Power Converters, Drives and Controls for Sustainable Operations

S. Ganesh Kumar, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anna University, India. He has been a reviewer and board member for a number of scientific and technical journals and conferences. He has one patent, three awards, three research projects, and 50 academic publications in leading scientific conferences and journals to his credit. Marco Rivera Abarca, PhD, is a full professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Universidad de Talca and a professor at the Power Electronics and Machine Centre of the University of Nottingham. He has published over 450 academic publications in leading scientific conferences and journals and has been a visiting professor at several universities. S.K. Pattanaik, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Anna University, India and has served as Director of Academic Affairs, Anna University, and Director, All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), New Delhi. He researches in the area of control systems engineering. He has successfully supervised 3 research scholars and authored over 50 papers and articles in international journals & conferences He has over 25 years of teaching experience to his credit.

• Preface xxiPart I: Power Converter Topologies for Sustainable Applications 11 DC-DC Power Converter Topologies for Sustainable Applications 3Nandish B. M., Pushparajesh V. and Marulasiddappa H. B.1.1 Introduction 41.2 Classifications of DC-DC Converters 41.2.1 Classification of Linear Mode DC-DC Converters 51.2.1.1 Series Regulators 51.2.1.2 Parallel Regulators 61.2.2 Classification of Hard Switching DC-DC Converter 61.2.2.1 List of Isolated DC-DC Topologies 61.2.2.2 Classification of Non-Isolated DC-DC Converters 101.2.3 Classification of Soft Switching DC-DC Converter 161.2.3.1 Zero Current Switching (ZCS) 161.2.3.2 Zero Voltage Switching (ZVS) 161.3 Applications of DC-DC Converters in Real World 161.4 Conclusion 18References 182 DC-DC Converters for Fuel Cell Power Sources 21M. Venkatesh Naik, Paulson Samuel and Srinivasan Pradabane2.1 DC-DC Boost Converter in Fuel Cell (FC) Applications 222.2 DC-DC Buck Converter 262.3 DC-DC Buck-Boost Converter 272.4 DC-DC Cuk-Converter 292.5 DC-DC Sepic Converter 302.6 Multi-Phase and Multi-Device Techniques for Ripple Current Reduction 322.6.1 Multi-Device Boost Converter 332.6.2 Multi-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter 352.6.3 Multi-Device Multi-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter 372.7 The Proposed High Gain Multi-Device Multi-Phase Interleaved Boost Converter 422.7.1 Operating Principle of HGMDMPIBC 442.8 Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converters for Low Voltage FC Applications 482.8.1 Single Switch Non-Inverting Buck-Boost Converter 492.8.2 Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter 522.9 Proposed Multi-Device Buck-Boost Converter for Low Voltage FC Applications 572.10 The Proposed Multi-Device Multi-Phase Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter for Low Voltage FC Applications 592.11 Converter Configurations for Integrating FC with 400 V Grid Voltages 622.11.1 Series Configuration 622.11.2 DC-Distributed Configuration 642.12 Conclusions 65References 663 High Gain DC-DC Converters for Photovoltaic Applications 71M. Prabhakar and B. Sri Revathi3.1 Introduction 713.1.1 Role of DC-DC Converter in Renewable Energy System 723.1.2 Classical Boost Converter (CBC) 753.2 Gain Extension Mechanisms 