Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, PhD, Biotechnology Department, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Silvio Silverio da Silva, PhD, Biotechnology Department, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Brazil. Antonio Ortiz Lopez, PhD, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Murcia, Spain.

• List of Contributors xiForeword xvIntroduction 1Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, Carlos Augusto Ramos, Guilherme de Oliveira Silva, Ramiro Reyes Guzman, Silvio Silverio da Silva, and Antonio Ortiz LopezBiosurfactants: Concept, Biological Functions, Classification, General Properties and Applications 11 Microorganisms Producing Biosurfactants in the Current Scenario 11Fernanda Palladino, Rita C.L.B. Rodrigues, Yasmim Senden dos Santos, and Carlos A. Rosa1.1 Introduction 111.2 Microbial Biosurfactants 121.2.1 Structure and Classification of Biosurfactants 121.2.2 Biosurfactants Producing Yeasts 141.2.3 Biosurfactants Produced by Extremophile Microorganisms 171.3 Industrial Applications of Biosurfactants 18References 202 Selection of Biosurfactant-Producing Microorganisms 29Julio Bonilla Jaime, Luis Galarza Romero, and Jonathan Coronel León2.1 Introduction 292.2 Traditional Methods of Detection 302.2.1 Direct Measure of Surface/interfacial Activity 312.2.2 Indirect Measure of Surface/interfacial Activity 322.2.3 EffectsofCultureMediaBasedonAgro-industrialBy-productsonProperties of BS 342.3 High-throughputAnalysisMethodfortheScreeningofPotentialBiosurfactants Producers 352.4 Screening of Microorganisms Biosurfactants and Lipases Producers 402.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 45References 463 Metabolic Engineering as a Tool for Biosurfactant Production by Microorganisms 61Roberta Barros Lovaglio, Vinícius Luiz da Silva, and Jonas Contiero3.1 Metabolic Engineering and Biosurfactants 613.2 Regulation and Heterologous Production of Biosurfactants 633.3 Extension of Substrate Range for Biosurfactant Production 673.4 Improvement of Overall Cellular Physiology 683.5 Elimination or Reduction of By-product 693.6 Future Perspectives 693.7 Conclusions 70References 714 Biosurfactant Production in the Context of Biorefineries 77Paulo Ricardo Franco Marcelino, Carlos Augusto Ramos, Maria Teresa Ramos, Renan Murbach Pereira, Rafael Rodrigues Philippini, Emily Emy Matsumura, and Silvio Silvério da Silva4.1 Biorefineries in Contemporary Society 774.2 Biomass and Biorefineries: Industrial By-products as Raw Materials for Biorefineries 784.3 Biosurfactant Production in the Context of Lignocellulosic Biorefineries 804.4 Biosurfactant Production in the Context of Oleaginous Biorefineries 854.5 Biosurfactant Production in the Context of Starchy and Biodiesel Biorefineries 874.6 Conclusion 88References 885 Biosurfactant Production by Solid-state Fermentation in Biorefineries 95Daylin Rubio-Ribeaux, Rogger Alessandro Mata da Costa, Dayana Montero Rodríguez, Nathália Sá Alencar do Amaral Marques, Gilda Mariano Silva, and Silvio Silvério da Silva5.1 Introduction 955.2 Advantages of Biosurfactant Production by Solid-State Fermentation 965.3 Suitable Biomasses for Biosurfactant Production in Biorefineries 965.4 Microorganisms Used in Biosurfactant Production by Solid-state Fermentation 985.5 Raw Materials Used in Solid-state Fermentation for Biosurfactant Production 995.6 Pretreatment of Raw Materials for the Production of Biosurfactants in Solid-state Fermentation 1015.7 Physicochemical Factors of Solid-state Fermentation 1035.8 Strategies for Scaling-up of Solid-state Fermentation for Biosurfactant Production 1055.9 Conclusion 108References 1086 An Overview