Pratibha Singh, Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.Madhulika Singh, Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Rajiv Kumar Singh, Horticultural Scientist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sohaon, Ballia, Uttar Pradesh, India. Sheo Mohan Prasad, Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.

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• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xix1 An introduction to salt stress perception and toxicity level -Worldwide report at a glanceAtun Roy Choudhury, Neha Singh, Ayushi Gupta and P Sankar Ganesh1.1 Soil Salinity: An Introduction1.2 Salt stress perception and current scenario1.3 Types of salt stress1.4 Origin of problem1.5 Salt toxicity level: A worldwide report1.6 Effect of salt stress on flora and fauna of the ecosystem1.7 Role in sustainable agriculture1.8 Unintended effects of salt-containing substance application in agricultural land1.9 Role of salt toxicity in operation of green revolution1.10 Reaching the current status and conclusionReferences2 Effects of salt stress on physiology of crop plants: At cellular levelVivekanand Tiwari, Abhay Kumar and Pratibha Singh2.1 Soil salinity and plants2.2 Crop loss due to salt toxicity- An estimation worldwide2.3 Effect of salt stress on target and non-target plants and microorganisms2.4 Effect of salt stress on physiology of crop plants2.4.1 Effect of salt stress on chlorophyll biosynthesis, chloroplast functioning and photophosphorylation2.4.1.1 Chlorophyll biosynthesis in salt stress2.4.1.2 Salt stress affects chloroplast function2.4.1.3 Photophosphorylation in salt stress2.4.2 Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle enzymes, oxidative phosphorylation, and other mitochondrial functioning2.4.2.1 Glycolytic pathway in salt stress2.4.2.2 TCA cycle in salt stress2.4.2.3 Salt stress and oxidative phosphorylation2.4.3 Peroxisome functioning2.5 Halophytes and their physiology2.5.1 Ion homeostasis in a halophyte2.5.2 Osmotic adjustment2.5.3 Physiological and metabolic adaptation of halophytes2.6 Halophytes in agriculture and land management2.7 Conclusion and future perspectivesReferences3. Effects of salt stress on biochemistry of crop plantsPoonam Yadav and Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal3.1 Introduction3.2 Effects of salt stress on lipid metabolism3.3 Effects of salt stress on amino acid synthesis and nitrogen metabolism3.4 Effects of salt stress on protein biosynthesis3.5 Effect of salt stress on oxidation of membrane proteins3.6 Effect of salt stress on nucleic acid formation3.7 Binding to DNA and RNA and formation of cross-links3.8 Effect of salt stress on dephosphorylation of RNA and DNA3.9 Future advances and conclusionReferences4. Salt ion transporter in crop plant at cellular levelRia Khare, Gurpreet Sandhu, Aruba Khan, Prateek Jain4.1 Introduction4.2 Absorption of Na+ from soil and its compartmentalization in plant cells4.3 Salt ions regulation in plants cells and tissues4.4 Role of ion channels and salt ion transporter in crop plants at cellular level4.5 Transport of Na+ through SOS signal transduction pathway: At cellular level4.6. Role of salt tolerance responsive genes in transport of Na+ and Cl- ions: At cellular level4.7 Role of ions in salt stress tolerance4.8 Reaching the current status and conclusionReferences5. Salt ion and nutrient interactions in crop plants: Prospective signallingRia Khare and Prateek Jain5.1. Introduction5.2. Effects of salt stress on nutrient absorption5.3 Effects of salt stress on nutrient cycling in crop plants5.4 Salt ion and nutrient interactions