Geographic Information Science for Land Resource Management

Suraj Kumar Singh, Ph.D., is an associate professor and coordinator at the Centre for Sustainable Development, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India. He has published various research papers in national and international journals and participated in and organized international conferences, workshops, symposiums, and webinars. He is presently on the reviewer panel for several research journals and supervises several Ph.D. students on their dissertations.Shruti Kanga, Ph.D., is an associate professor and coordinator at the Centre for Climate change and Water Research, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India. She has authored more than 60 publications in various peer-reviewed national and international journals with more than 400 citations. She is presently on the reviewer panel for several research journals and supervises several Ph.D. students on their dissertations.Gowhar Meraj, M Phil, M Sc, is a young scientist fellow in the Department of Science and Technology in India’s Department of Ecology. He has also worked as a consultant with World Bank Group, New Delhi, for its South Asia Water Initiative Program. He has more than nine years of research and teaching experience and is on the reviewer panel for several research journals. Majid Farooq, M Tech, M Sc, is a scientist-D at the Department of Ecology, Environment and Remote Sensing, Government of Jammu and Kashmir, India. He has more than 15 years of experience in research, teaching, and consultancy related to remote sensing and GIS, such as climate change vulnerability assessments, flood modeling, ecosystem assessment, and watershed management. Sudhanshu, Ph.D., is a veteran researcher in the field of applied geology and geosciences. He has more than 30 years of research and academic experience and is currently the chief mentor of Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur. He is on the reviewer panel for several research journals and supervises several Ph.D. students on their dissertations.

• Preface xvAcknowledgements xxiii1 Climate Change in South Asia: Impact, Adaptation and the Role of GI Science 1Anuj Kumar and Swami Prasad Saxena1.1 Introduction 21.2 Climate Change 21.3 Climate Change Trends in South Asia 31.4 Climate Change Impact in South Asia 61.4.1 Climate Change Impact on Socio-Economy in South Asia 61.4.2 Climate Change Impact on Agriculture in South Asia 81.4.3 Impact of Climate Change in Water Resources in South Asia 81.4.4 Impact of Climate Change on Sea Level 101.4.5 Impact of Climate Change on Human Health 111.5 Climate Change Adaptation in South Asia and the Role of GI Science 131.6 Conclusion 15References 152 Sustainable Land Resource Management Approach and Technological Interventions – Role of GI Science 19Sandeep K. Pandey, Ritambhara K. Upadhyay, Chintan Pathak and Chandra Shekhar Dwivedi2.1 Introduction 202.2 Land Resource Availability in India 212.3 Problems Associated with Land Resources 252.4 Important Interventions 252.5 Role of GI Science in Land Resource Management 27References 293 GI Science for Assessing the Urban Growth and Sustainability in Agra City, India 33Aruna Paarcha3.1 Introduction 343.2 Database 363.3 Methodology 373.4 Study Area 393.5 Result and Discussion 403.5.1 Land Use and Land Cover Change of Agra City, 2001-2020 413.5.2 Growth in Registered Vehicles and Implications on the Sustainability 443.5.3 PM10 and Implications on the Sustainability 453.5.4 Municipal Solid Wastes and Implications