of Developments and Challenges in the Production of Biosurfactant by Fermentation Processes 117F.G. Barbosa, M.J. Castro-Alonso, T.M. Rocha, S. Sánchez-Muñoz, G.L. de Arruda, M.C.A. Viana, C.A. Prado, P.R.F. Marcelino, J.C. Santos, and Silvio S. Da Silva6.1 Introduction 1176.2 Current Market and Potential Applications of Biosurfactants 1186.3 Biosurfactant as a Sustainable Alternative: Factors Influencing its Production 1186.3.1 Factors Involved in the Biosurfactant Production 1196.4 Strategies and Main Challenges for Biosurfactant Production 1226.4.1 Process Configurations as Strategies for Biosurfactant Production 1236.4.2 Bioreactors Used in the Biosurfactants Production: Types, Advantages, and Disadvantages 1256.4.3 Biosurfactant Separation Processes 1286.5 Future Perspectives and Conclusion 132References 1327 Enzymatic Production of Biosurfactants 143Ana Karine F. de Carvalho, Heitor B.S. Bento, Felipe R. Carlos, Vitor B. Hidalgo, Cintia M. Romero, Bruno C. Gambarato, and Patrícia C.M. Da Rós7.1 Introduction 1437.2 What are the Biosurfactants Produced Enzymatically? Esterification Reactions of Sugars and Fatty Acids Catalyzed by Enzymes 1447.2.1 Esterification Reactions of Sugars and Fatty Acids Catalyzed by Enzymes 1447.3 Enzymes and Methods for Biosurfactant Production: Bioreactors and Ways of Conducting Enzymatic Processes 1457.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzymatic Biosurfactant Production 1487.5 Potential Use of Enzymes for the Production of Biosurfactants 1497.6 Production of Biosurfactants by the Enzymatic Route in Biorefineries: Demand for More Modern Production Processes 1507.7 Conclusion 153References 1538 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Other Bioproducts in Biorefineries 157Martha Inés Vélez-Mercado, Carlos Antonio Espinosa-Lavenant, Juan Gerardo Flores-Iga, Fernando Hernández Teran, María de Lourdes Froto Madariaga, and Nagamani Balagurusamy8.1 Introduction 1578.2 Microbial Surfactant Production 1588.3 Co-production of Biosurfactants in a Biorefinery 1608.3.1 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Polyhydroxyalkanoates 1618.3.2 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Enzymes 1628.3.3 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Lipids 1648.3.4 Co-production of Biosurfactants and Ethanol 1658.4 Conclusions 166References 1669 Biosurfactants in Nanotechnology: Recent Advances and Applications 173Avinash P. Ingle, Shreshtha Saxena, Mangesh Moharil, Mahendra Rai, and Silvio S. Da Silva9.1 Introduction 1739.2 Biosurfactants and their Types 1749.2.1 Glycolipid Biosurfactants 1749.2.2 Rhamnolipids 1749.2.3 Trehalolipids 1759.2.4 Sophorolipids 1759.2.5 Mannosylerythritol Lipids 1759.2.6 Lipopeptide Biosurfactants 1759.2.7 Phospholipid Biosurfactants 1769.2.8 Polymeric Biosurfactants 1769.3 Properties of Biosurfactants 1789.3.1 Surface and Interface Activity 1789.3.2 Efficiency 1799.3.3 Foaming Capacity 1799.3.4 Emulsification/Emulsion Forming and Emulsion Breaking 1799.3.5 Tolerance for Temperature and pH Tolerance 1809.3.6 Low Toxicity 1809.3.7 Biodegradability 1809.4 Conventional Methods for Biosurfactant Production 1809.5 Commercial Applications of Biosurfactants 1829.5.1 Application of Biosurfactants in Agriculture 1829.5.2 Application of Biosurfactants in Nanotechnology 1839.5.3 Applications of Biosurfactants in Commercial Laundry Detergents 1849.5.4 Application of Biosurfactants in Medicine 1849.5.5 Application of Biosurfactants in the Food Processing Industry 1859.5.6 Application of Biosurfactants in the Cosmetic Industry 1859.5.7 Application of Biosurfactants in Petroleum 1859.5.8 Application of Biosurfactant in