in crop plants5.5 Effect of salt stress on nutrient transporters5.5.1 K transporters5.5.2 N transporters5.5.3 P transporters5.5.4 S transporters5.6 Role of nutrient interactions: Prospective signalling5.7 Future prospective and conclusionReferences6. Effects of salt stress on the morphology, anatomy and gene expression of crop plantsPragati Kumari, Arvind Gupta, Harish Chandra, Pratibha Singh and Saurabh Yadav6.1 Introduction6.2 Salt stress and effects on morphology of plants6.3 Photosynthetic pigments and osmolytes accumulation6.4 Effect of saline stress on floral organs6.5 Anatomical features and salt stress6.6 Yield and related traits6.7 Salt stress and its effects on Gene expression6.8 ConclusionReferences7. Effect of salt stress on soil chemistry and plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC)Gunjan Goyal, Aruna Yadav and Gunjan Dubey7.1 Introduction7.2 Effect of salt stress on soil component7.2.1 Effect of salt stress on abiotic component of soil and soil health7.2.2 Effects of salt stress on biotic component of soil and soil health7.3 Soil chemistry affecting factors in agricultural land7.4 Soil salinity effect on crop plants7.4.1 Germination7.4.2 Growth7.4.3 Photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments7.4.4 Mineral uptake and assimilation7.4.5 Oxidative stress7.4.6 Yield7.5 An introduction to Soil plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC)7.6 Salt absorption by roots tissues and their effect on plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC)7.7 Translocation of salt ions in the vascular system of crop plants7.7.1 Mechanism of sodium influx into cytosol7.7.2 Mechanism of Na+ compartmentalization in vacuoles7.7.3 The SOS pathway7.7.4 Effect of salt stress on Xylem transport7.7.5 Effect of salt stress on Phloem loading7.8 Current status and conclusionAcknowledgementReferences8 Effects of salt stress on nutrient cycle and uptake of crop plantsLav Kumar Jaiswal, Prabhakar Singh, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Tanamyee Nayak, Ankush Gupta8.1 Introduction8.2 Limitation of nutrient cycle and uptake of nutrients8.2.1 Phosphorus limitation8.2.2 Nitrogen limitation8.3 Nutrient cycle or Biogeochemical cycle8.3.1 Water cycle or Hydrological cycle8.3.2 Carbon cycle8.3.3 Nitrogen cycle8.3.4 Oxygen cycle8.3.5 Phosphorus cycle8.3.6 Sulfur cycle8.3.7 Calcium cycle8.4 Effect of salt stress on carbon cycle8.5 Effect of salt stress on oxygen and water cycle8.5.1 Effect of salt stress on oxygen cycle8.5.2 Effect of salt stress on water cycle8.6 Effect of salt stress on nitrogen fixing bacteria and biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen8.7 Effect of salt stress on phosphorus bacteria and biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus8.8 Effect of salt stress on sulphur bacteria and biogeochemical cycle of sulphur8.9 Future prospective and conclusionReferences9 Salt induced effects on crop plants and counteract mitigating strategy by antioxidants systemIndrajeet Kumar, Umesh Kumar, Prince Kumar Singh, Rajesh Kumar Sharma9.1 Introduction9.2 Formation of salt induced indirect products (oxidative biomarkers) in crops9.3 Effect of salt stress on crop plants9.4 Consequences effect of oxidative biomarkers in crop plants9.4.1 Lipid peroxidation9.4.2 Effect on Proteins9.4.3 Effects on Carbohydrates9.4.4 Effect on polynucleic acids9.5 Generation of self-defence mitigating strategy in crop plants9.5.1 Counteract mitigating strategy by enzymatic antioxidants system9.5.1.1 Superoxide dismutase (SOD)9.5.1.2 Catalase (CAT)9.5.1.3 Ascorbate-Glutathione (AsA-GSH) Cycle Enzymes9.5.1.4 Ascorbate Peroxidases (APX)9.5.1.5 Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR)9.5.1.6 Glutathione Reductase (GR)9.5.1.7 Guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX)9.5.2 Counteract mitigating strategy by non-enzymatic antioxidants system9.6 Conclusion and Future prospectiveReferences10 Effects of salt stress on osmolyte metabolism of crop plants and mitigating strategy by osmolyteAbreeq Fatima, Garima Singh, Anuradha Patel, Sanjesh Tiwari, Divya Gupta, Anurag Dubey, Dilip Kumar Prajapati and Sheo Mohan Prasad10.1 Introduction10.2 Groups and biosynthetic pathways of osmolytes in crop plant10.2.1 Polyamines and biosynthetic pathways in the cell organelles of crop plant10.2.2 Betaeine and their biosynthetic pathways in the cell organelles of crop plant10.2.3 The biosynthetic pathway of carbohydrate sugar, sugar alcohol and amino acids in the cell organelles of crop plant10.3 Effect of salt stress on osmolyte production and work action10.4 The osmotic and ionic adjustment under salt stress; tolerance mechanism10.5 ConclusionReferences11 Salt stress toxicity amelioration by phytohormone, synthetic products and nutrient amendment practicesDivya Gupta, Garima Singh, Sanjesh Tiwari, Anuradha Patel, Abreeq Fatima Anurag Dudey, Neha Naaz, Jitendra Pandey and Sheo Mohan Prasad11.1 Introduction11.2 Structure and mechanism of action of phytohormones under salt stress11.3 Structural, physiological and biochemical nature of phytohormones under salt stress11.3.1 Abscisic acid (ABA)11.3.2 Cytokinins (CKs)11.3.3 Gibberellins (GAs)11.3.4 Auxins (AUXs)11.3.5 Brassinosteroids (BRs)11.3.6 Salicylic acid (SA)11.3.7 Jasmonic acid (JA)11.4 Salt stress toxicity amelioration by exogenous / endogenous phytohormones11.4.1 Auxin11.4.2 Gibberellins11.4.3 Cytokinin11.4.4 Brassinosteroids11.4.5 Salicylic acid11.5 Salt toxicity amelioration by exogenous synthetic products11.6 Salt toxicity amelioration by exogenous nutrient amendment practices11.7 Future prospective and conclusionReferences12 Crop plants develop extracellular signalling products against salt stressSantwana Tiwari, Nidhi Verma, Shikha Singh, Shivam Gupta, Jitendra Pandey and Sheo Mohan Prasad12.1 Introduction12.2 Site of synthesis of extracellular signaling products12.3 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria, algae and crop plant under salt stress: antioxidants, enzymes and proteins12.3.1 Antioxidants12.3.2 Enzymes12.3.3 Proteins12.4 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria, algae and crop plants under salt stress: amino acids, osmolytes, nitrogen, nitric oxide, ammonia12.4.1 Amino acids12.4.2 Osmolytes12.4.3 Nitrogen and its derivatives12.5 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria and crop plants under salt stress: phytols, sterols, terpenoid, fatty acids, phenols12.5.1 Phenols12.5.2 Terpenoids12.5.3 Phytols12.5.4 Sterols12.5.5 Fatty Acids12.6 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria and crop plants under salt stress: Photoprotective compounds, polysaccharides, halogenated compounds and phytohormones12.6.1 Photoprotective compounds12.6.2 Polysaccharides and halogenated compounds12.7 Uncovering potential and applications of extracellular signaling products in biology, agriculture and medicine12.8 Current status and future prospectsReferences

Pratibha Singh, Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.Madhulika Singh, Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Rajiv Kumar Singh, Horticultural Scientist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sohaon, Ballia, Uttar Pradesh, India. Sheo Mohan Prasad, Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.

