Aerospace Polymeric Materials

Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, and is also an assistant professor in the Department of Applied Chemistry, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has published about 190 research articles in various international scientific journals, 18 book chapters, and 60 edited books with multiple well-known publishers. Tariq Altalhi is Head of the Department of Chemistry and Vice Dean of Science College at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his PhD from the University of Adelaide, Australia in 2014. His research interests include developing advanced chemistry-based solutions for solid and liquid municipal waste management, converting plastic bags to carbon nanotubes, and fly ash to efficient adsorbent material. He also researches natural extracts and their application in the generation of value-added products such as nanomaterials. Sayed Mohammed Adnan is a research scholar in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, India. He obtained a Master of Technology from Aligarh Muslim University, India and his research areas broadly include conducting polymer nanocomposites, computational chemistry, and artificial intelligence.

• Preface xi1 Tuning Aerogel Properties for Aerospace Applications 1Catherine Tom, Shubham Sinha, Nidhi Joshi and Ravi Kumar Pujala1.1 Introduction 11.2 Synthesis 31.3 Aerospace Missions 61.3.1 Stardust Mission 61.3.2 MARS Pathfinder Mission 71.3.3 Hypersonic Inflatable Aerodynamic Decelerator 71.3.4 Mars Science Laboratory 71.3.5 Cryogenic Fluid Containment 81.4 Property Tuning of Aerogels 81.4.1 During Synthesis 91.4.2 Post-Synthesis 121.4.3 Aerogel Composites 131.5 Tuning Properties for Aerospace Applications 151.5.1 Thermal Conductivity 151.5.1.1 Minimizing Solid Conductivity 161.5.1.2 Modification of IR Absorption Properties 161.5.1.3 Minimizing Gaseous Conductivity 161.5.2 Mechanical Property 171.5.3 Optical Transmittance 181.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 18Acknowledgments 20References 202 Welding of Polymeric Materials in Aircraft 29İdris Karagöz2.1 Introduction 302.2 Major Polymer Welding Methods Applied in Aviation 322.2.1 Hot Gas Welding 342.2.2 Hot Plate Welding 362.2.3 Extrusion Welding 382.2.4 Infrared Welding 392.2.5 Laser Welding 412.2.6 Vibration Welding 442.2.7 Friction Welding 452.2.8 Friction Stir Welding 462.2.9 Friction Stir Spot Welding 472.2.10 Ultrasonic Welding 482.2.11 Resistance Implant Welding 502.2.12 Induction Welding 512.2.13 Dielectric Welding 512.2.14 Microwave Welding 542.3 Conclusion 55References 553 Carbon Nanostructures for Reinforcement of Polymers in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 61Mahdi ShayanMehr3.1 Introduction 623.2 Common Carbon Nanoparticles 633.2.1 Graphene 633.2.2 Carbon Nanotubes 633.2.3 Fullerenes 643.3 Modeling and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanoparticles 643.4 Modeling of Carbon Nanoparticles Reinforced Polymers 653.5 Preparation of Carbon Nanoparticles Reinforced Polymers 693.6 Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanoparticles Reinforced Polymers 703.6.1 Graphene Family/Polymer 723.6.1.1 Graphite Nanosheets/Polymer 733.6.1.2 Graphene and Graphene Oxide/Polymer 753.6.2 CNT/Polymer 753.6.3 Fullerene/Polymer 763.7 Application of Carbon Nanoparticles Reinforced Polymers in Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering 783.8 Conclusions 80References 814 Self-Healing Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymers for Aerospace Applications 85Surawut Chuangchote and Methawee Nukunudompanich4.1 General Principle of Self-Healing Composites 864.1.1 Extrinsic Healing 864.1.2 Intrinsic Self-Healing 884.2 Self-Healing Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymers 904.2.1 Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymers (CFRPs) 904.2.2 Healing Efficiency 944.3 Manufacturing Techniques 954.4 Recent Development of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers in Aerospace Applications 994.4.1 Engines 1014.4.2 Fuselage 1024.4.3 Aerostructure 1044.4.4 Coating 1064.4.5 Other Application 1084.5 Disposal and Recycling of Self-Healing Carbon Fiber–Reinforced Polymers 1084.6 Conclusion