Biogas Plants

EditorWojciech Czekała, Associate Professor, Vice Dean of Science - Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biosystems Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences (PULS), Poland. Series EditorChristian Stevens, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Belgium.

• List of Contributors xviiSeries Preface xxi1 Anaerobic Digestion Process and Biogas Production 1Liangliang Wei, Weixin Zhao, Likui Feng, Jianju Li, Xinhui Xia, Hang Yu, and Yu Liu1.1 Introduction 11.2 Basic Knowledges of AD Processes and Operations 21.2.1 Fundamental Mechanisms and Typical Processes of AD 21.2.2 Factors Affecting the AD Process of Biogas Production 41.2.2.1 Temperature 41.2.2.2 pH 51.2.2.3 Organic Loading Rate (OLR) 51.2.2.4 Carbon–Nitrogen Ratio 51.2.2.5 Inoculum-to-Substrate Ratio (ISR) 61.2.2.6 Solids Concentration 61.2.2.7 Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) 61.3 Current Challenges of AD Process and Biogas Production 71.3.1 Ammonia Inhibition 71.3.2 Volatile Fatty Acid Inhibition 101.3.3 Psychrophilic Temperature Inhibition 121.4 Proposed Strategies for Enhanced Biogas Production 141.4.1 Promoting Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer via Conductive Materials Additive 141.4.2 Co-digestion of Different Substrates 161.4.3 Bioaugmentation 191.4.4 Bioelectrochemical System-Assisted AD 201.5 Techno-Economic and Environmental Assessment of Anaerobic Digestion for Biogas Production 221.5.1 Techno-Economic Analysis 221.5.2 Environmental Feasibility and Benefit Assessment 24References 262 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Materials to Enhance Biogas Recovery 37Jonathan T. E. Lee, Nalok Dutta, To-Hung Tsui, Ee Y. Lim, Yanjun Dai, and Yen W. Tong2.1 Introduction 372.1.1 Lignocellulosic Waste Material Production 382.1.2 Structural Insight of Lignocellulosic Materials 392.1.3 Biogas Production from Lignocellulosic Materials and the Need for Pretreatment 402.2 Available Pretreatment Technologies for Lignocellulosic Materials and the Corresponding Biogas Recovery Associated 412.2.1 Physical Pretreatment 412.2.1.1 Comminution 432.2.1.2 Microwave Thermal Pretreatment 432.2.1.3 Extrusion 442.2.1.4 Ultrasonication 452.2.2 Chemical Pretreatment 452.2.2.1 Acid Hydrolysis Pretreatment 452.2.2.2 Alkali Hydrolysis Pretreatment 472.2.2.3 Ionic Liquids Pretreatment 482.2.2.4 Deep Eutectic Solvents Pretreatment 482.2.2.5 Organosolvents Pretreatment 492.2.3 Biological Pretreatment 492.2.3.1 Enzymatic Pretreatment 502.2.3.2 Whole-cell Microbial Pretreatment 512.2.3.3 Fungal Pretreatment 522.2.3.4 Ensiling 522.2.3.5 Summary of Individual Pretreatment Efficiencies 532.2.4 Physiochemical Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass in the Production of Biogas 542.2.4.1 Hybrid State of Art Lignocellulosic Pretreatments 542.3 Pertinent Perspectives 582.3.1 Integrated Biorefinery While Treating Various Wastes 582.3.1.1 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) 582.3.1.2 Forestry Waste 592.3.1.3 Crop Straw 592.3.2 Biogas Production from Lignocellulosic Waste and Its Economic Viability 592.4 Conclusions 60Acknowledgments 61References 613 Biogas Technology and the Application for Agricultural and Food Waste Treatment 73Wei Qiao, Simon M. Wandera, Mengmeng Jiang, Yapeng Song, and Renjie Dong3.1 Development of Biogas Plants 733.1.1 Agricultural Waste 743.1.1.1 Livestock and Poultry Manure 743.1.1.2 Crop Straw 743.1.2 Municipal Solid Waste 753.1.2.1 Municipal Solid Waste 753.1.2.2 Sewage Sludge 753.2 Anaerobic Digestion Process 763.3 Biogas Production from Livestock and Poultry Manure 773.3.1 Successful AD of Cattle and Swine Manure 773.3.1.1 Industrial-scale AD of Cattle Manure 773.3.1.2 Industrial-scale AD of Swine Manure 773.3.2 Successful