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• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xix1 An introduction to salt stress perception and toxicity level -Worldwide report at a glanceAtun Roy Choudhury, Neha Singh, Ayushi Gupta and P Sankar Ganesh1.1 Soil Salinity: An Introduction1.2 Salt stress perception and current scenario1.3 Types of salt stress1.4 Origin of problem1.5 Salt toxicity level: A worldwide report1.6 Effect of salt stress on flora and fauna of the ecosystem1.7 Role in sustainable agriculture1.8 Unintended effects of salt-containing substance application in agricultural land1.9 Role of salt toxicity in operation of green revolution1.10 Reaching the current status and conclusionReferences2 Effects of salt stress on physiology of crop plants: At cellular levelVivekanand Tiwari, Abhay Kumar and Pratibha Singh2.1 Soil salinity and plants2.2 Crop loss due to salt toxicity- An estimation worldwide2.3 Effect of salt stress on target and non-target plants and microorganisms2.4 Effect of salt stress on physiology of crop plants2.4.1 Effect of salt stress on chlorophyll biosynthesis, chloroplast functioning and photophosphorylation2.4.1.1 Chlorophyll biosynthesis in salt stress2.4.1.2 Salt stress affects chloroplast function2.4.1.3 Photophosphorylation in salt stress2.4.2 Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle enzymes, oxidative phosphorylation, and other mitochondrial functioning2.4.2.1 Glycolytic pathway in salt stress2.4.2.2 TCA cycle in salt stress2.4.2.3 Salt stress and oxidative phosphorylation2.4.3 Peroxisome functioning2.5 Halophytes and their physiology2.5.1 Ion homeostasis in a halophyte2.5.2 Osmotic adjustment2.5.3 Physiological and metabolic adaptation of halophytes2.6 Halophytes in agriculture and land management2.7 Conclusion and future perspectivesReferences3. Effects of salt stress on biochemistry of crop plantsPoonam Yadav and Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal3.1 Introduction3.2 Effects of salt stress on lipid metabolism3.3 Effects of salt stress on amino acid synthesis and nitrogen metabolism3.4 Effects of salt stress on protein biosynthesis3.5 Effect of salt stress on oxidation of membrane proteins3.6 Effect of salt stress on nucleic acid formation3.7 Binding to DNA and RNA and formation of cross-links3.8 Effect of salt stress on dephosphorylation of RNA and DNA3.9 Future advances and conclusionReferences4. Salt ion transporter in crop plant at cellular levelRia Khare, Gurpreet Sandhu, Aruba Khan, Prateek Jain4.1 Introduction4.2 Absorption of Na+ from soil and its compartmentalization in plant cells4.3 Salt ions regulation in plants cells and tissues4.4 Role of ion channels and salt ion transporter in crop plants at cellular level4.5 Transport of Na+ through SOS signal transduction pathway: At cellular level4.6. Role of salt tolerance responsive genes in transport of Na+ and Cl- ions: At cellular level4.7 Role of ions in salt stress tolerance4.8 Reaching the current status and conclusionReferences5. Salt ion and nutrient interactions in crop plants: Prospective signallingRia Khare and Prateek Jain5.1. Introduction5.2. Effects of salt stress on nutrient absorption5.3 Effects of salt stress on nutrient cycling in crop plants5.4 Salt ion and nutrient interactions in crop plants5.5 Effect of salt stress on nutrient transporters5.5.1 K transporters5.5.2 N transporters5.5.3 P transporters5.5.4 S transporters5.6 Role of nutrient interactions: Prospective signalling5.7 Future prospective and conclusionReferences6. Effects of salt stress on the morphology, anatomy and gene expression of crop plantsPragati Kumari, Arvind Gupta, Harish Chandra, Pratibha Singh and Saurabh Yadav6.1 Introduction6.2 Salt stress and effects on morphology of plants6.3 Photosynthetic pigments and osmolytes accumulation6.4 Effect of saline stress on floral organs6.5 Anatomical features and salt stress6.6 Yield and related traits6.7 Salt stress and its effects on Gene expression6.8 ConclusionReferences7. Effect of salt stress on soil chemistry and plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC)Gunjan Goyal, Aruna Yadav and Gunjan Dubey7.1 