Thermoforming

Processing and Technology

Inbunden, Engelska, 2024

1 888 kr

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Beskrivning

This book is a comprehensive reference manual that contains essential information on thermoforming processing and technology.The field of thermoforming is experiencing rapid development driven by commercial factors; millions of tons of polymers are manufactured for use in various applications, both as commodity and specialty polymers. Building on the previous edition published about ten years ago, this edition includes new, as well as, fully revised chapters and updated information on materials and processes. The book is designed to provide practitioners with essential information on processing and technology in a concise manner. The book caters to both engineers and experts by providing introductory aspects, background information, and an overview of thermoforming processing and technology. The troubleshooting section includes flowcharts to assist in correcting thermoforming processes.>em>Thermoforming: Processing and Technology offers a complete account of thermoplastics, covering properties and forming, with chapters providing perspective on the technologies involved. Readers will find it: serves as a handy knowledge source for professionals who occasionally work on thermoforming projects or need to refresh their knowledge;offers a troubleshooting guide that can help to identify and solve challenges that may arise in thermoforming processes;provides insights into process optimization, helping businesses improve efficiency, reduce waste, and enhance the quality of thermoformed products;acts as a course book to inform students about the thermoforming process.AudienceThe book will be of interest to mechanical, materials engineers, and process engineers who are involved in designing and optimizing thermoforming processes; professionals in the manufacturing and production industries who use thermoforming as a manufacturing method, such as in the production of plastic packaging, automotive components, and consumer goods; scientists, researchers, and students in plastics/polymer engineering and technology, materials science, polymer technology; professionals responsible for ensuring product quality and compliance with industry standards.

Produktinformation

Utgivningsdatum:2024-07-01
Mått:238 x 160 x 26 mm
Vikt:726 g
Format:Inbunden
Språk:Engelska
Antal sidor:352
Förlag:John Wiley & Sons Inc
ISBN:9781119555865

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Mer om författaren

Muralisrinivasan Natamai Subramanian has an extensive background in research & development (R&D) in the polymer industry. Throughout his career, he has demonstrated leadership by heading R&D teams and providing consultancy services to the polymer industry across different countries. Notably, he has successfully devised an organizational model for the technical team, resulting in increased research activities and enhanced satisfaction among polymer industries. Additionally, Dr. Muralisrinivasan has played a pivotal role in the integration of medium-scale companies within the sector. With a remarkable dedication of 33 years to the plastics industry, including 22 years as a consultant, he has conducted numerous training programs for various companies. He has authored 16 books on plastics engineering and technology, covering a wide range of topics such as troubleshooting in plastics processing, plastics additives and testing, plastics blends and composites, and electroactive polymers. His extensive knowledge encompasses polymer materials, machinery, testing, and applications.

