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis 469Selvaraj Mohana Roopan14.1 Introduction 46914.2 Overview of Biological Approach-Microbial Medium 47314.3 Biological Approach Using Plant Sources as Medium 48114.4 Applications 49714.5 Conclusion 503Conflict of Interest 503Acknowledgment 503Abbreviations 504References 50415 Advanced Tin-Oxide Nanostructures: Green Synthesis, Prospects and Challenges for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability 513Dipyaman Mohanta and M. Ahmaruzzaman15.1 Introduction 51415.2 Green Strategies for the Fabrication of Tin-Oxide Nanostructures 51515.3 Detection of Pollutants and Environmental Remediation 51715.4 Clean Energy Generation and Efficient Energy Storage 53015.5 Discussion and Future Prospects 53715.6 Conclusion 538References 539Part IV Biosynthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 553 16 Green Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles: A Step Forward to Economical and Sustainable Development 555Santanu Patra and Rashmi Madhuri16.1 Overview of Nanoparticles 55616.2 Green Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 56116.3 Synthesis of Different Shaped Noble Metal Nanoparticles by Green Synthesis Approach 59016.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 592Acknowledgment 593References 59317 Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications 603Niranjan Thondavada, Rajasekar Chokkareddy and Gan G. Redhi17.1 Introduction 60317.2 Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles 60517.3 Toxicology of PtNPs 60917.4 Biomedical Applications of PtNPs 61017.5 Enzymatic Properties of PtNPs and their Applications 61317.6 Conclusion 616References 61618 Eco-Friendly Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Applications: Present and Future Scenario 629Raksha Choudhary and Rashmi Madhuri18.1 Introduction 63018.2 Why Noble Metal Nanoparticles are Gaining in Popularity in the Biomedical Field 63218.3 Biomedical Applications of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 63218.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 651Acknowledgment 654References 654Part V Synthesis of Biopolymer Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots 667 19 Role of Bioconjugated Quantum Dots in Detection and Reduction of Pathogenic Microbes 669Angappan Rameshkumar, Devanesan Arul Ananth, Sivagurunathan Periyasamy, Deviram Garlapati and Thilagar Sivasudha19.1 Introduction 67019.2 About QDs 67119.3 General Applications of QDs 67219.4 Mechanism of Action of QDs in Cell Lines 67419.5 QDs as Antimicrobial Agents 67419.6 Mechanism of QDs Exhibiting Antimicrobial Activity 67519.7 Advantage and Disadvantages of QDs as Antimicrobial Agent 68319.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 684References 684Index 689

Suvardhan Kanchi is currently at the Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, South Africa. He has co-authored about 35 papers and 11 book chapters in international peer-reviewed journals and edited Nanomaterials: Biomedical, Environmental, and Engineering Applications (Wiley-Scrivener 2018). Shakeel Ahmed is working as an Assistant Professor at Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Mendhar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. He obtained his PhD in the area of biopolymers and bionanocomposites and has published several research publications in area of green nanomaterials and biopolymers for various applications including biomedical, packaging, sensors, and water treatment. He co-edited Chitosan: Derivatives, Composites and Applications (Wiley-Scrivener 2017).

