KRISHNA R. REDDY, PHD, is a Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering in the Department of Civil and Materials Engineering at the University of Illinois at Chicago, and the Director of the Sustainable Engineering Research Laboratory and the Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering Laboratory.CLAUDIO CAMESELLE, PHD, is an Associate Professor at the University of Vigo (Spain) where he coordinates the master programs in industrial pollution and environmental mangement.JEFFREY A. ADAMS, PHD, is a Principal with San Ramon, California-based ENGEO Incorporated. He is a licensed Professional Engineer in the State of California and a Certified Environmental Manager in the State of Nevada.

• Preface xviiSection I Drivers, Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts, and Resiliency 11 Emerging Challenges, Sustainability, and Sustainable Engineering 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Emerging Challenges 31.2.1 Increased Consumption and Depletion of Natural Resources 31.2.2 Growing Environmental Pollution 61.2.3 Increasing Population 71.2.4 Increasing Waste Generation 81.2.5 Increasing Greenhouse Gas Emissions 101.2.6 Decline of Ecosystems 131.2.7 Loss of Biodiversity 131.2.8 Social Injustice 141.2.9 Urban Sprawl 161.3 The Master Equation or IPAT Equation 171.4 What Is Sustainability? 171.5 What Is Sustainable Engineering? 211.6 Summary 251.7 Questions 26References 262 Environmental Concerns 312.1 Introduction 312.2 Global Warming and Climate Change 322.3 Desertification 402.4 Deforestation 402.5 Loss of Habitat and Biodiversity 412.6 Ozone Layer Depletion 432.7 Air Pollution 442.8 Smog 462.9 Acid Rain 472.10 Water Usage and Pollution 482.11 Eutrophication 512.12 Salinity 522.13 Wastes and Disposal 522.14 Land Contamination 592.15 Visibility 602.16 Odors 602.17 Aesthetic Degradation 612.18 Land Use Patterns 612.19 Thermal Pollution 612.20 Noise Pollution 622.21 Summary 622.22 Questions 63References 643 Social, Economic, and Legal Issues 693.1 Introduction 693.2 Social Issues 693.2.1 Society 693.2.2 Developed and Developing Societies 703.2.3 Social Sustainability Concept 713.2.4 Social Indicators 723.2.5 Social Impact Assessment 733.2.6 Social Sustainability Implementation 773.3 Economic Issues 773.3.1 Economic Assessment Framework 783.3.2 Life Cycle Costing 793.3.3 True-cost Accounting 793.4 Legal Issues 803.5 Summary 813.6 Questions 81References 824 Availability and Depletion of Natural Resources 854.1 Introduction 854.2 Types and Availability of Resources 854.2.1 Fossil Fuels 854.2.2 Radioactive Fuels 874.2.3 Mineral Resources 884.2.4 Water Resources 894.2.5 Other Elemental Cycles 914.3 Resource Depletion 944.3.1 Causes of Resource Depletion 954.3.2 Effects of Resource Depletion 954.3.3 Overshooting 984.3.4 Urban Metabolism 984.4 Summary 994.5 Questions 100References 1015 Disaster Resiliency 1035.1 Introduction 1035.2 Climate Change and Extreme Events 1045.3 Impacts of Extreme Events 1055.3.1 The 2012 Hurricane Sandy in New York City 1055.3.2 The 2016 Chile’s Wildfires by Drought and Record Heat 1065.3.3 The 2017Worst South Asian Monsoon Floods 1065.4 What Is Resiliency? 1065.5 Initiatives and Policies on Resiliency 1095.6 Resiliency Framework 1125.7 Resilient Infrastructure 1155.8 Resilient Infrastructure Examples 1175.8.1 San Francisco Firehouse Resilient Design 1175.8.2 San Francisco Resilient CSD Design 1175.8.3 Resilient Environmental Remediation 1195.9 Challenges 1265.10 Summary 1265.11 Questions 127References 127Section II Sustainability Metrics and Assessment Tools 1316 Sustainability Indicators, Metrics, and Assessment Tools 1336.1 Introduction 1336.2 Sustainability Indicators 1336.3 Sustainability Metrics 1366.4 Sustainability Assessment Tools 1376.5 Summary 1396.6 Questions 139References 1407 Material Flow Analysis and Material Budget 1437.1 Introduction 1437.2 Budget of Natural Resources 1437.3 Constructing a Budget 1457.4 Material Flow Analysis 1457.5 Material Flow Analysis: Wastes 1487.6 National Material Account 1517.7 Summary 1557.8 Questions 156References 1568 Carbon Footprint Analysis 1598.1 Introduction 1598.2 Global Warming Potential and Carbon Footprint 1598.3 Measuring Carbon Footprint 1618.3.1 Define the Scope of Your Inventory 1618.3.2 Measure Emissions and Establish a Baseline 1618.3.3 Develop Targets