Nimmy Srivastava, PhD, works as an Assistant Professor of Biotechnology in the Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand. She obtained her PhD in the field of Genetics in 2015 and has received various research fellowships from prestigious organizations including ICFRE and BARC-BRNS (India). Salam A. Ibrahim, PhD, is a Professor of the Food and Nutritional Science program in the Department of Family and Consumer Science at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina, USA. He is also the faculty coach for the dairy products evaluation team at the University and has published extensively on food safety, microbiology, and dairy food fermentation. Jayeeta Chattopadhyay, PhD, is an Associate Professor at Amity University Jharkhand, India. She obtained her PhD in new energy engineering with the best doctoral thesis award from Seoul National University of Science and Technology, South Korea (2010). She is also the recipient of the prestigious Fast Track Young Scientist Award, the Department of Science (India). Her research area covers synthesis of special shaped nano-materials. Mohamed H. Arbab, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Medical Microbiology, at Omdurman Ahlia University, Sudan. He has researched and published extensively on infectious diseases, immunopathology, antimicrobial resistance, and related subjects.

• List of Contributors xiii1 Structural and Dynamics of Healthy Adult's Microbiota 1Mahdi Hussein Abdelrazig1.1 Introduction 12 Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota 7Lisa F.M. Lee Nen That and Jessica Pandohee2.1 Introduction 72.2 Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota Throughout Lifespan 82.3 Composition of Bacterial Community in the Different Sections of the Gastrointestinal Tract 92.4 Stability, Resilience, and Functional Redundancy 102.5 Interactions in the Gut Microbiota 112.6 Conclusion 133 Factors Affecting Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota: A Disease Hallmark 17Rohan Samir Kumar Sachan, Khushboo, Inderpal Devgon, Atif Khurshid Wani, Nahid Akhtar, Tahir ul Gani Mir, Ab Waheed Wani, and Ajit Prakash3.1 Introduction 173.2 Composition of Gut Microbiota 183.3 Factors Affecting Gut Microbiota 193.4 Modulation of Gut Microbiota 233.5 Gut Microbiota Hallmark in Disease Condition 253.6 Conclusion 264 Antibiotic-Induced Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiome 31Gholamreza Abdi, Abu Saeid, Ab Waheed Wani, and Vishal Johar4.1 Introduction 314.2 Gut Microbiota Composition 324.3 Antibiotic-induced Changes in the Composition of the Microbiota 324.4 Conclusion 385 Dysbiosis and its Varied Impacts 41Rajani Sharma and Kunal Kumar5.1 Introduction 415.2 Causes of Dysbiosis 415.3 Dysbiosis, Immune System, and Associated Diseases 445.4 Intestinal Colonisation in Neonates and Dysbiosis 485.5 Treatment or Therapeutics 485.6 Conclusion 506 Connection between Dysbiosis and Diet 55Sagnik Nag, Nimmy Srivastava, Rohan Dutta, Aparajita Bagchi, Israrahmed Adur, and Shuvam Chakraborty6.1 Introduction 556.2 Different Dietary Patterns Resulting in Dysbiosis 596.3 Future Prospects in Establishing a Healthy Connection between Diet and Gut Microbiota 686.4 Conclusion 707 Composition of Gut Microbiota and Clostridium difficile 81Jissin Mathew and Anu Jacob7.1 Introduction 818 Gut Microbiota and Obesity 87Shaimaa H. Negm8.1 Introduction 878.2 Obesity Epidemic: Statistics and General Background 878.3 Gut Microbiota and Obesity 878.4 Adiposity and Gut Microbiota 908.5 Gut Microbiota Modification 928.6 The Microbiota and Obesity Interactions 939 Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease 99Shaimaa H. Negm9.1 Introduction 999.2 Gut Microbiota and CVD 1009.3 Gut Microbiota Composition in Cardiovascular Disease 1019.4 Gut Microbiota Function in Cardiovascular Disease 1039.5 Gut Microbiota as Therapeutic Strategies for Cardiovascular Disease 10410 Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 109Anu Jacob and Jissin Mathew10.1 Introduction 10910.2 Intestinal Microbiome in IBD Patients 11010.3 Interventions for the Treatment of IBD 11310.4 Conclusion 11511 Gut Microbiota and Diabetes 121Ankita Dey, Ridashisha Rymbai, Hriiziini Monica, and Jutishna Bora11.1 Introduction 12111.2 Gut Microbiota 12111.3 Role of Gut Microbiota in Diabetes 12211.4 Alteration in Gut Microbiota Composition in T1 and T2 Diabetes 12411.5 Diabetic Complications 12711.6 Therapeutic Approaches 12811.7 Conclusion 12912 Novel Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Gut Microbiota to Treat Diseases 133Shaimaa H. Negm12.1 