Sivaraman Palanisamy is a Program Manager for EV Charging Infrastructure at WRI India. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of CIGRE. He is a co-editor of the Wiley title Microgrid Technologies (2021) and a co-author of Basic Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering (2020). Sharmeela Chenniappan, PhD, holds the post of Professor in the Department of EEE, CEG campus, at Anna University, Chennai, India. She is an IEEE Senior Member, a Life Member of CBIP, a Life Member of the Institution of Engineers (India), ISTE, and SSI. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a Faculty Member with the Department of Electrical Engineering, IT and Cybernetics at the University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway. He is a co-editor on multiple Wiley titles.

• Preface xiiAbout the Authors xivAcknowledgments xvi1 Introduction to Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Infrastructure 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Fast-Charging Station 41.2.1 Power Grid or Grid Power Supply 41.2.2 Power Cables 51.2.3 Switchgears 81.2.4 Distribution Transformer 81.2.5 Energy Meters and Power Quality Meters 91.2.6 Fast Chargers 101.2.7 Plugs and Connectors 101.2.7.1 CCS Combo 1 Connector 131.2.7.2 CHAdeMO Connector 131.2.7.3 Tesla Connectors 141.3 Fast-Charging Station Using Renewable Power Sources (RES) 141.4 Digital Communication for Fast-Charging Station 171.5 Requirements for Fast-Charging Station 191.6 Case Study: Public Fast-Charging Station in India 201.7 Conclusion 23References 24Annexure 1 Photos 262 Selection of Fast-Charging Station 312.1 Introduction 312.2 Business Model for Fast-Charging Stations 322.3 Location of Fast-Charging Station 332.4 Electric Supply for Fast Charging 352.5 Availability of Land 362.6 Conclusion 37References 373 Business Model and Tariff Structure for Fast-Charging Station 393.1 Introduction 393.2 Business Model 413.2.1 Integrated Model 413.2.2 Independent Model 423.2.3 Selection of Business Model for Fast-Charging Station 433.2.4 Fast-Charging Infrastructure and Operating Expenses 443.3 Battery Swapping 453.4 Tariff Structure 473.4.1 Tariff Between Electric Utilities (DISCOMs) and Fast-Charging Stations 473.4.2 Tariff Between Fast-Charging Stations and EV Users 473.5 Conclusion 48References 484 Batteries for Fast-Charging Infrastructure 514.1 Introduction 514.2 C-Rating of the Battery 524.3 Different Types of Chemistries 534.3.1 Li-Ion Family 544.3.2 Lead Acid 554.3.3 Nickel Family 554.3.4 Selection of Battery Chemistry 564.4 Batteries Used in EVs in the Market 564.5 Conclusion 58References 585 Distribution System Planning 595.1 Introduction 595.2 Planning for Power and Energy Demand 625.3 Planning for Distribution System Feeders and Equipment 715.4 Conclusion 81References 816 Electric Distribution for Fast-Charging Infrastructure 836.1 Introduction 836.2 Major Components of Fast-Charging Station 866.3 Design of Fast-Charging Station 866.3.1 Single Point of Failure 866.3.2 Configuration of Electrical Distribution Considering the Redundancy 886.3.2.1 Simple Radial Distribution Scheme for FCS 886.3.2.2 Expanded Radial Scheme for FCS 896.3.2.3 Primary Selective Scheme for FCS 896.3.2.4 Secondary Selective Scheme for FCS 936.3.2.5 Primary Loop Scheme for FCS 986.3.2.6 Sparing Transformer Configuration for FCS 986.3.2.7 Other Configurations for FCS 1036.4 Conclusion 108References 1087 Energy Storage System for Fast-Charging Stations 1117.1 Introduction 1117.2 Renewables + ESS 1127.2.1 Solar PV System without Battery Energy Storage System – Scheme 1 AC Interconnection 1137.2.2 Solar PV System with Battery Energy Storage System – Scheme 2 AC Interconnection 1147.2.3 Solar PV System with Battery Energy Storage System – Scheme 3 DC Interconnection 1167.3 Microgrid with Renewables + ESS 1187.3.1 Grid-Connected Microgrid for Fast-Charging Stations 1197.3.2 Standalone Microgrid for Fast-Charging Stations 1247.4 ESS Modes of Operation 1247.5 Conclusion 127References 1288 Surge Protection Device for Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Infrastructure 1298.1 Introduction 1298.2 Surge Protection for Fast-Charging Stations 1328.2.1 Surge Protection for Open Locations 1328.2.2 Surge Protection for Covered Locations 1338.3 Surge Protection for Underground Locations 1368.4 Conclusion 137References 1379 Power Quality Problems Associated with Fast-Charging Stations 1399.1 Introduction 1399.2 Introduction to Power Quality 1409.3 Power Quality Problems Due to Fast-Charging Stations 1429.3.1 Impact of Poor Power Quality of Distribution Grid on Fast-Charging Station Loads 1439.3.2 Impact of Poor Power Quality from the Fast-Charging Station Loads on the Distribution Grid 1449.4 Analysis of Harmonic Injection into the Distribution System 1459.4.1 Hand Calculation or Manual Calculation 1469.4.2 Conducting Field Measurements at the Site 1469.4.3 Model Calibration 1479.4.4 Computer Simulation 1489.5 Analysis of System Resonance Condition 1499.6 Analysis of Supra-Harmonics 1529.7 Case Study: Harmonic Measurement of 30 kW DC Fast Charger 1529.8 Conclusion 161References 16110 Standards for Fast-Charging Infrastructure 16310.1 Introduction 16310.2 IEC Standards 16410.2.1 IEC 61851 16410.2.2 IEC 61980 Electric Vehicle Wireless Power Transfer Systems 16610.2.3 IEC 62196 Plugs, Socket-Outlets, Vehicle Connectors, and Vehicle Inlets – Conductive Charging of Electric Vehicles 16810.2.4 IEC TR 62933-2-200 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems – Part 2-200: Unit Parameters and Testing Methods – Case Study of EES Systems Located in EV Charging Station with PV 16910.2.5 IEC 62893 Charging Cables for Electric Vehicles for Rated Voltages up to and Including 0.6/1 kV 16910.2.6 IEC 60364-7-722 Low-Voltage Electrical Installations – Part 7-722: Requirements for Special Installations or Locations – Supplies for Electric Vehicles 17210.3 IEEE Standards 17210.3.1 IEEE Std 2030.1.1-2021 IEEE Standard for Technical Specifications for a DC Quick and Bidirectional Charger for Use with Electric Vehicles 17210.3.2 IEEE Std 2836-2021 IEEE Recommended Practice for Performance Testing of Electrical Energy Storage (ESS) System in Electric Charging Stations in Combination with Photovoltaic (PV) 17410.4 SAE Standards 17410.4.1 SAE J1772 SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler 17410.4.2 SAE J2894-1 2019 Power Quality Requirements for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Chargers 17410.5 ISO 17409 Electrically Propelled Road Vehicles – Connection to an External Electric Power Supply – Safety Requirements 17510.6 CEA Technical Standards in India 17610.6.1 Technical Standards for Connectivity of the Distributed Generation Resources – February 2019 17610.6.2 Technical Standards for Measures Relating to Safety and Electric Supply – June 2019 17610.7 BS 7671-2018 Requirements for Electrical Installations 17810.8 Conclusion 178References 17911 Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles: Today’s Situation and Future Needs 18111.1 Batteries 18111.1.1 Voltage 18111.1.2 Improvements in Battery Chemistry 18111.1.3 Standardization of Battery Ratings (Capacity, Voltage, and Dimensions) for Enabling Battery Swapping 18311.2 Distributed Energy Storage System and Grid-Friendly Charging 18511.3 Ultrafast Chargers 18511.4 Interoperable Features 18611.5 Charging the Vehicle While Driving (Wireless Charging) 18611.6 Conclusion 187References 18712 A Review of the Improved Structure of an Electric Vehicle Battery Fast Charger 189Mohammad Zand, Mostafa Azimi Nasab, Samaneh Rastgoo, and Morteza Azimi Nasab12.1 Introduction 18912.2 Types of Battery Charging 19012.2.1 Li-Ion Battery Charger Algorithm 19112.2.2 Constant Voltage–Current Charging Method 19112.2.3 Constant Current Multilevel Charging Method 19212.2.4 Method of Incremental Charging 19312.2.5 Pulse Charging Method 19312.2.6 Sinusoidal Pulse Charging Algorithm 19512.2.7 Using a Different Frequency Pulse Charging Method (VFPCS) 19512.2.8 Pulse Voltage Charging Method with Different Pulse Widths (DVVPCS) 19612.2.9 