Anaerobic Digestion of Chicken Manure in a Large Plant 773.3.3 Strategies for Mitigating Ammonia Inhibition in Chicken Manure AD 783.3.3.1 Supplementation with Trace Elements 783.3.3.2 In-situ Ammonia Stripping for Chicken Manure Digesters 793.4 Food Waste Anaerobic Digestion 793.4.1 Challenges of Food Waste AD and the Solutions 793.4.1.1 VFAs Accumulation in Thermophilic AD of Food Waste 793.4.1.2 AD Technologies for Food Waste 803.4.1.3 Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor Technology for Food Waste 81References 814 Biogas Production from High-solid Anaerobic Digestion of Food Waste and Its Co-digestion with Other Organic Wastes 85Le Zhang, To-Hung Tsui, Kai-Chee Loh, Yanjun Dai, Jingxin Zhang, and Yen Wah Tong4.1 Introduction 854.2 Reactor Systems for HSAD 864.2.1 High-solid Anaerobic Membrane Bioreactor 864.2.2 Two-stage HSAD Reactor System 874.2.3 High-solid Plug-flow Bioreactor 884.3 Intensification Strategies for HSAD 894.3.1 High-solid Anaerobic Co-digestion (HS-AcD) 894.3.2 Supplementation of Additives 904.3.3 Bioaugmentation Strategies for HSAD 914.3.4 Optimization of Process Parameters 914.4 Microbial Communities for HSAD 934.5 Digestate Management for HSAD 944.6 Conclusions and Perspectives 94Acknowledgments 95References 955 Biomethane – Production and Management 101Wojciech Czekała, Aleksandra Łukomska, and Martyna Kulińska5.1 Introduction 1015.2 Purification and Usage of Biogas 1035.2.1 Biological Desulfurization Within the Digester 1045.2.2 Desulfurization by Adsorption on Iron Hydroxide 1045.2.3 Desulfurization by Adsorption on Activated Carbon 1045.3 Opportunities for Biogas Upgrading 1055.3.1 CO2 Separation Through Membranes 1055.3.2 CO2 Separation by Water Scrubbing 1065.3.3 Chemical Separation of CO2/Chemical Scrubbing 1085.3.4 Pressure Separation of CO2 (Pressure Swing Adsorption) 1095.3.5 Cryogenic CO2 Separation 1095.4 Possibilities of Using Biomethane 1105.4.1 Production of bioCNG and bioLNG Fuels 1115.4.2 Production of Biohydrogen 1115.5 Profitability of Biomethane Production and Recommended Support Systems 1125.6 Conclusion 113References 1146 The Biogas Use 117Muhammad U. Khan, Abid Sarwar, Nalok Dutta, and Muhammad Arslan6.1 Introduction 1176.2 Biogas Utilization Technologies 1186.3 Use of Biogas as Trigeneration 1196.4 Biogas as a Transportation Fuels 1206.5 Use of Biogas in Reciprocating Engine 1216.6 Spark Ignition Gas Engine 1236.7 Use of Biogas in Generator 1246.8 Use of Biogas in Gas Turbines 1256.9 Usage of Biogas in Fuel Cell 1256.10 Hydrogen Production from Biogas 1256.11 Biogas Cleaning for its Utilization 1256.11.1 Carbon Dioxide 1256.11.2 Water 1266.11.3 Hydrogen Sulfide 1266.11.4 Oxygen and Nitrogen 1266.11.5 Ammonia 1276.11.6 Volatile Organic Compounds 1276.11.7 Particles 1276.11.8 Foams and Solid Particles 1276.12 Different Approaches for H2S Removal 1286.12.1 Iron Sponge 1286.12.2 Proprietary Scrubber Systems 1296.12.3 Ferric Chloride Injection 1296.12.4 Biological Method 1306.13 Different Approaches for Moisture Reduction 1306.13.1 Compression or Condensation 1306.13.2 Adsorption 1306.13.3 Absorption 1306.14 Siloxane Removal 1316.14.1 Gas Drying 1316.15 CO2 Separation 1326.15.1 Cryogenic Technique 1326.15.2 Water Scrubber 1336.15.3 Adsorption 1336.15.4 Membrane Separation 1346.16 Conclusion 135References 1367 Digestate from Agricultural Biogas Plant – Properties and Management 141Wojciech Czekała7.1 Introduction 1417.2 Digestate from Agricultural Biogas Plant – Production, Properties, and Processing 1427.2.1 Production 1427.2.2 Properties 1427.2.3 Processing 1447.3 Digestate from Agricultural Biogas Plant – Management 1457.3.1 Raw Digestate Fertilization 1457.3.2 Liquid Fraction Management 1467.3.3 Solid Fraction Management 1477.3.4 Energy Management