• Preface xxiPart I Future Vision of Green Nanotechnology 11 Recent Advances in Green Nanotechnology and the Vision for the Future 3Sukanchan Palit and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain1.1 Introduction 41.2 The Objective of this Study 41.3 The Rationale for this Study 51.4 What is Meant by Green Nanotechnology? 51.5 The Scientific Doctrine and Truth Behind Nanotechnology Applications 61.6 Recent Research Pursuit in the Field of Nanotechnology 71.7 Scientific Endeavors in the Field of Green Nanotechnology 81.8 Challenges and Opportunities in the Field of Green Nanotechnology 131.9 Environmental Sustainability, Humankind’s Progress and Vision of Science 141.10 Scientific Cognizance, the Greatness of Research Pursuit and Green Nanotechnology 141.11 Global Water Crisis – The Vision and Challenge of Science 151.12 Heavy Metal and Arsenic Groundwater Contamination – The Vision for the Future 151.13 Groundwater Remediation and Water Purification Technologies 161.14 Application of Nanotechnology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment 171.15 The Vision of Renewable Energy Technologies 181.16 Future Research Trends and Flow of Thoughts 191.17 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 20References 202 Green Synthesis of Metal-Based Nanoparticles and Their Applications 23Shamaila Sajjad, Sajjad Ahmed Khan Leghari, Najam-Ul-Athar Ryma and Sidra Anis Farooqi2.1 Introduction 242.2 Botanical Extract Mediated Green Synthesis 272.3 Microbial Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis 472.4 Conclusions 53Acknowledgment 54References 543 Plant and Tree Gums as Renewable Feedstocks for the Phytosynthesis of Nanoparticles: A Green Chemistry Approach 79Aruna Jyothi Kora3.1 Introduction 803.2 Different Varieties of Plant Gums 903.3 Phytosynthesized Nanoparticles and Their Applications 963.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects 101Acknowledgment 102References 1024 Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and its Reaction Mechanisms 113Rajasekhar Chokkareddy and Gan G. Redhi4.1 Introduction 1144.2 Green Synthesis Using Plant Extracts 1174.3 Synthesis and Mechanism Action of Metal Nanoparticles 1204.4 Conclusions 134References 1355 Toxicity of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Future Prospects 141Subramanyam Deepika, Rajendran Harish Kumar, Chinnadurai Immanuel Selvaraj and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan5.1 Introduction 1425.2 Applications of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity 1495.3 Future Perspectives 1585.4 Conclusion 159Conflict of Interest 160Acknowledgment 160Abbreviations 160References 161Part II Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 165 6 Current Advances in Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications 167Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Niranjan Thondavada, Bakusele Kabane and Gan G. Redhi6.1 Introduction 1686.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 1696.3 Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles 1806.4 Conclusions 190References 1917 Green and Sustainable Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Orange Peel Pith 199G. López-Téllez, A. R. Vílchis Néstor, E. Gutiérrez-Segura, J. E. Moreno-Marcelino, A. Alcántara-Cobos, J. M. Malvaez-Medina and A. Castrejón Mejía7.1 Introduction 2007.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Plants 2017.3 Bioreduction Mechanism 2017.4 Suitable Characteristics of Nanoparticles for Remediation 2027.5 Orange Peel Pith as a Support, Reducing and Capping Agent of Metallic Nanoparticles 2037.6 Conclusions 213References 2148 Biological and Biomedical Applications of Eco-Friendly Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles 217G. Madhumitha, J. Fowsiya and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan8.1 Introduction 2178.2 Plant Extract as Bioreactors for Green Synthesis of AuNPs 2188.3 Role of Phytochemicals in AuNPs 2258.4 Biological and Biomedical Applications of AuNPs 2288.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 235Conflict of Interest 235Acknowledgment 235References 2359 Green Tiny Magnets: An Economic and Eco-Friendly Remedy for Environmental Damage 245Paramita Karfa and Rashmi Madhuri9.1 Introduction 2469.2 Classification of Magnetic Materials 2479.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles 2539.4 Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation 26310 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Biopolymers and Plant Extracts 293Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny and Ehab Salih10.1 Introduction 29410.2 Types of Nanomaterials 29510.3 Synthesis Approaches of Metal Nanoparticles 29710.4 Green Synthesis of MNPs 30010.5 Conclusion 310References 31011 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles from Natural Resources and Food Waste and Their Environmental Application 321Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy and Mona S. M. Mansour11.1 Introduction 32211.2 Several Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis 32311.3 Biosynthesis of Different Metallic Nanoparticles from Plant Derivatives 32411.4 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Food and Agro Wastes 34911.5 Nanotechnology in Environmental Applications 36211.6 Conclusions 369Acknowledgment 370References 37012 Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Biomedical and Environmental Applications 387Varadavenkatesan Thivaharan, Vinayagam Ramesh and Selvaraj Raja12.1 Introduction 38812.