Molecular Plant Abiotic Stress

Dr. Aryadeep Roychoudhury is Assistant Professor, Department of Biotechnology, St. Xavier's College (Autonomous), Kolkata, India. Dr. Durgesh Kumar Tripathi is Assistant Professor, Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.

• List of Contributors xv1 Plant Tolerance to Environmental Stress: Translating Research from Lab to Land 1P. Suprasanna and S. B. Ghag1.1 Introduction 11.2 Drought Tolerance 31.3 Cold Tolerance 101.4 Salinity Tolerance 121.5 Need for More Translational Research 161.6 Conclusion 17References 172 Morphological and Anatomical Modifications of Plants for Environmental Stresses 29Chanda Bano, Nimisha Amist, and N. B. Singh2.1 Introduction 292.2 Drought-induced Adaptations 322.3 Cold-induced Adaptations 332.4 High Temperature-induced Adaptations 342.5 UV-B-induced Morphogenic Responses 352.6 Heavy Metal-induced Adaptations 352.7 Roles of Auxin, Ethylene, and ROS 362.8 Conclusion 37References 383 Stomatal Regulation as a Drought-tolerance Mechanism 45Shokoofeh Hajihashemi3.1 Introduction 453.2 Stomatal Morphology 463.3 Stomatal Movement Mechanism 473.4 Drought Stress Sensing 483.5 Drought Stress Signaling Pathways 483.5.1 Hydraulic Signaling 493.5.2 Chemical Signaling 493.5.2.1 Plant Hormones 493.5.3 Nonhormonal Molecules 523.5.3.1 Role of CO2 Molecule in Response to Drought Stress 523.5.3.2 Role of Ca2+ Molecules in Response to Drought Stress 533.5.3.3 Protein Kinase Involved in Osmotic Stress Signaling Pathway 533.5.3.4 Phospholipid Role in Signal Transduction in Response to Drought Stress 533.6 Mechanisms of Plant Response to Stress 543.7 Stomatal Density Variation in Response to Stress 563.8 Conclusion 56References 574 Antioxidative Machinery for Redox Homeostasis During Abiotic Stress 65Nimisha Amist, Chanda Bano, and N. B. Singh4.1 Introduction 654.2 Reactive Oxygen Species 664.2.1 Types of Reactive Oxygen Species 674.2.1.1 Superoxide Radical (O2⋅−) 674.2.1.2 Singlet Oxygen (1O2) 684.2.1.3 Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) 694.2.1.4 Hydroxyl Radicals (OH⋅) 694.2.2 Sites of ROS Generation 694.2.2.1 Chloroplasts 704.2.2.2 Peroxisomes 704.2.2.3 Mitochondria 704.2.3 ROS and Oxidative Damage to Biomolecules 714.2.4 Role of ROS as Messengers 734.3 Antioxidative Defense System in Plants 744.3.1 Nonenzymatic Components of the Antioxidative Defense System 744.3.1.1 Ascorbate 744.3.1.2 Glutathione 754.3.1.3 Tocopherols 754.3.1.4 Carotenoids 764.3.1.5 Phenolics 764.3.2 Enzymatic Components 764.3.2.1 Superoxide Dismutases 774.3.2.2 Catalases 774.3.2.3 Peroxidases 774.3.2.4 Enzymes of the Ascorbate–Glutathione Cycle 784.3.2.5 Monodehydroascorbate Reductase 794.3.2.6 Dehydroascorbate Reductase 794.3.2.7 Glutathione Reductase 794.4 Redox Homeostasis in Plants 804.5 Conclusion 81References 815 Osmolytes and their Role in Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 91Abhimanyu Jogawat5.1 Introduction 915.2 Osmolyte Accumulation is a Universally Conserved Quick Response During Abiotic Stress 925.3 Osmolytes Minimize Toxic Effects of Abiotic Stresses in Plants 935.4 Stress Signaling Pathways Regulate Osmolyte Accumulation Under Abiotic Stress Conditions 945.5 Metabolic Pathway Engineering of Osmolyte Biosynthesis Can Generate Improved Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Transgenic Crop Plants 955.