and Future Challenges 111References 1125 Advanced Polymeric Materials for Aerospace Applications 117Anupama Rajput, Upma, Sudheesh K. Shukla, Nitika Thakur, Anamika Debnath and Bindu Mangla5.1 Introduction 1185.2 Types of Advanced Polymers 1195.2.1 Copolymers 1215.2.2 Polymer Matrix Composite 1215.2.3 Properties of Reinforced Materials 1225.3 Thermoplastics 1255.4 Thermosetting 1265.5 Polymeric Nanocomposites 1265.6 Glass Fiber 1305.7 Polycarbonates 1315.8 Applications 1315.9 Conclusion 133References 1336 Self-Healing Composite Materials 137Hüsnügül Yilmaz Atay6.1 Introduction 1376.2 Self-Healing Mechanism 1406.3 Types of Self-Healing Coatings 1426.3.1 Passive Self-Healing for External Techniques 1426.3.1.1 Microencapsulation 1426.3.1.2 Hollow-Fiber Approach 1436.3.1.3 Microvascular Network 1436.3.2 Active Self-Healing Methodology Based on Intrinsic 1446.3.2.1 Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) 1446.3.2.2 Reversible Polymers 1446.4 Research Areas of Self-Healing Materials 1456.5 Aerospace Applications of Polymer Composite Self-Healing Materials 1466.5.1 Aircraft Fuselage and Structure 1466.5.2 Coatings 1486.6 Conclusion 150References 1517 Conducting Polymer Composites for Antistatic Application in Aerospace 155Sonali Priyadarsini Pradhan, Lipsa Shubhadarshinee, Pooja Mohapatra, Patitapaban Mohanty, Bigyan Ranjan Jali, Priyaranjan Mohapatra and Aruna Kumar Barick7.1 Introduction 1567.2 Conducting Polymer Composites (CPCs) for Antistatic Application in Aerospace 1587.3 Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites (CPNCs) for Antistatic Application in Aerospace 1657.4 Conclusions 178References 1798 Electroactive Polymeric Shape Memory Composites for Aerospace Application 189Mamata Singh, Taha Gulamabbas, Benjamin Ahumuza, N.P. Singh and Vivek Mishra8.1 Introduction 1908.1.1 Electroactive Polymer 1918.1.1.1 Electronic EAPs 1928.1.1.2 Dielectric Elastomer Actuators (DEAs) 1938.1.1.3 Piezoelectric Polymer 1938.1.1.4 Ferroelectric EAPs 1948.1.2 Ionic Polymers 1948.1.2.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Actuators 1948.1.2.2 Ionic Polymer Metal Composites 1948.1.2.3 Carbon Nanotubes 1958.1.2.4 Ionic Polymer Gels 1958.2 Shape-Memory Polymers (SMPs) 1958.2.1 Properties of Shape Memory Polymers 1968.2.1.1 Classification of SMPs by Stimulus Response 1978.2.2 Shape Memory Polymer Composites 2008.2.3 Electroactive Shape Memory Polymers 2018.2.4 Applications of Electroactive Shape Memory Polymer Composites in Aerospace 2018.2.5 Hybrid Electroactive Morphing Wings 2018.2.6 Paper-Thin CNT 2028.2.7 SMPC Hinges 2028.2.8 SMPC Booms 2028.2.9 Foldable SMPC Truss Booms 2028.2.9.1 Coilable SMPC Truss Booms 2038.2.9.2 SMPC STEM Booms 2038.2.10 SMPC Reflector Antennas 2038.2.11 Expandable Lunar Habitat 2048.2.12 Super Wire 204References 2049 Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics for High-Temperature Applications 211Dipika Meghnani and Rajendra Kumar Singh9.1 Introduction 2119.1.1 Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectrics (PNCD) 2149.2 Crucial Factor in Framing the High-Temperature Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectric Materials 2159.2.1 Dielectric Permittivity 2159.2.2 Thermal Stability 2169.3 Application of Polymer Nanocomposite Dielectric at Elevated Temperature and Their Progress 2239.4 Conclusion 225References 22510 Self-Healable Conductive and Polymeric Composite Materials 231M. Ramesh, V. Bhuvaneswari, D. Balaji and L. Rajeshkumar10.1 Introduction 23110.2 Self-Healing Materials 23510.2.1 Self-Healing Polymers 23710.2.2 Self-Healing Polymer Composite Materials 23710.3 Mechanically Induced Self-Healing Materials 23910.3.1 Self-Healing Induction Grounded on Gel 24010.3.2 Self-Healing Induction Based on Crystals 24210.3.3 Self-Healing Induction Based on Corrosion Inhibitors 24410.4 Self-Healing Elastomers and Reversible Materials 24510.5 Self-Healing Conductive Materials 24710.5.1 Self-Healing Conductive Polymers 24710.5.2 Self-Healing Conductive Capsules 24810.5.3 Self-Healing Conductive Liquids 24910.5.4 Self-Healing Conductive Composites 24910.5.5 Self-Healing Conductive Coating 25010.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 251References 252Index 259