Recent Advances in Micro- and Macroalgal Processing

About the EditorsGaurav Rajauria, Natural Product Chemist, School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, IrelandYvonne V. Yuan, Associate Professor, School of Nutrition, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada

• Acknowledgments vAbout the IFST Advances in Food Science Book Series xviiList of Contributors xixPreface xxiiiSection I Composition and Extraction Technologies For Algal Bioactives1 Algae: A Functional Food with a Rich History and Future Superfood 3Gaurav Rajauria, and Yvonne V. Yuan1.1 Introduction 31.2 History of Macro- and Microalgae Consumption 41.3 Economic Relevance of Macro- and Microalgae 61.4 Book Objectives 71.5 Book Structure 7References 112 Influence of Seasonal Variation on Chemical Composition and Nutritional Profiles of Macro- and Microalgae 14K. Suresh Kumar, Sushma Kumari, Kamleshwar Singh, and Pratibha Kushwaha2.1 Introduction 142.2 Influence of Seasonal Variation on Biochemical Composition of Micro- and Macroalgae 222.3 Pigments 242.4 Carbohydrates/Polysaccharides 312.5 Fiber Content 362.6 Proteins 382.7 Lipids and PUFAs 482.8 Inorganic Elements and Minerals 522.9 Vitamins 562.10 Phenolic Compounds 572.11 Other Compounds 592.12 Conclusion 59References 603 Advances in Drying and Milling Technologies for Algae 72K.Y. Show, Y.G. Yan, and Duu-Jong Lee3.1 Introduction 723.2 Algal Cell Drying Technologies 743.3 Algal Cell Milling Technologies 813.4 Challenges and Prospects 873.5 Conclusion 89References 894 Recent Advances in the Use of Greener Extraction Technologies for the Recovery of Valuable Bioactive Compounds from Algae 96Marco Garcia-Vaquero, Torres Sweeney, John O’Doherty, and Gaurav Rajauria4.1 Introduction 964.2 Green Extraction Technologies and Applications 984.3 Combination Techniques 1124.4 Challenges and Future Perspectives 115Acknowledgments 116References 1165 Extraction Technologies for Functional Lipids 123Calle Niemi and Francesco G. Gentili5.1 Introduction 1235.2 Conventional Extraction Techniques for Functional Lipids 1245.3 Application of Novel Extraction Technologies for Functional Lipids 1275.4 Future Recommendations 134Acknowledgments 134References 1356 Extraction Technologies for Proteins and Peptides 141Ariane Tremblay and Lucie Beaulieu6.1 Introduction 1416.2 Conventional Extraction Techniques for Proteins and Peptides 1446.3 Emerging Technologies for Proteins and Peptides 1516.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 154References 1557 Extraction Technologies to Recover Dietary Polyphenols from Macro- and Microalgae 163M. Shanmugam, Abirami Ramu Ganesan, and Gaurav Rajauria7.1 Introduction 1637.2 Conventional Extraction Techniques for Polyphenols 1647.3 Innovative Extraction Technologies for Isolation of Polyphenols from Macroalgae 1667.4 Factors Affecting Extraction 1787.5 Challenges and Future Recommendations 180Acknowledgments 180References 1818 Extraction Technologies for Bioactive Polysaccharides 188Rashida Qari and Rajeev Ravindran8.1 Introduction 1888.2 Polysaccharides in Seaweed 1898.3 Conventional Technologies for Polysaccharide Extraction 1928.4 Advanced Technologies for Polysaccharide Extraction 2008.5 Conclusion 203References 203Section II Biological Properties of Algal Derived Compounds9 Potential Biological Activities Associated with Algal Derived Compounds 211Yvonne V. Yuan9.1 Introduction 2119.2 Antioxidant and Anticarcinogenic Activities of Macro- and Microalgal Constituents 2139.3 Antiobesogenic Biological Activities of Macroalgal Constituents 2249.4 Antidiabetic Biological Activities of Macroalgal Constituents 2249.5 Prebiotic Biological Activities of Macroalgal Constituents 2269.6 Immune System Biological Activities of Macroalgal Constituents 2279.7 Conclusion and Future Work 227Acknowledgments 227References 22810 Algal Polysaccharides and Their Biological Properties 231Kit-Leong Cheong, Valentina Jesumani, Bilal Muhammad Khan, Yang Liu, and Hong Du10.1 Introduction 23110.2 Structure of Marine Algae Polysaccharides 23210.3 Isolation and Purification of Polysaccharides from Algae 24010.4 Health-Promoting Activities of MAP 24810.5 Conclusion and Future Trends 263References 26411 Marine Algal Derived Phenolic Compounds and their Biological Activities for Medicinal