Introduction7.2 Effect of salt stress on soil component7.2.1 Effect of salt stress on abiotic component of soil and soil health7.2.2 Effects of salt stress on biotic component of soil and soil health7.3 Soil chemistry affecting factors in agricultural land7.4 Soil salinity effect on crop plants7.4.1 Germination7.4.2 Growth7.4.3 Photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments7.4.4 Mineral uptake and assimilation7.4.5 Oxidative stress7.4.6 Yield7.5 An introduction to Soil plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC)7.6 Salt absorption by roots tissues and their effect on plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC)7.7 Translocation of salt ions in the vascular system of crop plants7.7.1 Mechanism of sodium influx into cytosol7.7.2 Mechanism of Na+ compartmentalization in vacuoles7.7.3 The SOS pathway7.7.4 Effect of salt stress on Xylem transport7.7.5 Effect of salt stress on Phloem loading7.8 Current status and conclusionAcknowledgementReferences8 Effects of salt stress on nutrient cycle and uptake of crop plantsLav Kumar Jaiswal, Prabhakar Singh, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Tanamyee Nayak, Ankush Gupta8.1 Introduction8.2 Limitation of nutrient cycle and uptake of nutrients8.2.1 Phosphorus limitation8.2.2 Nitrogen limitation8.3 Nutrient cycle or Biogeochemical cycle8.3.1 Water cycle or Hydrological cycle8.3.2 Carbon cycle8.3.3 Nitrogen cycle8.3.4 Oxygen cycle8.3.5 Phosphorus cycle8.3.6 Sulfur cycle8.3.7 Calcium cycle8.4 Effect of salt stress on carbon cycle8.5 Effect of salt stress on oxygen and water cycle8.5.1 Effect of salt stress on oxygen cycle8.5.2 Effect of salt stress on water cycle8.6 Effect of salt stress on nitrogen fixing bacteria and biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen8.7 Effect of salt stress on phosphorus bacteria and biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus8.8 Effect of salt stress on sulphur bacteria and biogeochemical cycle of sulphur8.9 Future prospective and conclusionReferences9 Salt induced effects on crop plants and counteract mitigating strategy by antioxidants systemIndrajeet Kumar, Umesh Kumar, Prince Kumar Singh, Rajesh Kumar Sharma9.1 Introduction9.2 Formation of salt induced indirect products (oxidative biomarkers) in crops9.3 Effect of salt stress on crop plants9.4 Consequences effect of oxidative biomarkers in crop plants9.4.1 Lipid peroxidation9.4.2 Effect on Proteins9.4.3 Effects on Carbohydrates9.4.4 Effect on polynucleic acids9.5 Generation of self-defence mitigating strategy in crop plants9.5.1 Counteract mitigating strategy by enzymatic antioxidants system9.5.1.1 Superoxide dismutase (SOD)9.5.1.2 Catalase (CAT)9.5.1.3 Ascorbate-Glutathione (AsA-GSH) Cycle Enzymes9.5.1.4 Ascorbate Peroxidases (APX)9.5.1.5 Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR)9.5.1.6 Glutathione Reductase (GR)9.5.1.7 Guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX)9.5.2 Counteract mitigating strategy by non-enzymatic antioxidants system9.6 Conclusion and Future prospectiveReferences10 Effects of salt stress on osmolyte metabolism of crop plants and mitigating strategy by osmolyteAbreeq Fatima, Garima Singh, Anuradha Patel, Sanjesh Tiwari, Divya Gupta, Anurag Dubey, Dilip Kumar Prajapati and Sheo Mohan Prasad10.1 Introduction10.2 Groups and biosynthetic pathways of osmolytes in crop plant10.2.1 Polyamines and biosynthetic pathways in the cell organelles of crop plant10.2.2 Betaeine and their biosynthetic pathways in the cell organelles of crop plant10.2.3 The biosynthetic pathway of carbohydrate sugar, sugar alcohol and amino acids in the cell organelles of crop plant10.3 Effect of salt stress on osmolyte production and work action10.4 The osmotic and ionic adjustment under salt stress; tolerance mechanism10.5 ConclusionReferences11 Salt stress toxicity amelioration by phytohormone, synthetic products and nutrient amendment practicesDivya Gupta, Garima Singh, Sanjesh Tiwari, Anuradha Patel, Abreeq Fatima Anurag Dudey, Neha Naaz, Jitendra Pandey and Sheo Mohan Prasad11.1 Introduction11.2 Structure and mechanism of action of phytohormones under salt stress11.3 Structural, physiological