Introduction 13312.2 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T1D 13312.3 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T1D 13412.4 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T2D 13512.5 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T2D 13612.7 Preventive and Therapeutic Perspectives Including the Gut Microbiota 13713 Understanding the Role of Microbiota in Cancer 143Parneet Kaur , Lisa F. M. Lee Nen That , Saurabh Kulshreshtha , and Jessica Pandohee13.1 Introduction 14313.2 Role of Microbiota in Cancers 14413.3 Mechanism in which Microbiota Kill Cancer Cells 14613.4 Microbiota that Promote Health Post Cancer Treatment 14713.5 Conclusion 14714 Impact of Gut Microbiota on Mental Health in Humans 153Sagnik Nag, Ankita Saini, Richismita Hazra, and Jutishna Bora14.1 Introduction 15314.2 Gut Dysbiosis and Mental Health Disorders 15614.3 Psychiatric Medication and the Microbiome 16114.4 Probiotic Treatments for Mental Health Disorders 16114.5 Future Therapeutic Approach 16314.6 Conclusion 16415 Interaction between Gut Microbiota and Central and Enteric Nervous Systems: The Gut--Brain Axis Concept 169Mohamed Hussein Arbab15.1 Introduction 16915.2 The Neuronal Communications 17015.3 Neuroimmune Regulation of Inflammation and Cellular Defence 17116 Immune-Modulation and Gut Microbiome 179Sarah Adjei-Fremah, Mulumebet Worku, and Salam Ibrahim16.1 Introduction 17916.2 Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome 18016.3 Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases 18016.4 Gut Microbiome-Mediated Immune Modulation 18216.5 Gut Microbiome Modulators 18316.6 Prebiotics 18516.7 Probiotics 18516.8 Galectins, Gut Microbiome, and Immune Modulation 18616.9 Conclusion 18617 Current Molecular Technologies for Assaying the Gut Microbiota: Next-generation DNA Sequencing 193Harshit Sajal, Yuvaraj Sivamani, and Sumitha Elayaperumal17.1 Introduction and Overview 19317.2 Research on the Gut Microbiome Using Next-generation Sequencing 19417.3 Collection, Storage, and DNA Extraction Methodology 19917.4 DNA Sequencing and Post-processing 20117.5 Metabolic Modelling of the Human Gut Microbiome 20118 The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Gut Modulation 205Usman Atique, Muhammad Altaf, Dwaipayan Sinha, Shakira Ghazanfar, Md. Ayenuddin Haque, and Shahana Chowdhury18.1 Introduction 20518.2 Probiotics and Prebiotics: A Functional Perspective 20618.3 Diet and its Effect on Gut Microbiota 20818.4 Modification of Intestinal Microbiota by the Application of Probiotics and Prebiotics 20918.5 Prebiotics and Gut Immunity 21118.6 Conclusions and Future Research 21119 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: A Potential Source for a Healthy Gut 217Vandana Singh and Bushra Shaida19.1 Introduction 21719.2 Prebiotics 21819.3 Probiotics 22119.4 Synbiotics 22719.5 Conclusion 22820 Current Status and Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Patients Suffering from Irritable Bowel Syndrome 231Mohamed Hussein Arbab20.1 Introduction 23120.2 Donor Selection 23220.3 Safety Issues of FMT for IBS 23320.4 Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of FMT 23420.5 Conclusion and Perspective 234References 235Index 239

Nimmy Srivastava, PhD, works as an Assistant Professor of Biotechnology in the Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand. She obtained her PhD in the field of Genetics in 2015 and has received various research fellowships from prestigious organizations including ICFRE and BARC-BRNS (India). Salam A. Ibrahim, PhD, is a Professor of the Food and Nutritional Science program in the Department of Family and Consumer Science at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina, USA. He is also the faculty coach for the dairy products evaluation team at the University and has published extensively on food safety, microbiology, and dairy food fermentation. Jayeeta Chattopadhyay, PhD, is an Associate Professor at Amity University Jharkhand, India. She obtained her PhD in new energy engineering with the best doctoral thesis award from Seoul National University of Science and Technology, South Korea (2010). She is also the recipient of the prestigious Fast Track Young Scientist Award, the Department of Science (India). Her research area covers synthesis of special shaped nano-materials. Mohamed H. Arbab, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Medical Microbiology, at Omdurman Ahlia University, Sudan. He has researched and published extensively on infectious diseases, immunopathology, antimicrobial resistance, and related subjects.