773.2.1 Voltage-Lift Capacitor (Clift ) 773.2.2 Coupled Inductor (CI) 783.2.3 Voltage Multiplier Cells (VMC) 793.3 Synthesis of High Gain DC-DC Converters 803.3.1 Concept of Interleaving 803.3.2 Interleaving Mechanism with Coupled Inductors (CIs) 833.3.3 VMCs at Secondary Side of CIs 843.4 Development of High Gain DC-DC Converters (HGCs) 843.4.1 HGC with 3 CIs, Clift , and VMC 853.4.1.1 Design Details of HGC- 1 903.4.1.2 Experimental Results of Prototype HGC- 1 and Discussion 953.4.2 3-Phase Interleaved HGC with 1 CI, Clift , and VMC 1013.4.3 Modular HGC with 3 CIs, Clift , and 3 VMCs 1043.4.4 Compact HGC Based on Multi-Winding CI, Clift , and VMC 1073.4.4.1 Voltage Stress on Devices 1093.4.4.2 Current Stress on Devices 1093.5 Operating Capabilities of the Proposed HGCs – A Comparison 1113.5.1 Electrical Characteristics 1113.5.1.1 Ideal Voltage Gain 1113.5.1.2 Loss Distribution Profile 1133.5.2 Stress on Switches 1153.5.2.1 Peak Voltage Stress 1163.5.2.2 Peak Current Stress 1173.5.3 Structural Parameters 1173.5.3.1 Coefficient of Coupling (k) 1173.5.3.2 Component Count (CC) and Component Utilisation Ratio (CUR) 1183.6 Salient Features of the Presented High Gain Converters 1193.7 Summary and Outlook 120References 1224 Design of DC-DC Converters for Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging Energy Storage System 127T. Kripalakshmi and T. Deepa4.1 Introduction 1284.2 Isolated Converters 1304.2.1 Bridge Type 1304.2.2 Z-Source Type 1314.2.3 Sinusoidal Amplitude High Voltage Bus Converter (sahvc) 1314.2.4 Multiport Converter 1334.3 Non-Isolated Converter 1334.3.1 Conventional Converters 1334.3.2 Interleaved Converter 1344.3.3 Multi-Device Interleaved 1354.4 Design of DC-DC Converter with Integration of ICPT and Battery Implementation with Digital Control Loop 1364.4.1 Design of DC-DC for BEV with the Integration of ICPT 1364.4.2 Digital Control with Sliding Mode Control Approach 1394.5 Design of Converter with Hybrid Energy Storage System and Bidirectional Converter 1434.6 Conclusion 145References 1455 Performance Analysis of Series Load Resonant (SLR) DC–DC Converter 149A. Mitra, S. Bhowmik, A. Halder, S. Karmakar and T. Paul5.1 Introduction 1495.2 Theoretical Background 1515.3 Simulation Results 1555.4 Conclusion 157References 1586 Review on Different Methodologies of DC-AC Converter 159Pushparajesh V., Marulasiddappa H. B. and Nandish B. M.6.1 Introduction 1606.2 Different Multilevel Inverter Topologies 1626.2.1 Diode Clamped MLI (DCMLI) 1626.2.2 Flying Capacitor mli 1646.2.3 Cascaded H-Bridge mli 1656.2.4 New Hybrid Cascaded mli 1676.2.4.1 Stepped Wave Modulation Topology (swmt) 1676.2.4.2 Fourier Series of Proposed Waveform 1686.2.4.3 Proposed Topology (New Hybrid MLI) 1696.3 Comparison between Various mli 1726.4 Conclusion 173References 1737 Grid Connected Inverter for Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation 175K.K. Saravanan and M. Durairasan7.1 Single Phase Seven Level Inverter Fed Grid Connected PV System 1767.1.1 Seven Level Inverter Topology 1767.1.2 PWM Technique for Seven Level Inverter 1777.1.3 Modelling and Simulation Analysis of Seven Level Inverter 1807.2 Simlink Model of Nine Level H-Bridge Inverter 1817.3 Three Phase Fifteen Level Inverter Fed Grid Connected System 1827.3.1 Modified System of Fifteen Level Inverter 1827.3.2 Modelling of Cascaded H-Bridge Fifteen Level Inverter 1837.3.3 Evaluation of THD 1847.4 Fesability Analysis of Photovoltaic System in Grid Connected Inverter 1857.4.1 Modified PV-DVR System 1857.4.1.1 Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) Mode 1877.4.1.2 Uninterruptable Power Supply (UPS) Mode 1877.4.1.3 Energy Conservation Mode 1877.4.1.4 Idle Mode 1877.4.2 Photovoltaic DC-DC Converter 1887.4.3 Maximum Power Point Tracking of PV System 1917.4.4 Methods of Maximum Power Point Tracking 1927.4.4.1 Perturb and Observe Method 1927.4.4.2 Incremental Conductance Method 1937.4.4.3 Current Sweep Method 1937.4.4.4 Constant Voltage Method 1947.4.5 Comparison of MPPT Methods 1947.4.6 Operating Principle of P&O MPPT 1957.4.7 Simulation Results of PV-DVR System 1957.4.8 Grid Connected System Using PV Syst Tool 1977.4.8.1 PV System Simulation Result Analysis 1997.5 Conclusion 1997.6 Future Scope of Work 200References 2008 A Novel Fusion Switching Pattern Generation Algorithm for “N-Level” Switching Angle Algorithm Based Trinary Cascaded Hybrid Multi-Level Inverter 203Joseph Anthony Prathap and T.S. Anandhi8.1 Introduction 2048.2 Trinary Cascaded Hybrid MLI Circuitry 2068.3 Switching Angle Algorithm 2088.3.1 Equal Phase Switching Angle Algorithm (EP-SAA) 2098.3.2 Half Equal Phase Switching Angle Algorithm (hep-saa) 2098.3.3 Feed Forward Switching Angle Algorithm (FF-SAA) 2098.3.4 Half Height Switching Angle Algorithm (HH-SAA) 2098.4 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid Multi-Level Inverter 2108.4.1 SAA for 9-Level TCHMLI 2108.4.2 Generation of Switching Function for the 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2158.4.3 Generation of DPWM for the 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2158.4.4 Simulation Results of 9-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2168.5 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2228.5.1 SAA for 27-Level TCHMLI 2238.5.2 Generation of Switching Function for the 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2258.5.3 Generation of DPWM for the 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2318.5.4 Simulation Results of 27-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2318.6 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2408.6.1 SAA for 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2408.6.2 Generation of Switching Function for the 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2488.6.3 Generation of DPWM for 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2658.6.4 Flow Diagram of 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2668.6.5 5 Roles of Design Resolution in Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2668.6.6 Simulation Results of 81-Level Trinary Cascaded Hybrid mli 2688.7 FPGA Experimental Validation with Specification 2798.8 Hardware Results and Discussion 2798.9 Conclusion 280References 2909 An Inspection on Multilevel Inverters Based on Sustainable Applications 293L. Vijayaraja, R. Dhanasekar and S. Ganesh Kumar9.1 Introduction 2939.2 Multilevel Inverters in Sustainable Applications 2949.3 Development of Multilevel Inverter 2999.3.1 Diode-Clamped 2999.3.2 Flying Capacitor 3009.3.3 Cascaded H-Bridge mli 3019.4 Symmetric mli 3019.5 Asymmetric mli 3059.6 An Examination on Current MLI’s 3079.7 Summary 311Acknowledgement 311References 311Part II: Electric Machines and Drives for Sustainable Applications 31510 Technical Study of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure and Standards 317R. Seyezhai and S. Harika10.1 Introduction 31710.2 Background 31810.3 Review of EV Charging Infrastructure 32010.4 Review of DC-DC Converters for EVCs 32310.5 Standards for EV and EVSE 32710.5.1 Description of EV Connector 33010.6 