and biochemical nature of phytohormones under salt stress11.3.1 Abscisic acid (ABA)11.3.2 Cytokinins (CKs)11.3.3 Gibberellins (GAs)11.3.4 Auxins (AUXs)11.3.5 Brassinosteroids (BRs)11.3.6 Salicylic acid (SA)11.3.7 Jasmonic acid (JA)11.4 Salt stress toxicity amelioration by exogenous / endogenous phytohormones11.4.1 Auxin11.4.2 Gibberellins11.4.3 Cytokinin11.4.4 Brassinosteroids11.4.5 Salicylic acid11.5 Salt toxicity amelioration by exogenous synthetic products11.6 Salt toxicity amelioration by exogenous nutrient amendment practices11.7 Future prospective and conclusionReferences12 Crop plants develop extracellular signalling products against salt stressSantwana Tiwari, Nidhi Verma, Shikha Singh, Shivam Gupta, Jitendra Pandey and Sheo Mohan Prasad12.1 Introduction12.2 Site of synthesis of extracellular signaling products12.3 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria, algae and crop plant under salt stress: antioxidants, enzymes and proteins12.3.1 Antioxidants12.3.2 Enzymes12.3.3 Proteins12.4 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria, algae and crop plants under salt stress: amino acids, osmolytes, nitrogen, nitric oxide, ammonia12.4.1 Amino acids12.4.2 Osmolytes12.4.3 Nitrogen and its derivatives12.5 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria and crop plants under salt stress: phytols, sterols, terpenoid, fatty acids, phenols12.5.1 Phenols12.5.2 Terpenoids12.5.3 Phytols12.5.4 Sterols12.5.5 Fatty Acids12.6 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria and crop plants under salt stress: Photoprotective compounds, polysaccharides, halogenated compounds and phytohormones12.6.1 Photoprotective compounds12.6.2 Polysaccharides and halogenated compounds12.7 Uncovering potential and applications of extracellular signaling products in biology, agriculture and medicine12.8 Current status and future prospectsReferences

Pratibha Singh, Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.Madhulika Singh, Centre of Advanced Studies in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India. Rajiv Kumar Singh, Horticultural Scientist, Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Sohaon, Ballia, Uttar Pradesh, India. Sheo Mohan Prasad, Ranjan Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India.

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• List of Contributors xiiiPreface xix1 An introduction to salt stress perception and toxicity level -Worldwide report at a glanceAtun Roy Choudhury, Neha Singh, Ayushi Gupta and P Sankar Ganesh1.1 Soil Salinity: An Introduction1.2 Salt stress perception and current scenario1.3 Types of salt stress1.4 Origin of problem1.5 Salt toxicity level: A worldwide report1.6 Effect of salt stress on flora and fauna of the ecosystem1.7 Role in sustainable agriculture1.8 Unintended effects of salt-containing substance application in agricultural land1.9 Role of salt toxicity in operation of green revolution1.10 Reaching the current status and conclusionReferences2 Effects of salt stress on physiology of crop plants: At cellular levelVivekanand Tiwari, Abhay Kumar and Pratibha Singh2.1 Soil salinity and plants2.2 Crop loss due to salt toxicity- An estimation worldwide2.3 Effect of salt stress on target and non-target plants and microorganisms2.4 Effect of salt stress on physiology of crop plants2.4.1 Effect of salt stress on chlorophyll biosynthesis, chloroplast functioning and photophosphorylation2.4.1.1 Chlorophyll biosynthesis in salt stress2.4.1.2 Salt stress affects chloroplast function2.4.1.3 Photophosphorylation in salt stress2.4.2 Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle enzymes, oxidative phosphorylation, and other mitochondrial functioning2.4.2.1 Glycolytic pathway in salt stress2.4.2.2 TCA cycle in salt stress2.4.2.3 Salt stress and oxidative phosphorylation2.4.3 Peroxisome functioning2.5 Halophytes and their physiology2.5.1 Ion homeostasis in a halophyte2.5.2 Osmotic adjustment2.5.3 Physiological and metabolic adaptation of halophytes2.6 Halophytes in agriculture and land management2.7 Conclusion and future perspectivesReferences3. Effects of salt stress on biochemistry of crop