on the Sustainability 473.5.5 Way Forward for Building Sustainable, Resilient, and Smart Agra City 483.6 Conclusion 49References 494 The Use of GI Science in Detecting Anthropogenic Interaction in Protected Areas: A Case of the Takamanda National Park, South West Region, Cameroon 55Takem-Mbi, B. M., Mbuh, J. M. and Lepatio-Tchieg, A. S.4.1 Introduction 564.2 Context and Justification 574.3 Material and Data Sources 584.4 Results and Discussion 624.4.1 Agricultural Activities 624.4.2 Hunting 634.4.3 Livestock Rearing 654.4.4 The Exploitation of Wood in the TNP 674.4.5 Fishing Activities 684.4.6 Harvesting Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPS) 704.5 Conclusion 72References 76Contents vii5 Urban Heat Island Effect Concept and Its Assessment Using Satellite-Based Remote Sensing Data 81Zulaykha Khurshid Dijoo5.1 Introduction 825.2 Classification of UHIs 845.2.1 Surface UHI 845.2.2 Atmospheric UHI 845.2.2.1 Canopy Layer UHI 845.2.2.2 Boundary Layer UHI 855.3 Chief Causes 855.3.1 Urbanisation 855.3.2 Urban Sprawl 865.3.3 Urban Geometry 875.3.4 Reduced Vegetation 875.3.5 Use of Engineered Materials 875.3.6 Changes in Energy Needs 885.3.7 Pavement Structure 885.4 Consequences of UHI Formation 885.5 Detection and Measurement Techniques 895.5.1 Thermal Remote Sensing 895.5.2 Small-Scale Models 895.5.3 Transect Studies 905.6 Mitigation Strategies 905.6.1 Enhancing Vegetative Cover 915.6.2 High Albedo Roofing Materials 915.6.3 High Albedo Pavements 915.6.4 Evaporative, Pourous and Water Retaining Pavements 915.6.5 Urban Planning 925.6.6 Wind, Water and Atmospheric Conditions 925.7 Role of Remote Sensing and GIS in Assessing UHI Effect 935.8 Conclusion 94References 946 Remote Sensing for Snowpack Monitoring and Its Implications 99Divyesh Varade, Surendar Manickam and Gulab Singh6.1 Introduction 996.2 Snowpack Characterization 1006.2.1 Spectral Response of Snow 1016.2.2 Dry/Wet Snow Characterization 1026.2.3 Physical Properties Of Snow 1026.3 Remote Sensing of Alpine Snow 1046.4 Techniques for the Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Snow 1056.4.1 Qualitative Studies of the Snowpack 1056.4.2 Quantitative Retrieval of Snow Properties 1076.4.2.1 Determination of Snowpack Properties 1076.4.2.2 Retrieval of Snow Depth and SWE 1106.5 Implications and Potential Applications 1116.6 Conclusion 112References 1137 Spectral Ratioing: A Computational Model for Quick Information Retrieval of Earth’s Surface Dynamics 119Ekta Baranwal and Shamshad Ahmad7.1 Introduction 1207.2 Image Enhancement Techniques for Remotely Sensed Images and Their Categorization 1237.2.1 Radiometric Enhancement 1267.2.2 Spatial Enhancement 1277.2.3 Spectral Enhancement 1287.2.4 Additional Methods of Image Enchancement 1297.3 Spectral Ratioing 1307.3.1 The General Methodology for Implementing Spectral Ratios 1327.4 Spectral Ratio for Urban Extraction and Mapping 1327.4.1 Some Spectral Index for Urban Extraction 1347.5 Spatiotemporal Change in Urban Pattern Through Spectral Ratio 1377.6 Conclusion 140References 1418 Delineation of Surface Water in Mining Dominated Region of Angul District of Odisha State, India Using Sentinel-2A Satellite Data 147A. K. Gorai, Rahul Raj and A. K. Ranjan8.1 Introduction 1488.2 Study Area 1498.3 Materials and Method 1498.3.1 Data 1498.3.2 Methods 1508.3.2.1 Satellite Data Acquisition 1518.3.2.2 Identification of Water-Bearing Pixels 1528.3.2.3 Change Detection Analysis 1528.4 Results and Discussion 1528.5 Conclusions 156Acknowledgements 157References 1579 Mapping Seasonal Variability