Innehållsförteckning

Preface xiii1 Introduction 12 Polymers 52.1 Introduction 52.2 Physics and Chemistry of Polymers 62.3 Natural Polymers 62.4 Synthetic Polymers 72.5 Polymerization Methods 82.5.1 Addition Polymerization 82.5.2 Condensation Polymerization 92.6 Polymer Molecules in Thermoforming 102.7 Classification 11 2.8 Primary Classification 112.8.1 Homopolymers 112.8.2 Copolymers 122.8.2.1 Block Copolymers 132.8.2.2 Diblock Copolymers 162.8.2.3 Multiblock Copolymers 162.8.3 Alternating Copolymers 172.8.4 Random Copolymers 182.8.5 Graft Copolymers 182.8.6 Impact Copolymers 192.9 Secondary Classification 202.9.1 Thermoplastics 202.9.2 Thermosetting Plastics 222.10 Distinction Between Thermoplastics and Thermosetting 222.11 General Classification 232.11.1 Commodity Plastics 232.11.2 Engineering Plastics 243 Thermoplastics 273.1 Introduction 273.2 Polyolefins 273.3 Polyethylene 283.3.1 Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) 293.3.2 High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 303.3.3 Linear-Low-Density Polyethylene (LLDPE) 323.4 Polypropylene 333.5 Polystyrene (PS) 373.6 High-Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) 393.7 Polyvinylchloride 403.8 Acrylonitrile–Butadiene–Styrene (ABS) 413.9 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) 443.10 Acrylics 453.10.1 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 463.11 Nylon 6 (PA6) 483.12 Nylon 66 (PA66) 493.13 Polyoxymethylene (POM) 503.14 Polycarbonate (PC) 513.15 Poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) 533.16 Polyphenylene Oxide (PPO) 543.17 Polybutylene Terephthalate (PBT) 553.18 Liquid Crystalline Polymers 573.19 Cyclic Olefin Copolymer (COC) 573.20 Plastic Foams 583.21 Thermoplastic Elastomers 603.21.1 Thermoplastic Olefin (TPO) 603.21.2 Thermoplastic Urethane (TPU) 613.22 Thermoplastic Composites (TCs) 623.23 Bioplastics 653.23.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 653.23.2 Poly(Butylene Succinate) (PBS) 674 Properties of Thermoplastic Sheet Materials 694.1 Introduction 694.2 Polymer Characteristics 694.3 Polymer Morphology 704.3.1 Amorphous Polymers 714.3.2 Semi-Crystalline Polymers 724.3.3 Crystalline Polymers 744.3.4 Amorphous Versus Semi-Crystalline Polymers 754.4 Molecular Structure 764.5 Molecular Weight 774.6 Molecular Weight Distribution 774.7 Melt Flow Index 784.8 Glass Transition Temperature 794.9 Melt Temperature 824.10 Heat Deflection Temperature (HDT) 834.11 Crystallization Temperature 844.12 Melt Strength 864.13 Rheological Properties 894.14 Viscoelastic Behavior 894.15 Coefficient of Friction 924.16 Thermal Conductivity 934.17 Thermal Diffusivity 944.18 Specific Heat 954.19 Stress 964.20 Strain Hardening 974.21 Plastic Strain 994.22 Tensile Strain 1004.23 Tensile Yield Stress 1014.24 Deformation 1024.25 Stress Deformation 1044.26 Modulus and Stiffness 1064.27 Sag 1074.28 Toughness 1074.29 Effect of Additives 1085 Thermoforming Technology 1115.1 Introduction 1115.2 Thermoplastic Sheet Materials 1115.3 Mechanical Characteristics 1125.4 Thermoformability 1135.5 Thermoforming Cycle 1145.6 Draw Ratio 1155.7 Processing Window 1165.8 Mold 1185.9 Mold Design 1195.10 Heating Elements 1235.10.1 Infrared Heaters 1245.10.2 Flash Heaters 1255.10.3 Forced Convection Hot Air Heating 1255.10.4 Other Heaters 1265.11 Plug Material 1275.12 Plug Design 1285.13 Product Design 1295.14 Clamping 1315.15 Process Control 1325.16 Process Variables 1335.17 Thermal History 1385.18 Pre-Drying 1405.19 Plug Movement 1405.20 Plug Speed 1415.21 Sheet Temperature 1415.22 Mold Temperature 1435.23 Forming Temperature 1445.24 Wall Thickness Distribution 1445.25 Sheet Deformation 1455.26 Heat Transfer 1465.27 Effects of Temperature