plantsPoonam Yadav and Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal3.1 Introduction3.2 Effects of salt stress on lipid metabolism3.3 Effects of salt stress on amino acid synthesis and nitrogen metabolism3.4 Effects of salt stress on protein biosynthesis3.5 Effect of salt stress on oxidation of membrane proteins3.6 Effect of salt stress on nucleic acid formation3.7 Binding to DNA and RNA and formation of cross-links3.8 Effect of salt stress on dephosphorylation of RNA and DNA3.9 Future advances and conclusionReferences4. Salt ion transporter in crop plant at cellular levelRia Khare, Gurpreet Sandhu, Aruba Khan, Prateek Jain4.1 Introduction4.2 Absorption of Na+ from soil and its compartmentalization in plant cells4.3 Salt ions regulation in plants cells and tissues4.4 Role of ion channels and salt ion transporter in crop plants at cellular level4.5 Transport of Na+ through SOS signal transduction pathway: At cellular level4.6. Role of salt tolerance responsive genes in transport of Na+ and Cl- ions: At cellular level4.7 Role of ions in salt stress tolerance4.8 Reaching the current status and conclusionReferences5. Salt ion and nutrient interactions in crop plants: Prospective signallingRia Khare and Prateek Jain5.1. Introduction5.2. Effects of salt stress on nutrient absorption5.3 Effects of salt stress on nutrient cycling in crop plants5.4 Salt ion and nutrient interactions in crop plants5.5 Effect of salt stress on nutrient transporters5.5.1 K transporters5.5.2 N transporters5.5.3 P transporters5.5.4 S transporters5.6 Role of nutrient interactions: Prospective signalling5.7 Future prospective and conclusionReferences6. Effects of salt stress on the morphology, anatomy and gene expression of crop plantsPragati Kumari, Arvind Gupta, Harish Chandra, Pratibha Singh and Saurabh Yadav6.1 Introduction6.2 Salt stress and effects on morphology of plants6.3 Photosynthetic pigments and osmolytes accumulation6.4 Effect of saline stress on floral organs6.5 Anatomical features and salt stress6.6 Yield and related traits6.7 Salt stress and its effects on Gene expression6.8 ConclusionReferences7. Effect of salt stress on soil chemistry and plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC)Gunjan Goyal, Aruna Yadav and Gunjan Dubey7.1 Introduction7.2 Effect of salt stress on soil component7.2.1 Effect of salt stress on abiotic component of soil and soil health7.2.2 Effects of salt stress on biotic component of soil and soil health7.3 Soil chemistry affecting factors in agricultural land7.4 Soil salinity effect on crop plants7.4.1 Germination7.4.2 Growth7.4.3 Photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments7.4.4 Mineral uptake and assimilation7.4.5 Oxidative stress7.4.6 Yield7.5 An introduction to Soil plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC)7.6 Salt absorption by roots tissues and their effect on plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC)7.7 Translocation of salt ions in the vascular system of crop plants7.7.1 Mechanism of sodium influx into cytosol7.7.2 Mechanism of Na+ compartmentalization in vacuoles7.7.3 The SOS pathway7.7.4 Effect of salt stress on Xylem transport7.7.5 Effect of salt stress on Phloem loading7.8 Current status and conclusionAcknowledgementReferences8 Effects of salt stress on nutrient cycle and uptake of crop plantsLav Kumar Jaiswal, Prabhakar Singh, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Tanamyee Nayak, Ankush Gupta8.1 Introduction8.2 Limitation of nutrient cycle and uptake of nutrients8.2.1 Phosphorus limitation8.2.2 Nitrogen limitation8.3 Nutrient cycle or Biogeochemical cycle8.3.1 Water cycle or Hydrological cycle8.3.2 Carbon cycle8.3.3 Nitrogen cycle8.3.4 Oxygen cycle8.3.5 Phosphorus cycle8.3.6 Sulfur cycle8.3.7 Calcium cycle8.4 Effect of salt stress on carbon cycle8.5 Effect of salt stress on oxygen and water cycle8.5.1 Effect of salt stress on oxygen cycle8.5.2 Effect of salt stress on water cycle8.6 Effect of salt stress on nitrogen fixing bacteria and biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen8.7 Effect of salt stress on phosphorus bacteria and biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus8.8 