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis 39012.3 Applications of Phytogenic Silver Nanoparticles 39112.4 Biomedical Applications 39112.5 Environmental Applications 41212.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 418References 41913 Green Synthesis of Silver, Copper and Iron Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Their Applications in Wastewater Treatment 441Th. Babita Devi and M. Ahmaruzzaman13.1 Introduction 44213.2 Plants Mediated Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 44413.3 Synthesis, Mechanism and Characterization of Synthesized Metals Nanoparticles 44413.4 Catalytic Activities of Silver, Copper and Iron Nanoparticles for the Reduction and Photodegradation Process (Waste Water Treatment) 45013.5 Toxicity and Future Prospect 45713.6 Future of Green Route in Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 46113.7 Concluding Summary 462References 463Part III Biosynthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 467 14 Current Scenario in Green Approaches for Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis 469Selvaraj Mohana Roopan14.1 Introduction 46914.2 Overview of Biological Approach-Microbial Medium 47314.3 Biological Approach Using Plant Sources as Medium 48114.4 Applications 49714.5 Conclusion 503Conflict of Interest 503Acknowledgment 503Abbreviations 504References 50415 Advanced Tin-Oxide Nanostructures: Green Synthesis, Prospects and Challenges for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability 513Dipyaman Mohanta and M. Ahmaruzzaman15.1 Introduction 51415.2 Green Strategies for the Fabrication of Tin-Oxide Nanostructures 51515.3 Detection of Pollutants and Environmental Remediation 51715.4 Clean Energy Generation and Efficient Energy Storage 53015.5 Discussion and Future Prospects 53715.6 Conclusion 538References 539Part IV Biosynthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 553 16 Green Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles: A Step Forward to Economical and Sustainable Development 555Santanu Patra and Rashmi Madhuri16.1 Overview of Nanoparticles 55616.2 Green Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 56116.3 Synthesis of Different Shaped Noble Metal Nanoparticles by Green Synthesis Approach 59016.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 592Acknowledgment 593References 59317 Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications 603Niranjan Thondavada, Rajasekar Chokkareddy and Gan G. Redhi17.1 Introduction 60317.2 Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles 60517.3 Toxicology of PtNPs 60917.4 Biomedical Applications of PtNPs 61017.5 Enzymatic Properties of PtNPs and their Applications 61317.6 Conclusion 616References 61618 Eco-Friendly Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Applications: Present and Future Scenario 629Raksha Choudhary and Rashmi Madhuri18.1 Introduction 63018.2 Why Noble Metal Nanoparticles are Gaining in Popularity in the Biomedical Field 63218.3 Biomedical Applications of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 63218.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 651Acknowledgment 654References 654Part V Synthesis of Biopolymer Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots 667 19 Role of Bioconjugated Quantum Dots in Detection and Reduction of Pathogenic Microbes 669Angappan Rameshkumar, Devanesan Arul Ananth, Sivagurunathan Periyasamy, Deviram Garlapati and Thilagar Sivasudha19.1 Introduction 67019.2 About QDs 67119.3 General Applications of QDs 67219.4 Mechanism of Action of QDs in Cell Lines 67419.5 QDs as Antimicrobial Agents 67419.6 Mechanism of QDs Exhibiting Antimicrobial Activity 67519.7 Advantage and Disadvantages of QDs as Antimicrobial Agent 68319.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 684References 684Index 689

Suvardhan Kanchi is currently at the Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, South Africa. He has co-authored about 35 papers and 11 book chapters in international peer-reviewed journals and edited Nanomaterials: Biomedical, Environmental, and Engineering Applications (Wiley-Scrivener 2018). Shakeel Ahmed is working as an Assistant Professor at Department of Chemistry, Government Degree College Mendhar, Jammu and Kashmir, India. He obtained his PhD in the area of biopolymers and bionanocomposites and has published several research publications in area of green nanomaterials and biopolymers for various applications including biomedical, packaging, sensors, and water treatment. He co-edited Chitosan: Derivatives, Composites and Applications (Wiley-Scrivener 2017).