Distribution 1475.28 Effect of Drawing 1475.29 Effect of Frictional Force 1485.30 Effect of Plug-Assist/Vacuum 1485.31 Effect of Applied Pressure 1495.32 Effect of Heating 1505.33 Effect of Cooling 1515.34 Rate of Deforming 1535.35 Rate of Sagging 1545.36 Effect of Air Temperature 1555.37 Effect of Air Pressure 1555.38 Effect of Crystallinity and Morphology 1575.39 Processing Technology 1585.39.1 Heating Stage 1595.39.2 Sheet Heating 1595.39.3 Forming Stage 1605.39.4 Draw Ratio 1605.39.5 Cooling Stage 1605.40 Thermoforming—Processing of Thermoplastic Sheet Material 1615.41 Methods of Thermoforming 1635.42 Low-Pressure Forming Technology 1635.42.1 Basic Vacuum Forming 1635.43 Plug-Assist Thermoforming 1655.43.1 Plug-Assist Vacuum Forming 1665.44 Pressure Forming 1675.44.1 Plug Assist–Air Pressure Thermoforming 1695.45 Snapback Thermoforming 1705.46 Drape Forming 1715.47 Matched Mold Forming 1725.48 Foam Sheet Forming 1735.49 In-Line Thermoforming 1745.50 Industrial Versus Laboratory Thermoforming 1766 Troubleshooting Thermoforming 1796.1 Introduction 1796.2 Product Quality Analysis 1806.3 Product Quality 1816.4 Product Defects 1816.5 Fundamental and Inherent Defects 1836.6 Troubleshooting 1866.6.1 Blisters or Bubbles 1866.6.2 Webbing/Bridging 1886.6.3 Excessive Sheet Sag 1896.6.4 Pinhole or Rupturing 1906.6.5 Uneven Sag 1916.6.6 Part Sticks to the Mold 1926.6.7 Stretch Marks 1936.6.8 Nipple on the Mold Side of the Thermoformed Part 1936.6.9 Pock Marks 1946.6.10 Poor Wall Thickness 1956.6.11 Uneven Edges 1966.6.12 Tearing Sheet When Forming 1976.6.13 Bad Definition at the Edge 1986.6.14 Glossy Spots 1996.6.15 Warpage 2006.6.16 Cracking in Corners 2016.6.17 Raised Corners 2026.6.18 Surface Marking 2026.6.19 Corners Too Thin 2046.6.20 Folds, Webbing, or Wrinkles 2046.6.21 Part Deforms During Demolding 2056.6.22 Poor Part Detail 2066.6.23 Excessive Post Shrinkage 2077 Thermoforming—Optimization 2097.1 Introduction 2097.2 Thermoforming 2097.3 Optimization Process 2107.4 Numerical Modeling 2117.5 Constitutive Model 2127.6 Key Findings—Modeling 2147.6.1 Selection of Material 2147.6.2 Wall Thickness 2157.7 Mold 2157.8 Thermoforming Process 2167.9 Viscoelastic Behavior 2167.10 Method of Thermoforming 2167.11 Heating 2167.12 Cooling 2177.13 Computer Simulation 2177.14 Polyflow 2187.15 PAM-FORM™ Software 2197.16 Geometric Element Analysis (GEA) 2198 Case Studies 2218.1 Introduction 2218.2 Case Studies—Brief Details 2228.3 Case Study I 2228.3.1 Challenge 2238.3.2 Problem Statement 2248.3.3 In-Depth Analysis 2248.3.4 Quantitative and Qualitative Data 2258.3.5 Findings 2258.3.6 Immersive Chronicle 2268.4 Case Study II 2278.4.1 Issue 2298.4.2 Problem Statement 2298.4.3 In-Depth Analysis 2298.4.4 Analysis of Quantitative and Qualitative Data 2318.4.5 Customer Satisfaction and Appreciation 2328.4.6 Findings 2328.4.7 Captivating Account 2338.5 The Significance of Case Studies in Thermoforming 2359 Applications 2379.1 Introduction 2379.2 World of Thermoformed Products 2379.2.1 Packaging 2389.2.2 Agriculture 2389.2.3 Appliances and Consumer Goods 2399.2.4 Analytical and Laboratory Equipment 2419.2.5 Automotive and Aerospace Industry 2419.2.6 Blister Packaging 2449.2.7 Building/Construction Products 2449.2.8 Electrical and Electronics 2459.2.9 Health-Care Packaging 2479.2.10 Medical Applications 2489.2.11 Packaging 2509.2.12 Semiconductor Industry 2529.2.13 Signs/Displays 2529.2.14 Sports and Recreation 2539.2.15 Transportation 2559.2.16 Waste Management 2559.2.17 Water Filtration Systems 2559.2.18 Industrial Applications 2559.2.19 Marine and Watercraft Industry 2579.3 Market Trends 2579.3.1 Current Market 2579.3.2 Future Market 25810 Conclusion 261References 265Index 313