Introduction to Community and Public Health

MANOJ SHARMA, MBBS, MCHES, PHD, is a professor at the Jackson State University's MPH and Dr. PH programs in Behavioral Health Promotion & Education. PAUL W. BRANSCUM, PHD, RD, is an associate professor in the Department of Kinesiology & Health at Miami University, in Oxford.

• Figures and Tables xiPreface xviiAbout the Companion Website xxiThe Authors xxiiiChapter 1 Introduction to Community and Public Health 1Defining Community and Public Health 1Basic Terms in Community and Public Health 4Issues in Community and Public Health 7Factors Affecting Community and Public Health 9Community and Public Health Organizations 13Historical Timeline for Community and Public Health 16Current Challenges in Community and Public Health 25Summary 29Key Terms 30Review Questions 30Skill-Building Activity # 1 31Skill-Building Activity # 2 31Websites to Explore 31References 33Chapter 2 Descriptive Epidemiology in Community and Public Health 37Definition, Scope, and Evolution of Epidemiology 37Descriptive Epidemiology and Analytical Epidemiology 39Contributions of Epidemiology 39Uses and Functions of Epidemiology 41Agent, Host, and Environment 42Rates, Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages 44Summary 60Key Terms 60Review Questions 61Skill‐Building Activity #1 61Skill‐Building Activity #2 61Websites to Explore 62References 63Chapter 3 Analytical Epidemiology in Community Public Health 67Types of Analytical Epidemiological Studies 67Association and Causation 76Infectious Disease Epidemiology 79Chronic Disease Epidemiology 82Selected Lifestyle Risk Factors 84Summary 88Key Terms 89Review Questions 90Skill‐Building Activity #1 90Skill‐Building Activity #2 90Websites to Explore 90References 91Chapter 4 Descriptive Biostatistics in Community and Public Health 97Basic Terms in Biostatistics 97Frequency Distribution 100Measures of Central Tendency 101Measures of Dispersion 103Graphing Methods in Biostatistics 103Positively Skewed and Negatively Skewed Distributions 104Summary 108Key Terms 108Review Questions 109Skill‐Building Activity #1 109Skill‐Building Activity #2 109Websites to Explore 109References 111Chapter 5 Inferential Biostatistics in Community and Public Health 113Estimation 113Hypothesis Testing 114Testing Differences between Two Group Means 117Nonparametric Tests for Testing Differences between Two Groups 119Testing Differences between Three or More Groups 120Nonparametric Counterparts of ANOVA 124Testing Differences in Proportions 124Testing Associations between Two or More Variables 126Summary 129Key Terms 130Review Questions 130Skill‐Building Activity #1 131Skill‐Building Activity #2 131Websites to Explore 131References 132Chapter 6 Social and Behavioral Sciences in Community and Public Health 135Reasons for Studying Social and Behavioral Sciences 135Examples from Cardiovascular Disease, Obesity, and HIV/AIDS 141Community Organization and Community Building 145School Health Programs 150Community Mental Health 151Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs 153Summary 155Key Terms 156Review Questions 156Skill‐Building Activity #1 157Skill‐Building Activity #2 157Websites to Explore 157References 158Chapter 7 Models in Health Education and Health Promotion 163Planning Health Education and Health Promotion Interventions 163PRECEDE‐PROCEED 164PATCH 171MATCH 173Intervention Mapping 177APEXPH 179PEN‐3 180Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) 183Summary 187Key Terms 188Review Questions 188Skill‐Building Activity #1 189Skill‐Building Activity #2 189Websites to Explore 189References 190Chapter 8 Theories in Health Education and Health Promotion 193Using Theories and Models 193Health Belief Model 194Transtheoretical Model 197Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, Integrative Model, and Reasoned Action Approach 201Social Cognitive Theory 206Multi‐Theory Model (MTM) for Health Behavior Change 208COM‐B Model 210Social Marketing 210Diffusion of Innovations Theory 212Summary 216Key Terms 217Review Questions 218Skill‐Building Activity #1 218Skill‐Building Activity #2 218Websites to Explore 218References 219Chapter 9 Methods in Health Education and Health Promotion 225Methods of Teaching and Learning 225Cognitive Methods in Health Education 228Affective Methods in Health Education 230Environmental Methods in Health Promotion 236Summary 240Key Terms 240Review Questions 241Skill‐Building Activity #1 241Skill‐Building Activity #2 241Websites to Explore 242References 242Chapter 10 Population Dynamics and Control 245Demographic Cycle 245World Population Trends 246World Population Stabilization or Decline Post Peak 250Designing Population‐Based Public Health Programs for Different Subsections in the Community 258Summary 261Key Terms 262Review Questions 263Skill‐Building Activity #1 263Skill‐Building Activity #2 263Websites to Explore 264References 265Chapter 11 Air, Water, and Noise Pollution 269Air Pollution 269Water Pollution 275Noise Pollution279Solid Waste Management 282Climate Change and Global Warming 284Summary 288Key Terms 289Review Questions 289Skill‐Building Activity #1 290Skill‐Building Activity #2 290Websites to Explore 290References 291Chapter 12 Injury Control and Other Environmental Issues 293Unintentional Injuries 293Intentional Injuries 297Pests and Pesticides 300Radiation 304Disaster Management 306Occupational Safety and Health 308Summary 314Key Terms 315Review Questions 315Skill‐Building Activity #1 316Skill‐Building Activity #2 316Websites to Explore 316References 317Chapter 13 Organization, Financing, and Delivery of Health Services and Public Health Systems in the United States 321Understanding the Structure and Functioning of the US Health Care System 321Organization of US Health Care 322The Uninsured Population 325Lack of Insurance and Access to Health Care Services 327Financing Health Systems 328US Health Care in the International Context 329Utilization Trends 331Private Health Insurance and Managed Care 332Cost Containment Initiatives 333Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 335Organization of Public Health in the United States 338Summary 342Key Terms 343Review Questions 344Skill‐Building Activity #1 344Skill‐Building Activity #2 345Websites to Explore 345References 346Chapter 14 Program Planning, Budgeting, Management, and Evaluation in Community Initiatives 349Planning Public Health Programs 349Preparing Budgets for Public Health Programs 354Administration and Management of Public Health Programs 359Evaluation of Public Health Programs 363Summary 368Key Terms 369Review Questions 369Skill‐Building Activity #1 370Skill‐Building Activity #2 370Websites to Explore 370References 371Chapter 15 Systems Thinking and Leadership in Community and Public Health 375Systems Thinking: The Approach 375Basics of Leadership 379Leadership Styles 381Leadership in Health Care 382NCHL Health Leadership Competency Model 383Cultural Competence 385Summary 391Key Terms 393Review Questions 393Skill‐Building Activity #1 393Skill‐Building Activity #2 394Websites to Explore 394References 395Glossary 399Index 429