• List of Contributors xiii1 Structural and Dynamics of Healthy Adult's Microbiota 1Mahdi Hussein Abdelrazig1.1 Introduction 12 Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota 7Lisa F.M. Lee Nen That and Jessica Pandohee2.1 Introduction 72.2 Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota Throughout Lifespan 82.3 Composition of Bacterial Community in the Different Sections of the Gastrointestinal Tract 92.4 Stability, Resilience, and Functional Redundancy 102.5 Interactions in the Gut Microbiota 112.6 Conclusion 133 Factors Affecting Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota: A Disease Hallmark 17Rohan Samir Kumar Sachan, Khushboo, Inderpal Devgon, Atif Khurshid Wani, Nahid Akhtar, Tahir ul Gani Mir, Ab Waheed Wani, and Ajit Prakash3.1 Introduction 173.2 Composition of Gut Microbiota 183.3 Factors Affecting Gut Microbiota 193.4 Modulation of Gut Microbiota 233.5 Gut Microbiota Hallmark in Disease Condition 253.6 Conclusion 264 Antibiotic-Induced Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiome 31Gholamreza Abdi, Abu Saeid, Ab Waheed Wani, and Vishal Johar4.1 Introduction 314.2 Gut Microbiota Composition 324.3 Antibiotic-induced Changes in the Composition of the Microbiota 324.4 Conclusion 385 Dysbiosis and its Varied Impacts 41Rajani Sharma and Kunal Kumar5.1 Introduction 415.2 Causes of Dysbiosis 415.3 Dysbiosis, Immune System, and Associated Diseases 445.4 Intestinal Colonisation in Neonates and Dysbiosis 485.5 Treatment or Therapeutics 485.6 Conclusion 506 Connection between Dysbiosis and Diet 55Sagnik Nag, Nimmy Srivastava, Rohan Dutta, Aparajita Bagchi, Israrahmed Adur, and Shuvam Chakraborty6.1 Introduction 556.2 Different Dietary Patterns Resulting in Dysbiosis 596.3 Future Prospects in Establishing a Healthy Connection between Diet and Gut Microbiota 686.4 Conclusion 707 Composition of Gut Microbiota and Clostridium difficile 81Jissin Mathew and Anu Jacob7.1 Introduction 818 Gut Microbiota and Obesity 87Shaimaa H. Negm8.1 Introduction 878.2 Obesity Epidemic: Statistics and General Background 878.3 Gut Microbiota and Obesity 878.4 Adiposity and Gut Microbiota 908.5 Gut Microbiota Modification 928.6 The Microbiota and Obesity Interactions 939 Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease 99Shaimaa H. Negm9.1 Introduction 999.2 Gut Microbiota and CVD 1009.3 Gut Microbiota Composition in Cardiovascular Disease 1019.4 Gut Microbiota Function in Cardiovascular Disease 1039.5 Gut Microbiota as Therapeutic Strategies for Cardiovascular Disease 10410 Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 109Anu Jacob and Jissin Mathew10.1 Introduction 10910.2 Intestinal Microbiome in IBD Patients 11010.3 Interventions for the Treatment of IBD 11310.4 Conclusion 11511 Gut Microbiota and Diabetes 121Ankita Dey, Ridashisha Rymbai, Hriiziini Monica, and Jutishna Bora11.1 Introduction 12111.2 Gut Microbiota 12111.3 Role of Gut Microbiota in Diabetes 12211.4 Alteration in Gut Microbiota Composition in T1 and T2 Diabetes 12411.5 Diabetic Complications 12711.6 Therapeutic Approaches 12811.7 Conclusion 12912 Novel Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Gut Microbiota to Treat Diseases 133Shaimaa H. Negm12.1 Introduction 13312.2 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T1D 13312.3 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T1D 13412.4 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T2D 13512.5 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T2D 13612.7 Preventive and Therapeutic Perspectives Including the Gut Microbiota 13713 Understanding the Role of Microbiota in Cancer 143Parneet Kaur , Lisa F. M. Lee Nen That , Saurabh Kulshreshtha , and Jessica Pandohee13.1 Introduction 14313.2 Role of Microbiota in Cancers 14413.3 Mechanism in which Microbiota Kill Cancer Cells 14613.4 Microbiota that Promote Health Post Cancer Treatment 14713.5 Conclusion 14714 Impact of Gut