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 97Acknowledgements 97References 976 Elicitor-mediated Amelioration of Abiotic Stress in Plants 105Nilanjan Chakraborty, Anik Sarkar, and Krishnendu Acharya6.1 Introduction 1056.2 Plant Hormones and Other Elicitor-mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 1066.3 PGPR-mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 1096.4 Signaling Role of Nitric Oxide in Abiotic Stresses 1096.5 Future Goals 1146.6 Conclusion 114References 1157 Role of Selenium in Plants Against Abiotic Stresses: Phenological and Molecular Aspects 123Aditya Banerjee and Aryadeep Roychoudhury7.1 Introduction 1237.2 Se Bioaccumulation and Metabolism in Plants 1247.3 Physiological Roles of Se 1257.3.1 Seas Plant Growth Promoters 1257.3.2 The Antioxidant Properties of Se 1257.4 Se Ameliorating Abiotic Stresses in Plants 1267.4.1 Se and Salt Stress 1267.4.2 Se and Drought Stress 1277.4.3 Se Counteracting Low-temperature Stress 1287.4.4 Se Ameliorating the Effects of UV-B Irradiation 1287.4.5 Se and Heavy Metal Stress 1297.5 Conclusion 1297.6 Future Perspectives 130References 1308 Polyamines Ameliorate Oxidative Stress by Regulating Antioxidant Systems and Interacting with Plant Growth Regulators 135Prabal Das, Aditya Banerjee, and Aryadeep Roychoudhury8.1 Introduction 1358.2 PAs as Cellular Antioxidants 1368.2.1 PAs Scavenge Reactive Oxygen Species 1368.2.2 The Co-operative Biosynthesis of PAs and Proline 1378.3 The Relationship Between PAs and Growth Regulators 1378.3.1 Brassinosteroids and PAs 1378.3.2 Ethylene and PAs 1378.3.3 Salicylic Acid and PAs 1388.3.4 Abscisic Acid and PAs 1388.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 139Acknowledgments 140References 1409 Abscisic Acid in Abiotic Stress-responsive Gene Expression 145Liliane Souza Conceição Tavares, Sávio Pinho dos Reis, Deyvid Novaes Marques, Eraldo José Madureira Tavares, Solange da Cunha Ferreira, Francinilson Meireles Coelho, and Cláudia Regina Batista de Souza9.1 Introduction 1459.2 Deep Evolutionary Roots 1469.3 ABA Chemical Structure, Biosynthesis, and Metabolism 1519.4 ABA Perception and Signaling 1539.5 ABA Regulation of Gene Expression 1549.5.1 Cis-regulatory Elements 1559.5.2 Transcription Factors Involved in the ABA-Mediated Abiotic Stress Response 1569.5.2.1 bZIP Family 1579.5.2.2 MYC and MYB 1579.5.2.3 NAC Family 1599.5.2.4 AP2/ERF Family 1609.5.2.5 Zinc Finger Family 1629.6 Post-transcriptional and Post-translational Control in Regulating ABA Response 1649.7 Epigenetic Regulation of ABA Response 1679.8 Conclusion 168References 16910 Abiotic StressManagement in Plants: Role of Ethylene 185Anket Sharma, Vinod Kumar, Gagan Preet Singh Sidhu, Rakesh Kumar, Sukhmeen Kaur Kohli, Poonam Yadav, Dhriti Kapoor, Aditi Shreeya Bali, Babar Shahzad, Kanika Khanna, Sandeep Kumar, Ashwani Kumar Thukral, and Renu Bhardwaj10.1 Introduction 18510.2 Ethylene: Abundance, Biosynthesis, Signaling, and Functions 18610.3 Abiotic Stress and Ethylene Biosynthesis 18710.4 Role of Ethylene in Photosynthesis Under Abiotic Stress 18810.5 Role of Ethylene on ROS and Antioxidative System Under Abiotic Stress 19410.6 Conclusion 196References 19611 Crosstalk Among Phytohormone Signaling Pathways During Abiotic Stress 209Abhimanyu Jogawat11.1 Introduction 20911.2 Phytohormone Crosstalk Phenomenon and its Necessity 21011.3 Various Phytohormonal Crosstalk Under Abiotic Stresses for Improving Stress Tolerance 21011.3.1 Crosstalk