and Spatio-Temporal Trends of Water Quality Parameters in Wular Lake (Kashmir Valley) 161Tariq Ahmad Ganaie, Javaid Ahmad Tali, Mifta ul Shafiq, Harmeet Singh and Pervez Ahmed9.1 Introduction 1629.2 Study Area 1649.3 Datasets and Methodology 1649.3.1 Datasets 1649.4 Methodology 1679.4.1 Inverse Distance-Weighted Interpolation (IDW) 1679.5 Mapping Spatial Variations in Water Quality Parameters (WQP’S) Using IDW Method in Wular Lake 1689.5.1 Seasonal and Spatial Variability of WQPS in Wular Lake 1689.6 Results and Discussion 1689.6.1 Water Temperature (WT) 1689.6.2 pH 1759.6.3 Turbidity 1759.6.4 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 1759.6.5 Electrical Conductivity (EC) 1769.6.6 Dissolved Oxygen (DO) 1769.6.7 Calcium (Ca2+) 1779.6.8 Magnesium (Mg2+) 1789.6.9 Total Hardness (TH) 1789.6.10 Total Alkalinity 1809.6.11 Nitrates (NO3-) 1809.6.12 Total Phosphate 1819.7 Temporal Variations in Water Quality Parameters of Wular Lake (1992-2015) 1819.8 Conclusion 183Acknowledgement 185References 18510 Water Quality Zoning Using GIS & Remote Sensing: A Case Study of Tehsil Matta District Swat Pakistan 191Abid Sarwar, Uzair Ahmed, Fazli Amin Khalil, Shazia Gulzar and Nadia Qayum10.1 Introduction 19210.2 Martials and Methods 19310.2.1 Study Area 19310.2.2 Methodology 19310.3 Results and Discussion 19510.3.1 pH 19510.3.2 Dissolved Oxygen 19510.3.3 Electrical Conductivity 19710.3.4 Salinity 19710.3.5 Chemical Parameters 20010.3.6 Alkalinity 20010.3.7 Total Dissolved Solids 20010.3.8 Chloride 20110.3.9 Sulphate 20110.3.10 Biological Oxygen Demand 20210.3.11 Final Water Quality Zones Map 20210.4 Conclusion 205References 20611 Assessing the Impacts of Global Sea Level Rise (SLR) on the Mangrove Forests of Indian Sundarbans Using Geospatial Technology 209Ismail Mondal, Sandeep Thakur, Phanibhusan Ghosh and Tarun Kumar De11.1 Introduction 21011.2 Materials and Methods 21111.2.1 Data Methodology 21111.2.2 Location and General Boundaries 21111.3 Results and Discussions 21311.3.1 Sundarban Sea Level Rise Scenario 21311.3.2 Salinity Increase and Effect on Mangrove Forest 21311.3.3 Mangrove Degradation of Sundarban 21711.4 Conclusion and Restoration of the Delta 21911.4.1 Mangrove Resilience Factors That Inform Site Selection of Sundarban 22111.4.2 Various Factors That Would Allow for the Landward Migration 22111.4.3 Various Issues That Highlighted Survival Over Time 22211.4.4 Various Factors That Highlighted Strong Retrieval Potential 22211.5 Acknowledgements 223References 22312 Sustainable Water Resource Management Using Watershed Morphometry–A Case Study of Giri River Catchment, Himachal Pradesh, India 229C Prakasam, Aravinth, R., Varinder S Kanwar and B. Nagarajan12.1 Introduction 23012.2 Study Area 23112.3 Datasets and Research Method 23312.4 Results and Discussion 23412.4.1 Morphometry of Linear Parameters 23412.4.2 Morphometry of Relief Parameters 24012.4.3 Morphometry of Aerial Parameters 24212.5 Conclusion 247References 24713 Improving the Procedure for River Flow Measurement and Mapping: Case Study River Plitvica, Croatia 251Bojan Đurin, Lucija Plantak, Nikola Kranjčić, Petra Bigor and Damira Keček13.1 Introduction 25213.2 Study Area 25213.3 Data Sets and Methodology 25213.3.1 Data Sets 25213.4 Methodology 25513.5 Results and Discussion 25713.6 Conclusion 259Acknowledgement 260References 26014 Spatiotemporal Analysis of Forest Degradation in South Chotanagpur Divison of India 261Jyotsna Roseline Ekka, Debjani Roy and Kirti Avishek14.1 Introduction 26214.2 Forest Cover Dynamics In Study Area 