Microbiota on Mental Health in Humans 153Sagnik Nag, Ankita Saini, Richismita Hazra, and Jutishna Bora14.1 Introduction 15314.2 Gut Dysbiosis and Mental Health Disorders 15614.3 Psychiatric Medication and the Microbiome 16114.4 Probiotic Treatments for Mental Health Disorders 16114.5 Future Therapeutic Approach 16314.6 Conclusion 16415 Interaction between Gut Microbiota and Central and Enteric Nervous Systems: The Gut--Brain Axis Concept 169Mohamed Hussein Arbab15.1 Introduction 16915.2 The Neuronal Communications 17015.3 Neuroimmune Regulation of Inflammation and Cellular Defence 17116 Immune-Modulation and Gut Microbiome 179Sarah Adjei-Fremah, Mulumebet Worku, and Salam Ibrahim16.1 Introduction 17916.2 Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome 18016.3 Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases 18016.4 Gut Microbiome-Mediated Immune Modulation 18216.5 Gut Microbiome Modulators 18316.6 Prebiotics 18516.7 Probiotics 18516.8 Galectins, Gut Microbiome, and Immune Modulation 18616.9 Conclusion 18617 Current Molecular Technologies for Assaying the Gut Microbiota: Next-generation DNA Sequencing 193Harshit Sajal, Yuvaraj Sivamani, and Sumitha Elayaperumal17.1 Introduction and Overview 19317.2 Research on the Gut Microbiome Using Next-generation Sequencing 19417.3 Collection, Storage, and DNA Extraction Methodology 19917.4 DNA Sequencing and Post-processing 20117.5 Metabolic Modelling of the Human Gut Microbiome 20118 The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Gut Modulation 205Usman Atique, Muhammad Altaf, Dwaipayan Sinha, Shakira Ghazanfar, Md. Ayenuddin Haque, and Shahana Chowdhury18.1 Introduction 20518.2 Probiotics and Prebiotics: A Functional Perspective 20618.3 Diet and its Effect on Gut Microbiota 20818.4 Modification of Intestinal Microbiota by the Application of Probiotics and Prebiotics 20918.5 Prebiotics and Gut Immunity 21118.6 Conclusions and Future Research 21119 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: A Potential Source for a Healthy Gut 217Vandana Singh and Bushra Shaida19.1 Introduction 21719.2 Prebiotics 21819.3 Probiotics 22119.4 Synbiotics 22719.5 Conclusion 22820 Current Status and Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Patients Suffering from Irritable Bowel Syndrome 231Mohamed Hussein Arbab20.1 Introduction 23120.2 Donor Selection 23220.3 Safety Issues of FMT for IBS 23320.4 Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of FMT 23420.5 Conclusion and Perspective 234References 235Index 239

Nimmy Srivastava, PhD, works as an Assistant Professor of Biotechnology in the Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Jharkhand. She obtained her PhD in the field of Genetics in 2015 and has received various research fellowships from prestigious organizations including ICFRE and BARC-BRNS (India). Salam A. Ibrahim, PhD, is a Professor of the Food and Nutritional Science program in the Department of Family and Consumer Science at North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, North Carolina, USA. He is also the faculty coach for the dairy products evaluation team at the University and has published extensively on food safety, microbiology, and dairy food fermentation. Jayeeta Chattopadhyay, PhD, is an Associate Professor at Amity University Jharkhand, India. She obtained her PhD in new energy engineering with the best doctoral thesis award from Seoul National University of Science and Technology, South Korea (2010). She is also the recipient of the prestigious Fast Track Young Scientist Award, the Department of Science (India). Her research area covers synthesis of special shaped nano-materials. Mohamed H. Arbab, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Medical Microbiology, at Omdurman Ahlia University, Sudan. He has researched and published extensively on infectious diseases, immunopathology, antimicrobial resistance, and related subjects.