Effect of salt stress on sulphur bacteria and biogeochemical cycle of sulphur8.9 Future prospective and conclusionReferences9 Salt induced effects on crop plants and counteract mitigating strategy by antioxidants systemIndrajeet Kumar, Umesh Kumar, Prince Kumar Singh, Rajesh Kumar Sharma9.1 Introduction9.2 Formation of salt induced indirect products (oxidative biomarkers) in crops9.3 Effect of salt stress on crop plants9.4 Consequences effect of oxidative biomarkers in crop plants9.4.1 Lipid peroxidation9.4.2 Effect on Proteins9.4.3 Effects on Carbohydrates9.4.4 Effect on polynucleic acids9.5 Generation of self-defence mitigating strategy in crop plants9.5.1 Counteract mitigating strategy by enzymatic antioxidants system9.5.1.1 Superoxide dismutase (SOD)9.5.1.2 Catalase (CAT)9.5.1.3 Ascorbate-Glutathione (AsA-GSH) Cycle Enzymes9.5.1.4 Ascorbate Peroxidases (APX)9.5.1.5 Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR)9.5.1.6 Glutathione Reductase (GR)9.5.1.7 Guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX)9.5.2 Counteract mitigating strategy by non-enzymatic antioxidants system9.6 Conclusion and Future prospectiveReferences10 Effects of salt stress on osmolyte metabolism of crop plants and mitigating strategy by osmolyteAbreeq Fatima, Garima Singh, Anuradha Patel, Sanjesh Tiwari, Divya Gupta, Anurag Dubey, Dilip Kumar Prajapati and Sheo Mohan Prasad10.1 Introduction10.2 Groups and biosynthetic pathways of osmolytes in crop plant10.2.1 Polyamines and biosynthetic pathways in the cell organelles of crop plant10.2.2 Betaeine and their biosynthetic pathways in the cell organelles of crop plant10.2.3 The biosynthetic pathway of carbohydrate sugar, sugar alcohol and amino acids in the cell organelles of crop plant10.3 Effect of salt stress on osmolyte production and work action10.4 The osmotic and ionic adjustment under salt stress; tolerance mechanism10.5 ConclusionReferences11 Salt stress toxicity amelioration by phytohormone, synthetic products and nutrient amendment practicesDivya Gupta, Garima Singh, Sanjesh Tiwari, Anuradha Patel, Abreeq Fatima Anurag Dudey, Neha Naaz, Jitendra Pandey and Sheo Mohan Prasad11.1 Introduction11.2 Structure and mechanism of action of phytohormones under salt stress11.3 Structural, physiological and biochemical nature of phytohormones under salt stress11.3.1 Abscisic acid (ABA)11.3.2 Cytokinins (CKs)11.3.3 Gibberellins (GAs)11.3.4 Auxins (AUXs)11.3.5 Brassinosteroids (BRs)11.3.6 Salicylic acid (SA)11.3.7 Jasmonic acid (JA)11.4 Salt stress toxicity amelioration by exogenous / endogenous phytohormones11.4.1 Auxin11.4.2 Gibberellins11.4.3 Cytokinin11.4.4 Brassinosteroids11.4.5 Salicylic acid11.5 Salt toxicity amelioration by exogenous synthetic products11.6 Salt toxicity amelioration by exogenous nutrient amendment practices11.7 Future prospective and conclusionReferences12 Crop plants develop extracellular signalling products against salt stressSantwana Tiwari, Nidhi Verma, Shikha Singh, Shivam Gupta, Jitendra Pandey and Sheo Mohan Prasad12.1 Introduction12.2 Site of synthesis of extracellular signaling products12.3 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria, algae and crop plant under salt stress: antioxidants, enzymes and proteins12.3.1 Antioxidants12.3.2 Enzymes12.3.3 Proteins12.4 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria, algae and crop plants under salt stress: amino acids, osmolytes, nitrogen, nitric oxide, ammonia12.4.1 Amino acids12.4.2 Osmolytes12.4.3 Nitrogen and its derivatives12.5 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria and crop plants under salt stress: phytols, sterols, terpenoid, fatty acids, phenols12.5.1 Phenols12.5.2 Terpenoids12.5.3 Phytols12.5.4 Sterols12.5.5 Fatty Acids12.6 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria and crop plants under salt stress: Photoprotective compounds, polysaccharides, halogenated compounds and phytohormones12.6.1 Photoprotective compounds12.6.2 Polysaccharides and halogenated compounds12.7 Uncovering potential and applications of extracellular signaling products in biology, agriculture and medicine12.8 Current status and future prospectsReferences