of the Solid Fraction 1497.4 Conclusion 150References 1508 Environmental Aspects of Biogas Production 155Yelizaveta Chernysh, Viktoriia Chubur, and Hynek Roubík8.1 Introduction 1558.2 Impact of Farms and Livestock Complexes on the Environment 1578.3 The Environmental Benefits of Biogas Production 1588.4 Environmental Safety of the Integrated Model of Bioprocesses of Hydrogen Production and Methane Generation in the Stages of Anaerobic Fermentation of Waste 1628.5 Life Cycle Assessment for Biogas Production 1658.6 Environmental Issue of Biogas Market in Ukraine – Case Study 1678.7 Conclusion 172References 1729 Hybrid Environmental and Economic Assessment of Biogas Plants in Integrated Organic Waste Management Strategies 179Amal Elfeky, Kazi Fattah, and Mohamed Abdallah9.1 Introduction 1799.2 Methodology 1809.2.1 Overview 1809.2.2 Waste Management Scenarios 1819.2.3 Life Cycle Assessment 1829.2.3.1 Goal and Scope Definition 1829.2.3.2 Inventory Analysis 1839.2.3.3 Impact Assessment 1839.2.3.4 Interpretation 1849.2.4 Life Cycle Costing 1849.2.5 Eco-Efficiency Analysis 1859.2.6 Case Study: The UAE 1859.3 Results and Discussion 1859.3.1 Material and Energy Recovery 1869.3.2 Life Cycle Assessment 1889.3.2.1 Overall Impact Assessment 1889.3.3 Life Cycle Costing 1909.3.3.1 Cost and Revenue Streams 1909.3.3.2 Net Present Value 1919.3.4 Eco-Efficiency Analysis 1929.4 Conclusion 193References 19310 Reduction of the Carbon Footprint in Terms of Agricultural Biogas Plants 195Agnieszka WawrzyniakAcronyms 19510.1 Introduction 19610.1.1 Manure Management and Biomethane Potential in Poland and EU Countries 19610.1.2 Substrates Used for Biogas Plants in Poland 19610.1.3 GHG Emissions from Agriculture and Biogas Plants as Tool for its Reduction 19810.2 Methodology of CF 20110.2.1 GHG Fluxes from Agriculture and Tools for its Calculations 20210.2.2 System Boundaries for Biogas Plant and Data Collection 20310.3 Life Cycle CO2 Footprints of Various Biogas Projects – Comparison with Literature Results 20410.4 Conclusions 207References 20711 Financial Sustainability and Stakeholder Partnerships of Biogas Plants 211To-Hung Tsui, Le Zhang, Jonathan T. E. Lee, Yanjun Dai, and Yen Wah Tong11.1 Introduction 21111.2 Basic Technological Factors 21211.3 Economic Evaluation and Failures 21411.3.1 Investment Risks for Fixed Assets 21411.3.2 Failures and Intervention 21511.4 Stakeholders Partnership and Co-governance 21611.4.1 Government 21611.4.2 Consultant and Constructor 21611.4.3 Source of Waste Streams 21711.4.4 Customers for Energy and Resource 21711.5 Summary and Outlooks 217Acknowledgments 218References 21812 Measuring the Resilience of Supply Critical Systems: The Case of the Biogas Value Chain 221Raul Carlsson and Tatiana Nevzorova12.1 Introduction 22112.2 Background 22212.3 Methodology 22312.4 Measurement Scheme 22412.4.1 Introduction to the Measurement Concept 22412.4.2 Measuring Management System Resilience 22712.4.3 Measuring the Resilience of Physical Resources and Assets 22912.4.4 Total System Resilience 23012.4.5 Applying the System Resilience Model to the Biogas Value Chain 23112.4.5.1 Analysis of Two Supply Chains Without Disruptions 23112.4.5.2 Disrupting Scenarios with Parametrized Resilience Functions 23312.4.5.3 Analysis of Two Supply Chains with Disruptions 23412.5 Conclusion and Recommendations 239References 24013 Theory and Practice in Strategic Niche Planning: The Polish Biogas Case 243Stelios Rozakis, Katerina Troullaki, and Piotr Jurga13.1 Introduction 24313.1.1 The Promising Potential of Biogas Transition in Central Eastern European Countries 24313.1.2 State-of-the-Art Research for Navigating Sustainability Transitions 24513.1.3 Chapter Organization 24613.2 Main Conceptual Frameworks for Studying Sustainability