Douglas D. StokkeDepartment of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, USAQinglin WuSchool of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, USAGuangping HanCollege of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, ChinaSeries EditorChristian StevensFaculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

• Series Preface xi Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xv1 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites: An Overview 11.1 Introduction 11.2 What Is Wood? 11.3 Natural Fibers 21.4 Composite Concept 61.5 Cellular Solids 131.6 Objectives and Organization of This Book 15References 162 Lignocellulosic Materials 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Chemical Composition of Lignocellulosic Materials 192.3 The Woody Cell Wall as a Multicomponent Polymer System 352.4 Anatomical Structure of Representative Plants 402.5 Comparison of Representative Plant Stems 572.6 Cellular Solids Revisited 57References 573 Wood as a Lignocellulose Exemplar 613.1 Introduction 613.2 Wood as a Representative Lignocellulosic Material: Important Physical Attributes 613.3 Moisture Interactions 613.4 Density and Specific Gravity of Wood 743.5 Wood: A Cellular Solid 793.6 Mechanical Properties 803.7 Wood Is the Exemplar: Extending Principles to Other Plant Materials 83References 834 Consolidation Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials 854.1 Introduction 854.2 Synthetic Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers 854.3 Glass Transition Temperature of Wood Polymers 894.4 Viscoelastic Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials 974.5 Heat and Mass Transfer 1044.6 Consolidation Behavior: Viscoelasticity Manifested During Hot Pressing 1124.7 Press Cycles 1194.8 Horizontal Density Distribution 123References 1255 Fundamentals of Adhesion 1295.1 Introduction 1295.2 Overview of Adhesion as a Science 1295.3 Adhesion Theories 1365.4 Surface Interactions 1435.5 Work of Adhesion: Dupr´e Equation 1525.6 Lignocellulosic Adherends 153References 1666 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Lignocellulosic Composites 1696.1 Introduction 1696.2 The Nature of Wood Adhesives 1696.3 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Other Natural Fibers 1756.4 Amino Resins 1786.5 Phenolic Resins 1846.6 Resorcinol Resins 1886.7 Polymeric Isocyanate Adhesives 1906.8 Epoxy Adhesives 1936.9 Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesives 1966.10 Hot Melts and Mastics 1976.11 Adhesives from Renewable Natural Resources 199References 2067 Technology of Major Wood- and Fiber-Based Composites: An Overview 2097.1 Introduction 2097.2 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites as a Material Class 2107.3 Taxonomy of Adhesive-Bonded Composites Technology 2107.4 A Generic Process Flow 2127.5 Technology of Adhesive-Bonded Materials Based on Form of Raw Material Input 2137.6 Laboratory Panel Calculations 2197.7 Measurement Conventions for Production Capacity and Output 2227.8 Technology of Inorganic-Bonded Materials 225References 2348 Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites 2378.1 Introduction 2378.2 Natural Fibers and Their Temperature-Related Performance 2428.3 Plastic Composite Processing Technology 2478.4 Overcoming Incompatibility of Synthetic Polymers and Natural Fibers 2528.5 Melt Compounding Natural Fibers and Thermoplastics 2578.6 Performance of Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites 263References 280Index

Douglas D. StokkeDepartment of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, USAQinglin WuSchool of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, USAGuangping HanCollege of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, ChinaSeries EditorChristian StevensFaculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

• Series Preface xi Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xv1 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites: An Overview 11.1 Introduction 11.2 What Is Wood? 11.3 Natural Fibers 21.4 Composite Concept 61.5 Cellular Solids 131.6 Objectives and Organization of This Book 15References 162 Lignocellulosic Materials 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Chemical Composition of Lignocellulosic Materials 192.3 The Woody Cell Wall as a Multicomponent Polymer System 352.4 Anatomical Structure of Representative Plants 402.5 Comparison of Representative Plant Stems 572.6 Cellular Solids Revisited 57References 573 Wood as a Lignocellulose Exemplar 613.1 Introduction 613.2 Wood as a Representative Lignocellulosic Material: Important Physical Attributes 613.3 Moisture Interactions 613.4 Density and Specific Gravity of Wood 743.5 Wood: A Cellular Solid 793.6 Mechanical Properties 803.7 Wood Is the Exemplar: Extending Principles to Other Plant Materials 83References 834 Consolidation Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials 854.1 Introduction 854.2 Synthetic Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers 854.3 Glass Transition Temperature of Wood Polymers 894.4 Viscoelastic Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials 974.5 Heat and Mass Transfer 1044.6 Consolidation Behavior: Viscoelasticity Manifested During Hot Pressing 1124.7 Press Cycles 1194.8 Horizontal Density Distribution 123References 1255 Fundamentals of Adhesion 1295.1 Introduction 1295.2 Overview of Adhesion as a Science 1295.3 Adhesion Theories 1365.4 Surface Interactions 1435.5 Work of Adhesion: Dupr´e Equation 1525.6 Lignocellulosic Adherends 153References 1666 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Lignocellulosic Composites 1696.1 Introduction 1696.2 The Nature of Wood Adhesives 1696.3 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Other Natural Fibers 1756.4 Amino Resins 1786.5 Phenolic Resins 1846.6 Resorcinol Resins 1886.7 Polymeric Isocyanate Adhesives 1906.8 Epoxy Adhesives 1936.9 Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesives 1966.10 Hot Melts and Mastics 1976.11 Adhesives from Renewable Natural Resources 199References 2067 Technology of Major Wood- and Fiber-Based Composites: An Overview 2097.1 Introduction 2097.2 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites as a Material Class 2107.3 Taxonomy of Adhesive-Bonded Composites Technology 2107.4 A Generic Process Flow 2127.5 Technology of Adhesive-Bonded Materials Based on Form of Raw Material Input 2137.6 Laboratory Panel Calculations 2197.7 Measurement Conventions for Production Capacity and Output 2227.8 Technology of Inorganic-Bonded Materials 225References 2348 Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites 2378.1 Introduction 2378.2 Natural Fibers and Their Temperature-Related Performance 2428.3 Plastic Composite Processing Technology 2478.4 Overcoming Incompatibility of Synthetic Polymers and Natural Fibers 2528.5 Melt Compounding Natural Fibers and Thermoplastics 2578.6 Performance of Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites 263References 280Index