Charging Stations in India 33110.7 Conclusion 332References 33211 Implementation of Model Predictive Control for Reduced Torque Ripple in Orthopaedic Surgical Drilling Applications with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine 337Ramya L. N. and Sivaprakasam A.11.1 Introduction 33811.2 Role of Motor in Orthopaedic Drilling Applications 34111.2.1 BLDC Motors 34111.2.2 Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors 34111.2.2.1 PMSM Machine Equations 34211.2.3 Control Methods of PMSM 34311.3 Model Predictive Control 34711.3.1 Structure of MPC 34811.3.2 Cost Function 34911.4 Predictive Control Techniques for PMSM 35011.4.1 Conventional Model Predictive Torque Control (MPC) 35011.4.2 Proposed MPC Technique 35211.5 Implementation and Results 35411.5.1 Comparative Study of Steady State Performance of Proposed MPC and Conventional MPC under Loaded Condition 35511.5.2 Steady State Performance at 50% Rated Speed 35611.5.3 Steady State Performance at 100% Rated Speed 35711.5.4 Real-Time Simulation Result Analysis with OPAL-RT Lab 35711.5.4.1 Steady-State Response 35811.5.4.2 Start-Up Response 35911.6 Implementation Analysis 35911.7 Conclusion 362References 36212 High Precision Drives for Piezoelectric Actuators Based Motion Control Microsystems 367D. V. Sabarianand and P. Karthikeyan12.1 Introduction 36812.2 Driving Methods of PEA 36912.3 Driver Circuits for Driving PEA in High Voltage Applications 36912.4 Different Types of Power Supply Used for Driving the Piezo Driver 37712.5 Different Types of Voltage Regulator Used for Driving the Piezo Driver 38012.6 Conclusions 385References 38613 Design and Analysis of 31-Level Asymmetrical Multilevel Inverter Topology for R, RL, & Motor Load 391E. Duraimurugan, R. S. Jeevitha, S. Dillirani, L. Vijayaraja and S. Ganesh Kumar13.1 Introduction 39113.2 Incorporation of Multilevel Inverters in Various Applications 39213.3 Modeling of 31-Level Asymmetric Inverter 39413.3.1 Mathematical Modeling of 31-Level Inverter 39513.3.2 Modes of Operation 39613.3.3 Switching Principle of 31-Level Inverter 39813.4 Simulation Circuit and Result Discussions 40013.4.1 Block Diagram for Pulse Generation 40013.4.2 Simulation of 31-Level Inverter with R Load 40013.4.3 Simulation of 31-Level Inverter with RL Load 40213.4.4 Simulation of 31-Level Inverter Fed with1φ Induction Motor 40513.5 Conclusion 407Acknowledgement 407References 40714 Permanent Magnet Assisted Synchronous Reluctance Motor: Analysis and Design with Rare Earth Free Hybrid Magnets 411P. Ramesh, D. Pradhap and N. C. Lenin14.1 Introduction 41114.2 Literature Survey 41314.3 Construction and Torque Equation 41514.4 Design Specifications and Machine Topologies 41714.5 No-Load Characteristics 42114.6 Performance at Various Operating Regions 42414.7 Conclusion 429Acknowledgment 433References 43315 Design of Bidirectional DC – DC Converters and Controllers for Hybrid Energy Sources in Electric Vehicles 437R. Chandrasekaran, M. Satish Kumar Reddy, K. Selvajyothi and B. Raja15.1 Introduction 43715.2 Need For Hybrid Energy Management Systems in EV 43915.3 Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) 44015.3.1 Passive Parallel HESS 44115.3.2 Parallel Converter HESS 44115.4 Bidirectional DC-DC Converters (BDC) 44215.5 Specifications of DC-DC Converters 44615.6 Control Strategy 44715.7 Results and Discussion 44915.8 Conclusions 459References 46016 Design of Rare Earth Magnet Free Traction Motor 463Akhila K. and K. Selvajyothi16.1 Introduction 46416.2 Comparison Among Traction