• List of Contributors xiii1 Structural and Dynamics of Healthy Adult's Microbiota 1Mahdi Hussein Abdelrazig1.1 Introduction 12 Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota 7Lisa F.M. Lee Nen That and Jessica Pandohee2.1 Introduction 72.2 Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota Throughout Lifespan 82.3 Composition of Bacterial Community in the Different Sections of the Gastrointestinal Tract 92.4 Stability, Resilience, and Functional Redundancy 102.5 Interactions in the Gut Microbiota 112.6 Conclusion 133 Factors Affecting Composition and Diversity of Gut Microbiota: A Disease Hallmark 17Rohan Samir Kumar Sachan, Khushboo, Inderpal Devgon, Atif Khurshid Wani, Nahid Akhtar, Tahir ul Gani Mir, Ab Waheed Wani, and Ajit Prakash3.1 Introduction 173.2 Composition of Gut Microbiota 183.3 Factors Affecting Gut Microbiota 193.4 Modulation of Gut Microbiota 233.5 Gut Microbiota Hallmark in Disease Condition 253.6 Conclusion 264 Antibiotic-Induced Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiome 31Gholamreza Abdi, Abu Saeid, Ab Waheed Wani, and Vishal Johar4.1 Introduction 314.2 Gut Microbiota Composition 324.3 Antibiotic-induced Changes in the Composition of the Microbiota 324.4 Conclusion 385 Dysbiosis and its Varied Impacts 41Rajani Sharma and Kunal Kumar5.1 Introduction 415.2 Causes of Dysbiosis 415.3 Dysbiosis, Immune System, and Associated Diseases 445.4 Intestinal Colonisation in Neonates and Dysbiosis 485.5 Treatment or Therapeutics 485.6 Conclusion 506 Connection between Dysbiosis and Diet 55Sagnik Nag, Nimmy Srivastava, Rohan Dutta, Aparajita Bagchi, Israrahmed Adur, and Shuvam Chakraborty6.1 Introduction 556.2 Different Dietary Patterns Resulting in Dysbiosis 596.3 Future Prospects in Establishing a Healthy Connection between Diet and Gut Microbiota 686.4 Conclusion 707 Composition of Gut Microbiota and Clostridium difficile 81Jissin Mathew and Anu Jacob7.1 Introduction 818 Gut Microbiota and Obesity 87Shaimaa H. Negm8.1 Introduction 878.2 Obesity Epidemic: Statistics and General Background 878.3 Gut Microbiota and Obesity 878.4 Adiposity and Gut Microbiota 908.5 Gut Microbiota Modification 928.6 The Microbiota and Obesity Interactions 939 Gut Microbiota and Cardiovascular Disease 99Shaimaa H. Negm9.1 Introduction 999.2 Gut Microbiota and CVD 1009.3 Gut Microbiota Composition in Cardiovascular Disease 1019.4 Gut Microbiota Function in Cardiovascular Disease 1039.5 Gut Microbiota as Therapeutic Strategies for Cardiovascular Disease 10410 Gut Microbiota and Inflammatory Bowel Diseases 109Anu Jacob and Jissin Mathew10.1 Introduction 10910.2 Intestinal Microbiome in IBD Patients 11010.3 Interventions for the Treatment of IBD 11310.4 Conclusion 11511 Gut Microbiota and Diabetes 121Ankita Dey, Ridashisha Rymbai, Hriiziini Monica, and Jutishna Bora11.1 Introduction 12111.2 Gut Microbiota 12111.3 Role of Gut Microbiota in Diabetes 12211.4 Alteration in Gut Microbiota Composition in T1 and T2 Diabetes 12411.5 Diabetic Complications 12711.6 Therapeutic Approaches 12811.7 Conclusion 12912 Novel Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Gut Microbiota to Treat Diseases 133Shaimaa H. Negm12.1 Introduction 13312.2 