Between ABA and GA 21011.3.2 Crosstalk Between GA and ET 21111.3.3 Crosstalk Between ABA and ET 21111.3.4 Crosstalk Between ABA and Auxins 21211.3.5 Crosstalk Between ET and Auxins 21311.3.6 Crosstalk Between ABA and CTs 21311.4 Conclusion and Future Directions 213Acknowledgements 215References 21512 PlantMolecular Chaperones: Structural Organization and their Roles in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 221Roshan Kumar Singh, Varsha Gupta, and Manoj Prasad12.1 Introduction 22112.2 Classification of Plant HSPs 22312.2.1 Structure and Functions of sHSP Family 22312.2.2 Structure and Functions of HSP60 Family 22412.2.3 Structure and Functions of the HSP70 Family 22512.2.3.1 DnaJ/HSP40 22712.2.4 Structure and Functions of HSP90 Family 22812.2.5 Structure and Functions of HSP100 Family 22912.3 Regulation of HSP Expression in Plants 23012.4 Crosstalk Between HSP Networks to Provide Tolerance Against Abiotic Stress 23112.5 Genetic Engineering of HSPs for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 23212.6 Conclusion 234Acknowledgements 234References 23413 Chloride (Cl−) Uptake, Transport, and Regulation in Plant Salt Tolerance 241DB Shelke, GC Nikalje, TD Nikam, P Maheshwari, DL Punita, KRSS Rao, PB Kavi Kishor, and P. Suprasanna13.1 Introduction 24113.2 Sources of Cl− Ion Contamination 24213.3 Role of Cl− in Plant Growth and Development 24313.4 Cl− Toxicity 24413.5 Interaction of Soil Cl− with Plant Tissues 24513.5.1 Cl− Influx from Soil to Root 24513.5.2 Mechanism of Cl− Efflux at the Membrane Level 24513.5.3 Differential Accumulation of Cl− in Plants and Compartmentalization 24613.6 Electrophysiological Study of Cl− Anion Channels in Plants 24713.7 Channels and Transporters Participating in Cl− Homeostasis 24813.7.1 Slow Anion Channel and Associated Homologs 24913.7.2 QUAC1 and Aluminum-activated Malate Transporters 25113.7.3 Plant Chloride Channel Family Members 25313.7.4 Phylogenetic Tree and Tissue Localization of CLC Family Members 25513.7.5 Cation, Chloride Co-transporters 25713.7.6 ATP-binding Cassette Transporters and Chloride Conductance Regulatory Protein 25813.7.7 Nitrate Transporter1/Peptide Transporter Proteins 25913.7.8 Chloride Channel-mediated Anion Transport 25913.7.9 Possible Mechanisms of Cl− Influx, Efflux, Reduced Net Xylem Loading, and its Compartmentalization 26013.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 260References 26114 The Root Endomutualist Piriformospora indica: A Promising Bio-tool for Improving Crops under Salinity Stress 269Abhimanyu Jogawat, Deepa Bisht, Nidhi Verma, Meenakshi Dua, and Atul Kumar Johri14.1 Introduction 26914.2 P. indica: An Extraordinary Tool for Salinity Stress Tolerance Improvement 26914.3 Utilization of P. indica for Improving and Understanding the Salinity Stress Tolerance of Host Plants 27014.4 P. indica-induced Biomodulation in Host Plant under Salinity Stress 27014.5 Activity of Antioxidant Enzymes and ROS in Host Plant During Interaction with P. indica 27214.6 Role of Calcium Signaling and MAP Kinase Signaling Combating Salt Stress 27214.7 Effect of P. indica on Osmolyte Synthesis and Accumulation 27314.8 Salinity Stress Tolerance Mechanism in Axenically Cultivated and Root Colonized P. indica 27414.9 Conclusion 277Acknowledgments 278Conflict of Interest 278References 27815 Root Endosymbiont-mediated Priming of Host Plants for Abiotic Stress Tolerance 