and Cosmetic Applications 278Leslie Gager, Fanny Lalegerie, Solène Connan, and Valérie Stiger-Pouvreau11.1 Introduction 27811.2 Types and Structures of Phenolic Compounds from Algae 28011.3 Isolation and Purification of Phenolic Compounds from Algae 28511.4 Biological Properties of Phenolic Compounds in Health, Well-Being, and Cosmetics 29011.5 Potential Commercial Applications 30611.6 Conclusions and Future Trends 308Acknowledgments 310References 31012 Algal Carotenoids: Recovery and their Potential in Disease Prevention 335V. Sivamurugan, D. Radhika, Abirami Ramu Ganesan, and S. Murugesan12.1 Introduction 33512.2 Types and Structure of Carotenoids in Microalgae 33712.3 Isolation and Purification of Carotenoids from Algae 34312.4 Biological Properties of Carotenoids and Possible Health Effects 34912.5 Potential Commercial Applications 35412.6 Conclusions and Future Recommendations 358Acknowledgments 358References 35813 Algal Derived Functional Lipids and their Role in Promoting Health 370Nolwenn Terme, Benoît Chénais, Mathilde Fournière, Nathalie Bourgougnon, and Gilles Bedoux13.1 Introduction 37013.2 Types and Structures of Fatty Acids from Algae 37113.3 Isolation and Purification of FAs from Algae 37813.4 Health Properties of FAs 38413.5 Potential Commercial Applications 39613.6 Conclusion and Future Trends 397Acknowledgments 398References 39814 Algal Proteins and Peptides: Current Trends and Future Prospects 418Abirami Ramu Ganesan, Shanmugam Munisamy, Rajeev Bhat, Palaniappan Seedevi, Kannan Mohan, and Shingo Matsukawa14.1 Introduction 41814.2 Isolation and Purification of Proteins from Algae 41914.3 Structural Characteristics of Micro- and Macroalgae Peptides 42114.4 Protein and Peptide Extraction Methods from Algae 42414.5 Biological Properties of Micro- and Macroalgal Peptides and Possible Health Effects 43114.6 Potential Commercial Applications of Micro- and Macroalgal Peptides and Proteins 43614.7 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 437Acknowledgments 438References 43815 Algal Dietary Fiber and its Health Benefits 446Shakeel Ramzan, Muhammad Mushtaq, Sumia Akram, and Ahmad Adnan15.1 Introduction 44615.2 Dietary Fiber 44715.3 Physical Properties of Dietary Fiber (Dispersibility, Viscosity, Binding Capacity, Fermentability) 45215.4 Therapeutic Effect of Algal Dietary Fibers 45615.5 Potential Commercial Applications 45815.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 459References 460Section III Application of Algae and Algal Components16 Applications of Algae and Algae Extracts in Human Food and Feed 467Sara Amiri Samani, Maryam Jafari, Sayed Mohammad Sahafi, and Shahin Roohinejad16.1 Introduction 46716.2 Nutritional Composition of Algae 46816.3 Application of Whole Algae in Food Products 46816.4 Application of Whole Algae in Feed 47316.5 Algal Extracts as Ingredients in Food Products 47516.6 Conclusion and Future Recommendations 481References 48117 Role of Algal Compounds for Human Health 487Sidra Ehsan, Sumia Akram, Zohaib Saeed, Muhammad Pervaiz, and Muhammad Mushtaq17.1 Introduction 48717.2 Classification of Algae 48817.3 Proximate Composition of Algae 49017.4 Commercial Importance of Macroalgae in Human Nutrition 500References 50218 Advancements in Algae in Nutraceutical and Functional Food 506Froylán M.E. Escalante and Daniel A. Pérez-Rico18.1 Introduction 50618.2 Algal Derived Molecules 50718.3 Perspectives 524References 52619 Role of Algal Derived Compounds in Pharmaceuticals and Cosmetics 537María Lourdes Mourelle, Carmen P. Gómez, and José L. Legido19.1 Introduction 53719.2 Algae as a Source of Active Ingredients for Pharmaceutical Products 53819.3 Potential Pharmaceutical Formulations from Algae 55919.4 Algae as a Source of Active Ingredients for Cosmeceuticals 56719.5 Potential Cosmeceutical Formulations from Algae 58019.6 Conclusion and Future Trends 583References 58420 Economic Status of Seaweed: Production, Consumption, Commercial Applications, Hazards, and Legislations 604Anushree Priyadarshini, Akanksha Priyadarshini, and Gaurav Rajauria20.1 Introduction 60420.2 World Seaweed Utilization 60520.3 Commercial Usage of Seaweed and Seaweed Functional Components 61120.4 Hazards Associated with Seaweed Applications 61220.5 Legislation 61320.6 Conclusion 614References 614Index 617