26414.3 District-Wise Forest And Population Dynamics 26514.4 NDVI Analysis 27214.5 Driving Forces of Forest Cover Change 27314.6 Conclusion 277References 27715 Forest Fire Risk Assessment Using GIS Science – A Case Study of South India 283G. Godson, O. Mohammed Faizan and S. Sanjeevi15.1 Introduction 28415.2 Study Area 28615.3 Datasets Used 28615.4 Factors Responsible for Forest Fire Over the Study Area 28615.4.1 Vegetation Type and Tree Species 28615.4.2 Climate 28715.4.3 Topography 28715.4.4 Road Networks 28715.5 Methodology 28815.6 Parameters Incorporated in the Study 28815.7 Weighted Overlay Analysis in ArcGIS 29015.7.1 Selecting an Evaluation Scale 29015.7.2 Adding the Input Raster 29015.7.3 Setting Scale Values 29015.7.4 Assigning Weights to Input Raster 29015.7.5 Finally Running the Weighted Overlay Tool in ArcGIS 29115.8 NDVI 29115.9 Results and Discussion 293References 29716 GI Science for Land Use Suitability Analysis in the Himalayas – A Case Study of Himachal Pradesh, India 301C. Prakasam, Saravanan R, Varinder S Kanwar, M.K. Sharma and Monika Sharma16.1 Introduction 30216.2 Study Area 30416.3 Materials and Methods 30416.4 Results and Discussion 30916.5 Conclusion 313Acknowledgment 313References 31417 Using Remote Sensing Data and Geospatial Techniques for Watershed Delineation and Morphometric Analysis of Beas Upper Catchment, India 319Monika, Yogender Kumar, Sagar S. Salunkhe, Mehtab Singh and H.Govil17.1 Introduction 32017.2 Study Area 32017.3 Methodology 32217.4 Result and Discussion 32517.4.1 Watershed Delineation and Boundary Comparison 32517.4.2 Slope Comparison 32617.4.3 Aspect Comparison 32717.4.4 Morphometric Parameters 32817.4.4.1 Linear Aspect 32817.4.4.2 Stream Number (Nu) 32817.4.4.3 Stream Order (U) 32817.4.4.4 Aerial Aspects 33017.4.4.5 Relief Aspects 33117.5 Conclusions 333Acknowledgement 334References 33418 Sub-Watershed Prioritization for Soil and Water Conservation – A Case Study of Lower Wardha River, Maharashtra, India, Using GI Science 337B.S. Manjare and Vineesha Singh18.1 Introduction 33818.2 Study Area 34018.3 Data and Method 34018.3.1 Data Set 34018.3.2 Methodology 34118.4 Morphometry of Lower Wardha 34218.5 Results and Discussion 34218.5.1 Slope Analysis 34518.5.2 Prioritization of Sub-Watersheds 34918.5.2.1 Based on Morphometric Analysis 34918.5.2.2 Prioritization Methodology 35018.6 Conclusions 351References 35419 Understanding Hydrologic Response Using Basin Morphometry in Pohru Watershed, NW Himalaya 359Abaas Ahmad Mir, Pervez Ahmed and Umair Ali19.1 Introduction 36019.2 Study Area 36119.2.1 Geology and Geomorphology 36119.3 Materials and Method 36419.4 Results and Discussion 36419.4.1 Drainage System 36419.4.2 Morphometric Analysis 36519.5 Conclusion 368References 36820 Sintacs Method for Assessment of Groundwater Vulnerability: A Case of Ahmedabad, India 373Mona Khakhar, Jayesh P. Ruparelia and Anjana Vyas20.1 Introduction 37420.2 Background 37520.3 Study Area 37720.4 Data Sets and Methodology 37820.4.1 Data Sets 37820.4.2 Methodology 37920.5 Results and Discussion 38220.5.1 Depth to Water Table 38220.5.2 Effective Infiltration/Net Recharge 38420.5.3 Aquifer Media 38420.5.4 Soil Media 38520.5.5 Topographic Slope 38620.5.6 Vadose Zone 38620.5.7 Hydraulic Conductivity 38620.5.8 Derivation of Vulnerability Index 38620.5.9 Appropriate Method for the Study Area 38820.5.10 Temporal Changes in Intrinsic Vulnerability 38920.5.11 State of Contaminants and Land Use 39020.5.12 Land Use and Groundwater Vulnerability 39620.6 Conclusion 401References 401Index 407