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T1D 13312.3 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T1D 13412.4 Changes in the Composition of the Gut Microbiota in Patients with T2D 13512.5 The Potential Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development of T2D 13612.7 Preventive and Therapeutic Perspectives Including the Gut Microbiota 13713 Understanding the Role of Microbiota in Cancer 143Parneet Kaur , Lisa F. M. Lee Nen That , Saurabh Kulshreshtha , and Jessica Pandohee13.1 Introduction 14313.2 Role of Microbiota in Cancers 14413.3 Mechanism in which Microbiota Kill Cancer Cells 14613.4 Microbiota that Promote Health Post Cancer Treatment 14713.5 Conclusion 14714 Impact of Gut Microbiota on Mental Health in Humans 153Sagnik Nag, Ankita Saini, Richismita Hazra, and Jutishna Bora14.1 Introduction 15314.2 Gut Dysbiosis and Mental Health Disorders 15614.3 Psychiatric Medication and the Microbiome 16114.4 Probiotic Treatments for Mental Health Disorders 16114.5 Future Therapeutic Approach 16314.6 Conclusion 16415 Interaction between Gut Microbiota and Central and Enteric Nervous Systems: The Gut--Brain Axis Concept 169Mohamed Hussein Arbab15.1 Introduction 16915.2 The Neuronal Communications 17015.3 Neuroimmune Regulation of Inflammation and Cellular Defence 17116 Immune-Modulation and Gut Microbiome 179Sarah Adjei-Fremah, Mulumebet Worku, and Salam Ibrahim16.1 Introduction 17916.2 Dysbiosis of the Gut Microbiome 18016.3 Gut Dysbiosis and Diseases 18016.4 Gut Microbiome-Mediated Immune Modulation 18216.5 Gut Microbiome Modulators 18316.6 Prebiotics 18516.7 Probiotics 18516.8 Galectins, Gut Microbiome, and Immune Modulation 18616.9 Conclusion 18617 Current Molecular Technologies for Assaying the Gut Microbiota: Next-generation DNA Sequencing 193Harshit Sajal, Yuvaraj Sivamani, and Sumitha Elayaperumal17.1 Introduction and Overview 19317.2 Research on the Gut Microbiome Using Next-generation Sequencing 19417.3 Collection, Storage, and DNA Extraction Methodology 19917.4 DNA Sequencing and Post-processing 20117.5 Metabolic Modelling of the Human Gut Microbiome 20118 The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Gut Modulation 205Usman Atique, Muhammad Altaf, Dwaipayan Sinha, Shakira Ghazanfar, Md. Ayenuddin Haque, and Shahana Chowdhury18.1 Introduction 20518.2 Probiotics and Prebiotics: A Functional Perspective 20618.3 Diet and its Effect on Gut Microbiota 20818.4 Modification of Intestinal Microbiota by the Application of Probiotics and Prebiotics 20918.5 Prebiotics and Gut Immunity 21118.6 Conclusions and Future Research 21119 Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics: A Potential Source for a Healthy Gut 217Vandana Singh and Bushra Shaida19.1 Introduction 21719.2 Prebiotics 21819.3 Probiotics 22119.4 Synbiotics 22719.5 Conclusion 22820 Current Status and Efficacy of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation for Patients Suffering from Irritable Bowel Syndrome 231Mohamed Hussein Arbab20.1 Introduction 23120.2 Donor Selection 23220.3 Safety Issues of FMT for IBS 23320.4 Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of FMT 23420.5 Conclusion and Perspective 234References 235Index 239