and Strategies to Reduce Emissions 1648.3.4 Off-set Unavoidable Emissions 1648.3.5 Independent Verification 1648.4 Standards for Calculating the Carbon Footprint 1648.5 GHG Inventory: Developments in the United States 1658.6 USEPA: Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program 1668.7 Tools for GHG Inventory 1668.8 UIC Carbon Footprint Case Study 1678.9 Programs to Mitigate GHG Emissions 1718.10 Summary 1728.11 Questions 172References 1729 Life Cycle Assessment 1759.1 Introduction 1759.2 Life Cycle Assessment 1769.2.1 Definition and Objective 1769.2.2 Procedure 1769.2.3 History 1789.3 LCA Methodology 1799.3.1 Goal and Scope Definition 1809.3.2 Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) 1819.3.3 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) 1849.3.4 Interpretation 1889.4 LCA Tools and Applications 1899.5 Summary 1909.6 Questions 191References 19110 Streamlined Life Cycle Assessment 19310.1 Introduction 19310.2 Streamlined LCA (SLCA) 19410.3 Expanded SLCA 19710.4 Simple Example of SLCA 20010.5 Applications of SLCA 20210.6 Summary 20610.7 Questions 206References 20711 Economic Input–Output Life Cycle Assessment 20911.1 Introduction 20911.2 EIO Model 20911.3 EIO-LCA 21111.4 EIO-LCA Model Results 21311.4.1 Interpretation of Results 21311.4.2 Uncertainty 21311.4.3 Other Issues and Considerations 21411.5 Example of EIO-LCA Model 21411.6 Conventional LCA versus EIO-LCA 21611.7 EIO versus Physical Input–Output (PIO) Analysis 21811.8 Summary 22111.9 Questions 221References 22212 Environmental Health Risk Assessment 22312.1 Introduction 22312.2 Emergence of the Risk Era 22312.3 Risk Assessment and Management 22412.3.1 Hazard Identification 22512.3.2 Dose–Response Assessment 22512.3.3 Exposure Assessment 22712.3.4 Risk Characterization 22812.4 Ecological Risk Assessment 23012.5 Summary 23112.6 Questions 232References 23213 Other Emerging Assessment Tools 23313.1 Introduction 23313.2 Environmental Assessment Tools/Indicators 23313.3 Economic Assessment Tools 23513.3.1 Life-Cycle Costing 23613.3.2 Cost–Benefit Analysis 23713.4 Ecosystem Services Valuation Tools 23713.5 Environmental Justice Tools 23813.6 Integrated Sustainability Assessment Tools 23913.7 Summary 24113.8 Questions 241References 242Section III Sustainable Engineering Practices 24314 Sustainable Energy Engineering 24514.1 Introduction 24514.2 Environmental Impacts of Energy Generation 24614.2.1 Air Emissions 24614.2.2 Solid Waste Generation 25014.2.3 Water Resource Use 25014.2.4 Land Resource Use 25014.3 Nuclear Energy 25114.4 Strategies for Clean Energy 25214.5 Renewable Energy 25414.5.1 Solar Energy 25414.5.2 Wind Energy 25514.5.3 Water Energy 25714.5.4 Geothermal Energy 25914.5.5 Biomass Energy 26214.6 Summary 26514.7 Questions 266References 26615 Sustainable Waste Management 26915.1 Introduction 26915.2 Types of Waste 26915.2.1 Nonhazardous Waste 27015.2.2 Hazardous Waste 27015.3 Effects and Impacts of Waste 27015.4 Waste Management 27115.4.1 Pollution Prevention 27215.4.2 Green Chemistry 27215.4.3 Waste Minimization 27415.4.4 Reuse/Recycling 27415.4.5 Energy Recovery 27615.4.6 Landfilling 27615.5 Integrated Waste Management 27815.6 Sustainable Waste Management 28115.7 Circular Economy 28215.8 Summary 28315.9 Questions 283References 28416 Green and Sustainable Buildings 28716.1 Introduction 28716.2 Green Building History 28816.3 Why Build Green? 28816.4 Green Building Concepts 28916.5 Components of Green Building 29016.6 Green Building Rating – LEED 29316.7 Summary 29716.8 Questions 297References 29817 Sustainable Civil Infrastructure 29917.1 Introduction 29917.2 Principles of Sustainable Infrastructure 30017.3 Civil Infrastructure 30017.4 EnvisionTM: Sustainability Rating of Civil Infrastructure 30217.5 Sustainable Infrastructure Practices: Example of Water Infrastructure 30517.5.1 Green Roofs 30617.5.2 Permeable Pavements 30617.5.3 Rainwater Harvesting 30717.5.4 Rain Gardens and Planter Boxes 30917.5.5 Bioswales 30917.5.6 Constructed Wetlands and Tree Canopies 30917.6 Summary 31317.7 Questions 313References 31418 Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Sites 31518.1 Introduction 31518.2 Contaminated Site Remediation Approach 31718.3 Green and Sustainable Remediation Technologies 31818.4 Sustainable Remediation Framework 32318.5 Sustainable Remediation Indicators, Metrics, and