Motor Choices 46816.3 Motor Peak Power Calculation Based on Vehicle Dynamics 47316.4 Operating Principle of SynRM & Basic Terminologies 47516.5 SynRM Design Concepts: Effect of Design Parameters on Performance 48216.6 Analytical Design of SynRM 48616.6.1 Stator & Winding Design 48616.6.2 Rotor Design 49016.6.2.1 Determining Barrier End Angle, αm 49116.6.2.2 Determining Segment Width, SI 49116.6.2.3 Determining Barrier Width, W1I 49316.7 Electromagnetic Analysis –Results & Discussion 49616.8 Investigation on Impact of Different Parameters 50016.8.1 Torque-Speed Curve 50616.9 Summary 51016.10 Future Work 513References 51317 Implementation of Automatic Unmanned Battery Charging System for Electric Cars 517Shefali Jagwani17.1 Introduction 51817.2 Proposed System 52117.3 MATLAB Simulation 52317.3.1 Mathematical Modelling 52317.3.2 Simulation and Analysis of Battery Discharging at EV Charging Station 52617.4 Conclusion 529References 52918 Improved Dual Output DC-DC Converter for Electric Vehicle Charging Application 533R. Latha18.1 Introduction 53418.2 Proposed Dual Output Quadratic Boost Converter 53718.2.1 Solar PV System 53718.2.1.1 Mathematical Modeling of PV System 53718.2.2 Switching Methodology 53818.2.2.1 Topology of Proposed Converter 53918.2.3 Estimation of Parameters of Proposed SIDO Converter 54318.2.3.1 Design Example 54418.3 Simulation of the Proposed Converter 54518.4 Experimental Results 54518.5 Conclusion 550References 55119 DFIG Based Wind Energy Conversion Using Direct Matrix Converter 553Vineet DahiyaChapter-i 554Introduction 55419.1 Introduction to Matrix Converters 55819.2 Introduction to Control and Modulation Techniques in Matrix Convertor 55919.3 Introduction to Predictive Control Techniques 562Chapter-ii 562Concept and System Description: Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) in Wind Energy Conversion System 562Chapter-iii 571Modeling and Simulation of DFIG in MATLAB 571Chapter-iv 574The Matrix Converter and Predictive Control Technique 57419.4 Topologies of Matrix Converters and Use of Predictive Control 58319.5 Conclusion 58819.6 Scope for Future Work 589References 590Part III: Trends in Control Methods for Sustainable Applications 59520 Microgrid: Recent Trends and Control 597S. Monesha and S. Ganesh Kumar20.1 Introduction 59820.2 MG Concept 59920.2.1 Different Structures of MG 60020.2.1.1 Ac Mg 60020.2.1.2 dc Mg 60120.2.1.3 Hybrid AC/DC MG 60220.2.1.4 Urban DC MG 60220.2.1.5 Ceiling DC MG 60220.3 MG Control Layer 60320.4 Functional Requirements of MG Management 60420.4.1 Forecast 60420.4.2 Real-Time Optimization 60420.4.3 Data Analysis and Communication 60420.4.4 Human Machine Interface 60520.5 Energy Management Schemes 60520.5.1 Communication-Based Energy Management 60520.5.2 The Communication-Less Energy Management System 60820.6 Overview of MG Control 61120.6.1 Power Flow Control by Current Regulation 61120.6.2 Power Flow Control by Voltage Regulation 61220.6.3 Agent-Based Control 61320.6.4 Multi-Agent System (MAS) Based Distributed Control 61320.6.5 PQ Control 61420.6.6 VSI Control 61420.6.7 Central Control 61420.6.8 Master/Slave Control 61520.6.9 Distributed Control 61520.6.10 Droop Control 61620.6.11 Control Design Based on Transfer Function 61620.6.12 Direct Lyapunov Control (DLC) 61720.6.13 Passivity Based Control (PBC) 61720.6.14 Model Predictive Control (MPC) 61820.7 IEEE and IEC Standards 62120.8 Challenges of MG Controls 62320.8.1 Future Trends 624Acknowledgement 624References 62421 Control Techniques in Sustainable Applications 