283Abhimanyu Jogawat, Deepa Bisht, and Atul Kumar Johri15.1 Introduction 28315.2 Bacterial Symbionts-mediated Abiotic Stress Tolerance Priming of Host Plants 28415.3 AM Fungi-mediated Alleviation of Abiotic Stress Tolerance of Vascular Plants 28615.4 Other Beneficial Fungi and their Importance in Abiotic Stress Tolerance Priming of Plants 28715.4.1 Piriformospora indica: A Model System for Bio-priming of Host Plants Against Abiotic Stresses 28815.4.2 Fungal Endophytes, AM-like Fungi, and Other DSE-mediated Bio-priming ofHost Plants for Abiotic Stress Tolerance 28915.5 Implication of Transgenes from Symbiotic Microorganisms in the Era of Genetic Engineering and Omics 28915.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 290Acknowledgements 291References 29116 Insight into the Molecular Interaction Between Leguminous Plants and Rhizobia Under Abiotic Stress 301Sumanti Gupta and Sampa Das16.1 Introduction 30116.1.1 Why is Legume–Rhizobium Interaction Under the Scientific Scanner? 30116.2 Legume–Rhizobium Interaction Chemistry: A Brief Overview 30216.2.1 Nodule Structure and Formation:The Sequential Events 30216.2.2 Nod Factor Signaling: From Perception to Nodule Inception 30416.2.3 Reactive Oxygen Species:The Crucial Role of the Mobile Signal in Nodulation 30516.2.4 Phytohormones: Key Players on All Occasions 30616.2.5 Autoregulation of Nodulation: The Self Control fromWithin 30616.3 Role of Abiotic Stress Factors in Influencing Symbiotic Relations of Legumes 30716.3.1 How Do Abiotic Stress Factors Alter Rhizobial Behavior During Symbiotic Association? 30716.3.2 Abiotic Agents Modulate Symbiotic Signals of Host Legumes 30816.3.3 Abiotic Stress Agents as Regulators of Defense Signals of Symbiotic Hosts During Interaction with Other Pathogens 30916.4 Conclusion: The Lessons Unlearnt 309References 31017 Effect of Nanoparticles on Oxidative Damage and Antioxidant Defense Systemin Plants 315Savita Sharma, Vivek K. Singh, Anil Kumar, and Sharada Mallubhotla17.1 Introduction 31517.2 Engineered Nanoparticles in the Environment 31717.3 Nanoparticle Transformations 31817.4 Plant Response to Nanoparticle Stress 32017.5 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 32317.6 Nanoparticle Induced Oxidative Stress 32417.7 Antioxidant Defense System in Plants 32617.8 Conclusion 327References 32818 Marker-assisted Selection for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 335Saikat Gantait, Sutanu Sarkar, and Sandeep Kumar Verma18.1 Introduction 33518.2 Reaction of Plants to Abiotic Stress 33618.3 Basic Concept of Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 33718.4 Genetics of Abiotic Stress Tolerance 33818.5 Fundamentals of Molecular Markers and Marker-assisted Selection 33918.5.1 Molecular Markers 33918.5.2 Marker-assisted Selection 34118.6 Marker-assisted Selection for Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants 34118.6.1 Marker-assisted Selection for Heat Tolerance 34218.6.1.1 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) 34218.6.1.2 Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) 34318.6.1.3 Oilseed Brassica 34318.6.1.4 Grape (Vitis species) 34318.7 Marker-assisted Selection for Drought Tolerance 34418.7.1.1 Maize (Zea mays) 34418.7.1.2 Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) 34518.7.1.3 Oilseed Brassica 34618.7.1.4 Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) 34618.7.2 Marker-assisted