Tools 32618.6 Case Studies 32818.7 Challenges and Opportunities 32918.8 Summary 33018.9 Questions 331References 33219 Climate Geoengineering 33319.1 Introduction 33319.2 Climate Geoengineering 33619.3 Carbon Dioxide Removal (CDR) Methods 33619.3.1 Subsurface Sequestration 33619.3.2 Surface Sequestration 33819.3.3 Marine Organism Sequestration 33819.3.4 Direct Engineered Capture 33919.4 Solar Radiation Management (SRM) Methods 34019.4.1 Sulfur Injection 34219.4.2 Reflectors and Mirrors 34319.5 Applicability of CDR and SRM 34419.6 Climate Geoengineering – A Theoretical Framework 34519.7 Risks and Challenges 34519.8 Summary 34719.9 Questions 348References 348Section IV Sustainable Engineering Applications 35120 Environmental and Chemical Engineering Projects 35320.1 Introduction 35320.2 Food Scrap Landfilling Versus Composting 35320.2.1 Background 35320.2.2 Methodology 35520.2.3 Environmental Sustainability 35820.2.4 Life Cycle Assessment 35920.2.5 Economic Sustainability 35920.2.6 Social Sustainability 36520.2.7 ENVISIONTM 36520.2.8 Conclusions 36820.3 Adsorbent for the Removal of Arsenic from Groundwater 36820.3.1 Background 36820.3.2 Methodology 36920.3.3 Environmental Sustainability 37220.3.4 Economic Sustainability 37320.3.5 Social Sustainability 37520.3.6 Streamline Life Cycle Assessment (SLCA) 37520.3.7 Envision 37820.3.8 Conclusions 38020.4 Conventional Versus Biocover Landfill Cover System 38120.4.1 Background 38220.4.2 Methodology 38320.4.3 Environmental Sustainability 38620.4.4 Economic Sustainability 39120.4.5 Social Sustainability 39320.4.6 Conclusions 39420.5 Algae Biomass Deep Well Reactors Versus Open Pond Systems 39420.5.1 Background 39420.5.2 Methodology 39620.5.3 Environmental Sustainability 40020.5.4 Economic Sustainability 40220.5.5 Social Sustainability 40220.5.6 Conclusions 40520.6 Remedial Alternatives for PCB- and Pesticide-Contaminated Sediment 40520.6.1 Background 40520.6.2 Methodology 40620.6.3 Environmental Sustainability 41020.6.4 Economic Sustainability 41120.6.5 Social Sustainability 41220.6.6 Overall Sustainability 41420.6.7 Conclusions 41620.7 Summary 416References 41721 Civil and Materials Engineering Sustainability Projects 41921.1 Introduction 41921.2 Sustainable Translucent Composite Panels 41921.2.1 Background 41921.2.2 Methodology 42021.2.3 Environmental Sustainability 42321.2.4 Economic Sustainability 42321.2.5 Social Sustainability 42721.2.6 Conclusions 43021.3 Sustainability Assessment of Concrete Mixtures for Pavements and Bridge Decks 43021.3.1 Background 43021.3.2 Methodology 43221.3.3 Environmental Sustainability 43921.3.4 Economic Sustainability 44521.3.5 Social Sustainability 44721.3.6 Conclusions 44821.4 Sustainability Assessment of Parking Lot Design Alternatives 44921.4.1 Background 44921.4.2 Methodology 45021.4.3 Environmental Sustainability 45221.4.4 Economic Sustainability 45521.4.5 Social Sustainability 45621.4.6 Overall Sustainability 45721.4.7 Conclusions 45721.5 Summary 458References 45822 Infrastructure Engineering Sustainability Projects 46122.1 Introduction 46122.2 Comparison of Two Building Designs for an Electric Bus Substation 46122.2.1 Background 46122.2.2 Methodology 46222.2.3 Environmental Sustainability 46322.2.4 Economic Sustainability 46722.2.5 Social Sustainability 46922.2.6 Conclusion 47222.3 Prefabricated Cantilever Retaining Wall versus Conventional Cantilever Cast-in Place Retaining Wall 47222.3.1 Background 47322.3.2 Methodology 47322.3.3 Environmental Sustainability 47722.3.4 Economic Sustainability 47722.3.5 Social Sustainability 47822.3.6 Conclusion 48322.4 Sustainability Assessment of Two Alternate Water Pipelines 48322.4.1 Background 48322.4.2 Methodology 48422.4.3 Environmental Sustainability 48622.4.4 Economic Sustainability 48722.4.5 Social Sustainability 48822.4.6 Conclusion 48922.5 Sustainable Rural Electrification 49122.5.1 Background 49122.5.2 Methodology 49122.5.3 Environmental Sustainability 49322.5.4 Economic Sustainability 49322.5.5 Social Sustainability 49722.5.6 Conclusion 49822.6 Sustainability Assessment of Shear Wall Retrofitting Techniques 49922.6.1 Background 49922.6.2 Methodology 50022.6.3 Environmental Sustainability 50322.6.4 Economic Sustainability 50522.6.5 Social Sustainability 50722.6.6 Overall Sustainability 50722.6.7 Conclusion 50822.7 Summary 510References 510Index 513