Microbial-enhanced Oil Recovery 1869.6 Biosurfactants in Nanotechnology (Biosurfactant Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles) 1869.6.1 Glycolipids Biosurfactants Produced Nanoparticles 1869.6.2 Lipopeptides Biosurfactants Produced Nanoparticles 1879.7 Conclusions 188References 18810 Interaction of Glycolipid Biosurfactants with Model Membranes and Proteins 195Francisco J. Aranda, Antonio Ortiz, and José A. Teruel10.1 Introduction 19510.2 Interaction of Glycolipid Biosurfactants with Model Membranes 19610.2.1 Rhamnolipids 19710.2.2 Trehalose Lipids 20610.2.3 Other Glycolipids 20910.3 Interaction of Glycolipid Biosurfactants with Proteins 21110.3.1 Rhamnolipids 21110.3.2 Trehalose Lipids 21110.3.3 Mannosylerythritol Lipids 21210.4 Conclusions 212References 21311 Biosurfactants: Properties and Current Therapeutic Applications 221Cristiani Baldo, Maria Ines Rezende, and Fabiana Guillen Moreira Gasparin11.1 Production of Microbial Biosurfactants 22111.2 Anti-tumoral Activity of Biosurfactants 22311.3 Anti-inflammatory Activity of Biosurfactants 22611.4 Anti-microbial Activity of Biosurfactant 22811.4.1 Biosurfactants as Anti-bacterial Agents 22911.4.2 Biosurfactants as Anti-viral Agents 23111.4.3 Biosurfactants as Anti-fungal Agents 23211.5 Other Therapeutic Applications of Biosurfactants 23311.6 Concluding Remarks 234References 23412 Fungal Biosurfactants: Applications in Agriculture and Environmental Bioremediation Processes 243Láuren Machado Drumond de Souza, Débora Luiza Costa Barreto, Lívia da Costa Coelho, Elisa Amorim Amâncio Teixeira, Vívian Nicolau Gonçalves, Júlia de Paula Muzetti Ribeiro, Natana Gontijo Rabelo, Stephanie Evelinde Oliveira Alves, Mayanne Karla da Silva, Laura Beatriz Miranda Martins, Charles Lowell Cantrell, Stephen Oscar Duke, and Luiz Henrique Rosa12.1 Biosurfactants as Agrochemicals 24312.1.1 Biosurfactants as Herbicide Adjuvants 24412.1.2 Biosurfactants and Antifungal Activity 24512.1.3 Biosurfactants as Insecticidal Adjuvants 24612.2 Insecticidal Biosurfactants for Use against Disease Vector Insects 24612.3 Fungal Biosurfactants in Bioremediation Processes 248References 24913 New Formulations Based on Biosurfactants and Their Potential Applications 255Maria Jose Castro-Alonso, Fernanda G. Barbosa, Thiago A. Vieira, Diana A. Sanchez, Monica C. Santos, Thércia R. Balbino, Salvador S. Muñoz, and Talita M. Lacerda13.1 Introduction 25513.2 General Chemical and Biochemical Aspects 25813.3 Downstream Processing 25913.4 Biosurfactants in Cosmetics and Personal Care 25913.5 Biosurfactants in Medicine and Pharmaceutics 26113.6 Biosurfactants in Food and Feed 26213.7 Biosurfactants in Pesticides, Insecticides, and Herbicide Formulations 26413.8 Biosurfactants in Civil Engineering 26513.9 Miscellaneous 26613.9.1 Detergent Formulations 26613.9.2 Bioremediation Purposes 26713.9.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis 26713.9.4 Polymer Synthesis 26813.10 Overview of the Biosurfactant Market 26813.11 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 270References 27014 Techno-economic-environmental Analysis of the Production of Biosurfactants in the Context of Biorefineries 281Andreza Aparecida Longati, Andrew Milli Elias, Felipe Fernando, Furlan Everson Alves Miranda, and Roberto de Campos Giordano14.1 Introduction 28114.1.1 Background 28114.1.2 Surfactant Versus Biosurfactant 28214.1.3 Biosurfactant Market, Producers, and Patents 28214.1.4 Biosurfactant Production Routes 28314.2 Economic Aspects of the BS Production 28614.3 Environmental Aspects 28814.4 Biosurfactant Production Synergies in the Brazilian Biorefineries Context 29014.5 Conclusion 293References 294Index 301