• Preface xxiPart I Future Vision of Green Nanotechnology 11 Recent Advances in Green Nanotechnology and the Vision for the Future 3Sukanchan Palit and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain1.1 Introduction 41.2 The Objective of this Study 41.3 The Rationale for this Study 51.4 What is Meant by Green Nanotechnology? 51.5 The Scientific Doctrine and Truth Behind Nanotechnology Applications 61.6 Recent Research Pursuit in the Field of Nanotechnology 71.7 Scientific Endeavors in the Field of Green Nanotechnology 81.8 Challenges and Opportunities in the Field of Green Nanotechnology 131.9 Environmental Sustainability, Humankind’s Progress and Vision of Science 141.10 Scientific Cognizance, the Greatness of Research Pursuit and Green Nanotechnology 141.11 Global Water Crisis – The Vision and Challenge of Science 151.12 Heavy Metal and Arsenic Groundwater Contamination – The Vision for the Future 151.13 Groundwater Remediation and Water Purification Technologies 161.14 Application of Nanotechnology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment 171.15 The Vision of Renewable Energy Technologies 181.16 Future Research Trends and Flow of Thoughts 191.17 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 20References 202 Green Synthesis of Metal-Based Nanoparticles and Their Applications 23Shamaila Sajjad, Sajjad Ahmed Khan Leghari, Najam-Ul-Athar Ryma and Sidra Anis Farooqi2.1 Introduction 242.2 Botanical Extract Mediated Green Synthesis 272.3 Microbial Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis 472.4 Conclusions 53Acknowledgment 54References 543 Plant and Tree Gums as Renewable Feedstocks for the Phytosynthesis of Nanoparticles: A Green Chemistry Approach 79Aruna Jyothi Kora3.1 Introduction 803.2 Different Varieties of Plant Gums 903.3 Phytosynthesized Nanoparticles and Their Applications 963.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects 101Acknowledgment 102References 1024 Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and its Reaction Mechanisms 113Rajasekhar Chokkareddy and Gan G. Redhi4.1 Introduction 1144.2 Green Synthesis Using Plant Extracts 1174.3 Synthesis and Mechanism Action of Metal Nanoparticles 1204.4 Conclusions 134References 1355 Toxicity of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Future Prospects 141Subramanyam Deepika, Rajendran Harish Kumar, Chinnadurai Immanuel Selvaraj and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan5.1 Introduction 1425.2 Applications of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity 1495.3 Future Perspectives 1585.4 Conclusion 159Conflict of Interest 160Acknowledgment 160Abbreviations 160References 161Part II Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 165 6 Current Advances in Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications 167Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Niranjan Thondavada, Bakusele Kabane and Gan G. Redhi6.1 Introduction 1686.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 1696.3 Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles 1806.4 Conclusions 190References 1917 Green and Sustainable Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Orange Peel Pith 199G. López-Téllez, A. R. Vílchis Néstor, E. Gutiérrez-Segura, J. E. Moreno-Marcelino, A. Alcántara-Cobos, J. M. Malvaez-Medina and A. Castrejón Mejía7.1 Introduction 2007.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Plants 2017.3 Bioreduction Mechanism 2017.4 Suitable Characteristics of Nanoparticles for Remediation 2027.5 Orange Peel Pith as a Support, Reducing and Capping Agent of Metallic Nanoparticles 2037.6 Conclusions 213References 2148 Biological and Biomedical Applications of Eco-Friendly Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles 217G. Madhumitha, J. Fowsiya and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan8.1 Introduction 2178.2 Plant Extract as Bioreactors for Green Synthesis of AuNPs 2188.3 Role of Phytochemicals in AuNPs 2258.4 Biological and Biomedical Applications of AuNPs 2288.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 235Conflict of Interest 235Acknowledgment 235References 2359 Green Tiny Magnets: An Economic and Eco-Friendly Remedy for Environmental Damage 245Paramita Karfa and Rashmi Madhuri9.1 Introduction 2469.2 Classification of Magnetic Materials 2479.