Catherine Adams Consultant in Forensic Odontology, UKDVI & Powys Teaching Health Board, UKRomina Carabott Consultant and Senior Lecturer in Forensic Odontology, Director of expertFORENSICS Ltd, Cardiff, UKSam Evans Chief Clinical and Forensic Photographer, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, UK

• List of contributors xiii Acknowledgements xv1 Brief introduction to forensic odontology 1Romina Carabott1.1 Introduction 11.2 Forensic odontology in the 21st century 31.3 Training and experience 41.4 How to use this book 61.5 References 62 Development of the dentition 9Alastair J. Sloan2.1 Early tooth development 92.2 Later tooth development 132.3 Dentinogenesis 142.4 Tooth root formation 162.5 Epithelial/mesenchymal interactions in tooth development 172.6 Amelogenesis 192.7 Biomineralisation of enamel 202.8 Further reading 213 Acting as an expert witness 23Jason Tucker3.1 Introduction 233.2 The nature of expert evidence 233.3 The rules of court 263.4 The expert’s duties 283.5 Report writing 303.6 Giving evidence at court 363.7 Ancillary topics 413.8 Things to avoid 453.9 A final thought 473.10 References 484 Mortuary practice 49Alison Anderson4.1 Definitions of a mortuary 494.2 The Human Tissue Act and the Human Tissue Authority 504.3 Legal requirements for licence issue 514.4 Mortuary facilities 524.5 The Anatomical Pathology Technologist 544.6 The odontologist in the mortuary: Specialist resection techniques 564.7 Health and safety in the mortuary 574.8 References 625 Dental human identification 65Romina Carabott5.1 Introduction 655.2 Comparative dental identification 705.3 Radiography in dental identification 875.4 Dental appliances in identification 935.5 Dental profiling 1005.6 Teeth as a source of DNA 1075.7 Conclusion 1105.8 References 1106 Disaster victim identification 117Catherine Adams6.1 Introduction 1176.2 Disaster management 1186.3 DVI planning 1196.4 DVI and the dentist 1206.5 The dental DVI team structure 1216.6 Documentation 1226.7 Retrieval of dental records 1256.8 Post-mortem dental examination 1276.9 Ante-mortem dental records 1296.10 Dental reconciliation 1306.11 Equipment for the dental DVI team 1326.12 Maintaining dental team morale 1356.13 References 1357 Dental age assessment 137Sakher AlQahtani7.1 The importance of knowing age 1377.2 The chronological age 1387.3 The dental age 1397.4 Dentition as an age indicator 1407.5 Age estimation methods in children and young adults 1467.6 Age assessment after tooth development 1517.7 Writing a dental age report 1537.8 Final comments 1557.9 References 1558 Bite marks – I 167Douglas R. Sheasby8.1 Introduction 1678.2 Bite mark components 1678.3 Nature of the injury 1728.4 Bite mark incidence 1748.5 Principles of bite mark analysis 1748.6 Bite mark evidence recording 1848.7 Bite mark analysis techniques 1888.8 Feature-based analysis conclusions 2008.9 Feature-based analysis report 2028.10 Limitations of bite mark analysis 2048.11 References 2079 Bite marks – II 211Roland Kouble9.1 Guidelines for bite mark analysis 2119.2 Collection of evidence 2119.3 Assessment of the suspected bite mark injury 2129.4 Examination of the dentition of the suspected biter/biters 2149.5 Bite mark comparisons 2149.6 Bite mark reports and presentation of evidence to a court 2209.7 References 22110 Forensic photography and imaging 223Sam Evans10.1 Introduction 22310.2 The photography of bite marks 22310.3 Relevant equipment 22610.4 Digital image file formats 23110.5 Guidance for preparation of equipment for forensic photography 23410.6 Photographing a bite mark 23510.7 Photographing dentition 24110.8 Image downloading and storage 24710.9 Imaging modalities 25010.10 Three-dimensional technology 25610.11 Image enhancement and processing 26410.12 References 27311 Role of the forensic odontologist in the protection of vulnerable people 277Barbara Chadwick and Catherine Adams11.1 Introduction 27711.2 Bite marks and vulnerable people 27811.3 Dental neglect in childhood 27911.4 Legislative framework for child protection in the UK 28711.5 Protection of the vulnerable adult 28811.6 Record keeping 29011.7 Summary chart 29211.8 Further reading 29411.9 References 294Index 297