631R. Dhanasekar, L. Vijayaraja and S. Ganesh Kumar21.1 Introduction 63221.2 Sliding Mode Control Techniques in Sustainable Applications 63421.3 Passivity-Based Control in Sustainable Applications 64421.4 Model Predictive Control in Sustainable Applications 65021.5 Conclusion 655Acknowledgement 655References 65522 Optimization Techniques for Minimizing Power Loss in Radial Distribution Systems by Placing Wind and Solar Systems 659S. Angalaeswari, D. Subbulekshmi and T. DeepaI. Introduction 66022.1 Distribution Systems 66022.2 Radial Distribution Network 66122.3 Power Loss Minimization 66222.4 Optimization Techniques 66422.5 MATLAB Tools for Optimization Techniques 67022.6 Conclusion 674References 675Appendix 67923 Passivity Based Control for DC-DC Converters 681Arathy Rajeev V.K. and Ganesh Kumar S.23.1 Introduction 68123.2 Passivity Based Control 68323.3 Control Law Generation Using ESDI, ESEDPOF, Etedpof 68623.3.1 Energy Shaping and Damping Injection (ESDI) 68623.3.2 Exact Tracking Error Dynamics Passive Output Feedback (ETEDPOF) 68723.3.3 Exact Static Error Dynamics Passive Output Feedback 69223.4 Control Law Generation Using ETEDPOF Method for DC Drives 69223.4.1 Buck Converter Fed DC Motor 69223.4.2 Boost Converter Fed DC Motor 69723.4.3 Luo Converter Fed DC Motor 70123.5 Sensitivity Analysis 70623.5.1 Sensitivity Analysis of Buck Converter 70723.5.2 Sensitivity Analysis of Boost Converter 70923.5.3 Sensitivity Analysis of a Luo Converter 71023.6 Reference Profile Generation 71323.6.1 Boost Converter Fed DC Motor 71323.6.2 Luo Converter Fed DC Motor 71523.7 Load Torque Estimation 71923.7.1 Reduced-Order Observer for Load Torque Estimation 71923.7.2 SROO Approach for Load Torque Estimation 72023.7.3 Load Torque Estimation Using Online Algebraic Approach 72123.7.4 Sensorless Online Algebraic Approach (SAA) for Load Torque Estimation 72323.8 Applications of PBC 72423.9 Conclusion 726References 72824 Modeling, Analysis, and Design of a Fuzzy Logic Controller for Sustainable System Using MATLAB 731T. Deepa, D. Subbulekshmi and S. Angalaeswari24.1 Introduction 73224.2 Modeling of MIMO System 73424.3 Analysis of MIMO System Using MATLAB 73424.4 Optimization Techniques for PID Parameter 74224.4.1 Controller Design 74224.4.1.1 PID Controller Design 74224.4.2 Optimization of PID Controller Parameter 74324.5 Fuzzy Logic Controller Using MATLAB/Simulink 74424.6 Conclusion 745References 74625 Development of Backstepping Controller for Buck Converter 749R. Sureshkumar and S. Ganesh Kumar25.1 Introduction 74925.2 Buck Converter With R-Load 75125.2.1 Mathematical Model 75225.2.2 Buck Converter with PMDC Motor 75225.2.3 Mathematical Model 75325.3 Controller Design 75425.3.1 Basic Block Diagram for PI/Backstepping Controller 75425.3.2 Conventional PI Controller Design 75425.3.3 Backstepping Controller Design 75625.3.4 Backstepping Control Algorithm 75725.3.5 Controller Design for Buck Converter with R-Load 75725.4 Simulation Results 76625.5 Hardware Details 76825.5.1 Buck Converter Specifications 77125.5.2 Advanced Regulating Pulse Width Modulator 77325.5.3 Principles of Operation 77425.6 Hardware Results 77525.7 Conclusion 777References 77826 Analysing Control Algorithms for Controlling the Speed of BLDC Motors Using Green IoT 779V. Evelyn Brindha and X. Anitha Mary26.1 Introduction 77926.2 Working of BLDC Motor 78026.3 Speed Control of Motor 78126.4 Speed Control of BLDC Motor with FPGA 78626.5 Advancements in Green IoT for BLDC Motors 78626.6 Conclusion 787References 787Index 789