Transitions 24613.2.1 Strategic Niche Management (SNM) 24613.2.2 Multi-Level Perspective (MLP) 24713.2.3 Transition Management (TM) 24813.2.4 Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) 24813.3 Studying Biogas from a Sustainability Transitions Perspective 24913.3.1 Landscape, Regime, and Niche Dynamics 24913.3.2 Policy Coherence for Niche Development 25013.3.3 Transition Pathways 25213.3.4 Social Network Analysis 25213.4 Strategic Niche Planning for Sustainable Transitions 25513.4.1 Methodological Steps 25513.4.2 Case Study: Biogas Sector in Poland 25913.5 Strategic Propositions and Concluding Comments 26113.5.1 Research and Development 26113.5.2 Education Activity – Enhance Brokerage 27113.5.3 Networking-Clusters 27113.5.4 Resource Mobilization 27113.5.5 Elaborate Legislation 27213.5.6 Legitimation 27213.5.7 Incentives for Market Penetration 27213.5.8 Demand Pull Actions and Rural Development 27313.6 Conclusion 273References 27414 Social Aspects of Agricultural Biogas Plants 279Wojciech Czekała14.1 Introduction 27914.2 The Benefits of Agricultural Biogas Plants for Society 28014.2.1 Biogas Plant as a Renewable Energy Production Facility 28014.2.2 Reducing the Negative Impact of Waste on the Environment 28014.2.3 Create Markets for Substrates Used in Biogas Production 28114.2.4 Integration with Agro-Industrial Plants 28114.2.5 Production and Use of Electricity 28214.2.6 Production and Use of Heat 28214.2.7 Possibility of Biomethane Production 28314.2.8 Local Fuel in Developing Countries 28314.2.9 Production of Valuable Fertilizer 28414.2.10 Creating New Jobs for the Local Community 28414.2.11 Development of Nearby Infrastructure and Companies 28514.2.12 Tax Revenues to the Budget of Local Government Units 28514.3 Social Acceptability of Agricultural Biogas Plants 28514.3.1 Fear of Something New 28614.3.2 Concerns About Unpleasant Odors 28614.3.3 Concerns About Contamination of Soils and Groundwater When Using Digestate as Fertilizer 28614.3.4 Concerns About Declining Property Values Around Biogas Plants 28714.3.5 Concerns About the Destruction of Access Roads 28714.4 Conclusion 287References 28815 Practices in Biogas Plant Operation: A Case Study from Poland 291Tomasz Jasiński, Jan Jasiński, and Wojciech Czekała15.1 Introduction 29115.2 Legal Aspects Related to Running a Business in the Field of Biogas Production and Waste Management 29215.2.1 Integrated Permit or Waste Processing Permit 29315.2.2 Approval of the Plant by Veterinary Services for the Disposal of Waste of Animal Origin 29415.2.3 Permit to Place Digestate on the Market 29515.2.4 Permit to Introduce to the Electricity Distribution Network 29615.3 Biogas Plant Components: A Case Study from Poland 29715.3.1 Hall for Receiving and Processing Slaughterhouse Waste 29715.3.2 Substrate Storage Yard 29715.3.3 Solid Substrate Dispenser 29715.3.4 Receiving Buffer Tank for Liquid Substrates 29815.3.5 Solid Substrate Buffer Tank 29815.3.6 Mixing Buffer Tank 29815.3.7 Buffer and Mixing Tank 29815.3.8 Technological Steam Generator 29815.3.9 Main Pumping Station 29915.3.10 First-stage Fermentation Tanks 29915.3.11 Second-stage Fermentation Tank (3900 m3) with Biogas Tank (1800 m3) 30015.3.12 Condensing Circuit 30115.3.13 Biogas Refining System 30115.3.14 Cogeneration Modules 30115.3.15 Digestate Storage Reservoirs 30115.3.16 Biogas Torch 30215.3.17 Biofilter 30215.4 Functioning of a Biogas Plant Processing Problematic Waste: A Case Study from Poland 30215.4.1 Searching and Obtaining Substrates 30315.4.2 Receiving, Storage, and Processing of the Substrate, Feeding of Raw Materials 30415.4.3 Energy Production and Biogas Management 30515.4.4 Digestate Management 30615.4.5 Management of an Agricultural Biogas Plant 30715.5 Summary 308References 309Index 311