Selection for Salinity Tolerance 34718.7.2.1 Rice (Oryza sativa) 34718.7.2.2 Mungbean (Vigna radiata) 34818.7.2.3 Oilseed Brassica 34918.7.2.4 Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) 35018.7.3 Marker-assisted Selection for Low Temperature Tolerance 35118.7.3.1 Barley (Hordeum vulgare) 35118.7.3.2 Pea (Pisum sativum) 35318.7.3.3 Oilseed Brassica 35418.7.3.4 Potato (Solanum tuberosum) 35518.8 Outlook 356References 35619 Transgenes: The Key to Understanding Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Rice 369Supratim Basu, Lymperopoulos Panagiotis, Joseph Msanne, and Roel Rabara19.1 Introduction 36919.2 Drought Effects in Rice Leaves 37019.3 Molecular Analysis of Drought Stress Response 37019.4 Omics Approach to Analysis of Drought Response 37119.4.1 Transcriptomics 37119.4.2 Metabolomics 37219.4.3 Epigenomics 37319.5 Plant Breeding Techniques to Improve Rice Tolerance 37419.6 Marker-assisted Selection 37419.7 Transgenic Approach: Present Status and Future Prospects 37519.8 Looking into the Future for Developing Drought-tolerant Transgenic Rice Plants 37619.9 Salinity Stress in Rice 37619.10 Candidate Genes for Salt Tolerance in Rice 37819.11 QTL Associated with Rice Tolerance to Salinity Stress 37919.12 The Saltol QTL 38019.13 Conclusion 381References 38120 Impact of Next-generation Sequencing in Elucidating the Role of microRNA Related to Multiple Abiotic Stresses 389Kavita Goswami, Anita Tripathi, Budhayash Gautam, and Neeti Sanan-Mishra20.1 Introduction 38920.2 NGS Platforms and their Applications 39020.2.1 NGS Platforms 39020.2.1.1 Roche 454 39020.2.1.2 ABI SoLid 39120.2.1.3 ION Torrent 39220.2.1.4 Illumina 39320.2.2 Applications of NGS 39420.2.2.1 Genomics 39520.2.2.2 Metagenomics 39620.2.2.3 Epigenomics 39620.2.2.4 Transcriptomics 39720.3 Understanding the Small RNA Family 39820.3.1 Small Interfering RNAs 39820.3.2 microRNA 40220.4 Criteria and Tools for Computational Classification of Small RNAs 40220.4.1 Pre-processing (Quality Filtering and Sequence Alignment) 40320.4.2 Identification and Prediction of miRNAs and siRNAs 40320.5 Role of NGS in Identification of Stress-regulated miRNA and their Targets 40720.5.1 miR156 40820.5.2 miR159 40820.5.3 miR160 40920.5.4 miR164 40920.5.5 miR166 40920.5.6 miR167 40920.5.7 miR168 41020.5.8 miR169 41020.5.9 miR172 41020.5.10 miR393 41020.5.11 miR396 41120.5.12 miR398 41120.6 Conclusion 411Acknowledgments 412References 41221 Understanding the Interaction of Molecular Factors During the Crosstalk Between Drought and Biotic Stresses in Plants 427Arnab Purohit, Shreeparna Ganguly, Rituparna Kundu Chaudhuri, and Dipankar Chakraborti21.1 Introduction 42721.2 Combined Stress Responses in Plants 42821.3 Combined Drought–Biotic Stresses in Plants 42821.3.1 Plant Responses Against Biotic Stress during Drought Stress 42921.3.2 Plant Responses Against Drought Stress during Biotic Stress 43021.4 Varietal Failure Against Multiple Stresses 43021.5 Transcriptome Studies of Multiple Stress Responses 43121.6 Signaling Pathways Induced by Drought–Biotic Stress Responses 43221.6.1 Reactive Oxygen Species 43221.6.2 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Cascades 43321.6.3 Transcription Factors 43421.6.4 Heat Shock Proteins and Heat Shock Factors 43621.6.5 Role of ABA Signaling during Crosstalk 43721.7 Conclusion 438Acknowledgments 439Conflict of Interest 439References 439Index 447