Douglas D. StokkeDepartment of Natural Resource Ecology and Management, Iowa State University, Ames, USAQinglin WuSchool of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University AgCenter, Baton Rouge, USAGuangping HanCollege of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, ChinaSeries EditorChristian StevensFaculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

• Series Preface xi Preface xiiiAcknowledgments xv1 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites: An Overview 11.1 Introduction 11.2 What Is Wood? 11.3 Natural Fibers 21.4 Composite Concept 61.5 Cellular Solids 131.6 Objectives and Organization of This Book 15References 162 Lignocellulosic Materials 192.1 Introduction 192.2 Chemical Composition of Lignocellulosic Materials 192.3 The Woody Cell Wall as a Multicomponent Polymer System 352.4 Anatomical Structure of Representative Plants 402.5 Comparison of Representative Plant Stems 572.6 Cellular Solids Revisited 57References 573 Wood as a Lignocellulose Exemplar 613.1 Introduction 613.2 Wood as a Representative Lignocellulosic Material: Important Physical Attributes 613.3 Moisture Interactions 613.4 Density and Specific Gravity of Wood 743.5 Wood: A Cellular Solid 793.6 Mechanical Properties 803.7 Wood Is the Exemplar: Extending Principles to Other Plant Materials 83References 834 Consolidation Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials 854.1 Introduction 854.2 Synthetic Crystalline and Amorphous Polymers 854.3 Glass Transition Temperature of Wood Polymers 894.4 Viscoelastic Behavior of Lignocellulosic Materials 974.5 Heat and Mass Transfer 1044.6 Consolidation Behavior: Viscoelasticity Manifested During Hot Pressing 1124.7 Press Cycles 1194.8 Horizontal Density Distribution 123References 1255 Fundamentals of Adhesion 1295.1 Introduction 1295.2 Overview of Adhesion as a Science 1295.3 Adhesion Theories 1365.4 Surface Interactions 1435.5 Work of Adhesion: Dupr´e Equation 1525.6 Lignocellulosic Adherends 153References 1666 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Lignocellulosic Composites 1696.1 Introduction 1696.2 The Nature of Wood Adhesives 1696.3 Adhesives Used to Bond Wood and Other Natural Fibers 1756.4 Amino Resins 1786.5 Phenolic Resins 1846.6 Resorcinol Resins 1886.7 Polymeric Isocyanate Adhesives 1906.8 Epoxy Adhesives 1936.9 Polyvinyl Acetate Adhesives 1966.10 Hot Melts and Mastics 1976.11 Adhesives from Renewable Natural Resources 199References 2067 Technology of Major Wood- and Fiber-Based Composites: An Overview 2097.1 Introduction 2097.2 Wood and Natural Fiber Composites as a Material Class 2107.3 Taxonomy of Adhesive-Bonded Composites Technology 2107.4 A Generic Process Flow 2127.5 Technology of Adhesive-Bonded Materials Based on Form of Raw Material Input 2137.6 Laboratory Panel Calculations 2197.7 Measurement Conventions for Production Capacity and Output 2227.8 Technology of Inorganic-Bonded Materials 225References 2348 Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites 2378.1 Introduction 2378.2 Natural Fibers and Their Temperature-Related Performance 2428.3 Plastic Composite Processing Technology 2478.4 Overcoming Incompatibility of Synthetic Polymers and Natural Fibers 2528.5 Melt Compounding Natural Fibers and Thermoplastics 2578.6 Performance of Natural Fiber and Plastic Composites 263References 280Index