An Overview of Lithium-Ion Batteries 19612.2.10 Performance Comparison with Other Batteries 19712.2.11 Lithium-Ion Battery Control System (BMS) 19812.2.12 Cell Control 19812.2.13 Checking Input and Output Current and Voltage 19812.2.14 Battery Charge and Discharge Control 19912.2.15 State Estimation 19912.2.16 State of Charge 19912.2.17 State of Health (SoH) 20012.2.18 Mode of Operation (SoF) 20112.2.19 Battery Protection 20112.3 Temperature and Heat Control 20312.3.1 Examining the Charger Structure 20312.4 Bidirectional AC–DC Converters 20612.4.1 Unidirectional AC–DC Converters 20812.4.2 Unidirectional Isolated DC–DC Converters 20812.4.3 Bidirectional Isolated DC–DC Converters 21012.5 High-Frequency Transformers 21012.5.1 High-Frequency Transformer Design 21012.5.2 Core Geometry Method 21112.5.3 Core Losses 21112.6 Examine Some of the Charger Examples Provided in the References 21212.7 Conclusion 218References 219Index 221

Sivaraman Palanisamy is a Program Manager for EV Charging Infrastructure at WRI India. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of CIGRE. He is a co-editor of the Wiley title Microgrid Technologies (2021) and a co-author of Basic Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering (2020). Sharmeela Chenniappan, PhD, holds the post of Professor in the Department of EEE, CEG campus, at Anna University, Chennai, India. She is an IEEE Senior Member, a Life Member of CBIP, a Life Member of the Institution of Engineers (India), ISTE, and SSI. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a Faculty Member with the Department of Electrical Engineering, IT and Cybernetics at the University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway. He is a co-editor on multiple Wiley titles.

• Preface xiiAbout the Authors xivAcknowledgments xvi1 Introduction to Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Infrastructure 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Fast-Charging Station 41.2.1 Power Grid or Grid Power Supply 41.2.2 Power Cables 51.2.3 Switchgears 81.2.4 Distribution Transformer 81.2.5 Energy Meters and Power Quality Meters 91.2.6 Fast Chargers 101.2.7 Plugs and Connectors 101.2.7.1 CCS Combo 1 Connector 131.2.7.2 CHAdeMO Connector 131.2.7.3 Tesla Connectors 141.3 Fast-Charging Station Using Renewable Power Sources (RES) 141.4 Digital Communication for Fast-Charging Station 171.5 Requirements for Fast-Charging Station 191.6 Case Study: Public Fast-Charging Station in India 201.7 Conclusion 23References 24Annexure 1 Photos 262 Selection of Fast-Charging Station 312.1 Introduction 312.2 Business Model for Fast-Charging Stations 322.3 Location of Fast-Charging Station 332.4 Electric Supply for Fast Charging 352.5 Availability of Land 362.6 Conclusion 37References 373 Business Model and Tariff Structure for Fast-Charging Station 393.1 Introduction 393.2 Business Model 413.2.1 Integrated Model 413.2.2 Independent Model 423.2.3 Selection of Business Model for Fast-Charging Station 433.2.4 Fast-Charging Infrastructure and Operating Expenses 443.3 Battery Swapping 453.4 Tariff Structure 473.4.1 Tariff Between Electric Utilities (DISCOMs) and Fast-Charging Stations 473.4.2 Tariff Between Fast-Charging Stations and EV Users 473.5 Conclusion 48References 484 Batteries for Fast-Charging Infrastructure 514.1 Introduction 514.2 C-Rating of the Battery 524.3 Different Types of Chemistries 534.3.1 Li-Ion Family 544.3.2 Lead Acid 554.3.3 Nickel Family 554.3.4 Selection of Battery Chemistry 564.4 Batteries Used in EVs in the Market 564.5 Conclusion 58References 585 Distribution System Planning 595.1 Introduction 595.2 Planning for Power and Energy Demand 625.3 Planning for Distribution System Feeders and Equipment 715.4 Conclusion 81References 816 Electric Distribution for Fast-Charging Infrastructure 836.1 Introduction 836.2 Major Components of Fast-Charging Station 866.3 Design of Fast-Charging Station 866.3.1 Single Point of Failure 866.3.2 Configuration of Electrical Distribution Considering the Redundancy 886.3.2.1 Simple