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles 2539.4 Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation 26310 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Biopolymers and Plant Extracts 293Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny and Ehab Salih10.1 Introduction 29410.2 Types of Nanomaterials 29510.3 Synthesis Approaches of Metal Nanoparticles 29710.4 Green Synthesis of MNPs 30010.5 Conclusion 310References 31011 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles from Natural Resources and Food Waste and Their Environmental Application 321Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy and Mona S. M. Mansour11.1 Introduction 32211.2 Several Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis 32311.3 Biosynthesis of Different Metallic Nanoparticles from Plant Derivatives 32411.4 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Food and Agro Wastes 34911.5 Nanotechnology in Environmental Applications 36211.6 Conclusions 369Acknowledgment 370References 37012 Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Biomedical and Environmental Applications 387Varadavenkatesan Thivaharan, Vinayagam Ramesh and Selvaraj Raja12.1 Introduction 38812.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis 39012.3 Applications of Phytogenic Silver Nanoparticles 39112.4 Biomedical Applications 39112.5 Environmental Applications 41212.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 418References 41913 Green Synthesis of Silver, Copper and Iron Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Their Applications in Wastewater Treatment 441Th. Babita Devi and M. Ahmaruzzaman13.1 Introduction 44213.2 Plants Mediated Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 44413.3 Synthesis, Mechanism and Characterization of Synthesized Metals Nanoparticles 44413.4 Catalytic Activities of Silver, Copper and Iron Nanoparticles for the Reduction and Photodegradation Process (Waste Water Treatment) 45013.5 Toxicity and Future Prospect 45713.6 Future of Green Route in Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 46113.7 Concluding Summary 462References 463Part III Biosynthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 467 14 Current Scenario in Green Approaches for Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis 469Selvaraj Mohana Roopan14.1 Introduction 46914.2 Overview of Biological Approach-Microbial Medium 47314.3 Biological Approach Using Plant Sources as Medium 48114.4 Applications 49714.5 Conclusion 503Conflict of Interest 503Acknowledgment 503Abbreviations 504References 50415 Advanced Tin-Oxide Nanostructures: Green Synthesis, Prospects and Challenges for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability 513Dipyaman Mohanta and M. Ahmaruzzaman15.1 Introduction 51415.2 Green Strategies for the Fabrication of Tin-Oxide Nanostructures 51515.3 Detection of Pollutants and Environmental Remediation 51715.4 Clean Energy Generation and Efficient Energy Storage 53015.5 Discussion and Future Prospects 53715.6 Conclusion 538References 539Part IV Biosynthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 553 16 Green Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles: A Step Forward to Economical and Sustainable Development 555Santanu Patra and Rashmi Madhuri16.1 Overview of Nanoparticles 55616.2 Green Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 56116.3 Synthesis of Different Shaped Noble Metal Nanoparticles by Green Synthesis Approach 59016.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 592Acknowledgment 593References 59317 Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications 603Niranjan Thondavada, Rajasekar Chokkareddy and Gan G. Redhi17.1 Introduction 60317.2 Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles 60517.3 Toxicology of PtNPs 60917.4 Biomedical Applications of PtNPs 61017.5 Enzymatic Properties of PtNPs and their Applications 61317.6 Conclusion 616References 61618 Eco-Friendly Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Applications: Present and Future Scenario 629Raksha Choudhary and Rashmi Madhuri18.1 Introduction 63018.2 Why Noble Metal Nanoparticles are Gaining in Popularity in the Biomedical Field 63218.3 Biomedical Applications of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 63218.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 651Acknowledgment 654References 654Part V Synthesis of Biopolymer Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots 667 19 Role of Bioconjugated Quantum Dots in Detection and Reduction of Pathogenic Microbes 669Angappan Rameshkumar, Devanesan Arul Ananth, Sivagurunathan Periyasamy, Deviram Garlapati and Thilagar Sivasudha19.1 Introduction 67019.2 About QDs 67119.3 General Applications of QDs 67219.4 Mechanism of Action of QDs in Cell Lines 67419.5 QDs as Antimicrobial Agents 67419.6 Mechanism of QDs Exhibiting Antimicrobial Activity 67519.7 Advantage and Disadvantages of QDs as Antimicrobial Agent 68319.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 684References 684Index 689