Radial Distribution Scheme for FCS 886.3.2.2 Expanded Radial Scheme for FCS 896.3.2.3 Primary Selective Scheme for FCS 896.3.2.4 Secondary Selective Scheme for FCS 936.3.2.5 Primary Loop Scheme for FCS 986.3.2.6 Sparing Transformer Configuration for FCS 986.3.2.7 Other Configurations for FCS 1036.4 Conclusion 108References 1087 Energy Storage System for Fast-Charging Stations 1117.1 Introduction 1117.2 Renewables + ESS 1127.2.1 Solar PV System without Battery Energy Storage System – Scheme 1 AC Interconnection 1137.2.2 Solar PV System with Battery Energy Storage System – Scheme 2 AC Interconnection 1147.2.3 Solar PV System with Battery Energy Storage System – Scheme 3 DC Interconnection 1167.3 Microgrid with Renewables + ESS 1187.3.1 Grid-Connected Microgrid for Fast-Charging Stations 1197.3.2 Standalone Microgrid for Fast-Charging Stations 1247.4 ESS Modes of Operation 1247.5 Conclusion 127References 1288 Surge Protection Device for Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Infrastructure 1298.1 Introduction 1298.2 Surge Protection for Fast-Charging Stations 1328.2.1 Surge Protection for Open Locations 1328.2.2 Surge Protection for Covered Locations 1338.3 Surge Protection for Underground Locations 1368.4 Conclusion 137References 1379 Power Quality Problems Associated with Fast-Charging Stations 1399.1 Introduction 1399.2 Introduction to Power Quality 1409.3 Power Quality Problems Due to Fast-Charging Stations 1429.3.1 Impact of Poor Power Quality of Distribution Grid on Fast-Charging Station Loads 1439.3.2 Impact of Poor Power Quality from the Fast-Charging Station Loads on the Distribution Grid 1449.4 Analysis of Harmonic Injection into the Distribution System 1459.4.1 Hand Calculation or Manual Calculation 1469.4.2 Conducting Field Measurements at the Site 1469.4.3 Model Calibration 1479.4.4 Computer Simulation 1489.5 Analysis of System Resonance Condition 1499.6 Analysis of Supra-Harmonics 1529.7 Case Study: Harmonic Measurement of 30 kW DC Fast Charger 1529.8 Conclusion 161References 16110 Standards for Fast-Charging Infrastructure 16310.1 Introduction 16310.2 IEC Standards 16410.2.1 IEC 61851 16410.2.2 IEC 61980 Electric Vehicle Wireless Power Transfer Systems 16610.2.3 IEC 62196 Plugs, Socket-Outlets, Vehicle Connectors, and Vehicle Inlets – Conductive Charging of Electric Vehicles 16810.2.4 IEC TR 62933-2-200 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems – Part 2-200: Unit Parameters and Testing Methods – Case Study of EES Systems Located in EV Charging Station with PV 16910.2.5 IEC 62893 Charging Cables for Electric Vehicles for Rated Voltages up to and Including 0.6/1 kV 16910.2.6 IEC 60364-7-722 Low-Voltage Electrical Installations – Part 7-722: Requirements for Special Installations or Locations – Supplies for Electric Vehicles 17210.3 IEEE Standards 17210.3.1 IEEE Std 2030.1.1-2021 IEEE Standard for Technical Specifications for a DC Quick and Bidirectional Charger for Use with Electric Vehicles 17210.3.2 IEEE Std 2836-2021 IEEE Recommended Practice for Performance Testing of Electrical Energy Storage (ESS) System in Electric Charging Stations in Combination with Photovoltaic (PV) 17410.4 SAE Standards 17410.4.1 SAE J1772 SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler 17410.4.2 SAE J2894-1 2019 Power Quality Requirements for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Chargers 17410.5 ISO 17409 Electrically Propelled Road Vehicles – Connection to an External Electric Power Supply – Safety Requirements 17510.6 CEA Technical Standards in India 17610.6.1 Technical Standards for Connectivity of the Distributed Generation Resources – February 2019 17610.6.2 Technical Standards for Measures Relating to Safety and Electric Supply – June 2019 17610.7 BS 7671-2018 Requirements for Electrical Installations 17810.8 Conclusion 178References 17911 Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles: Today’s Situation and Future Needs 18111.1 Batteries 18111.1.1 Voltage 18111.1.2 Improvements in Battery Chemistry 18111.1.3 Standardization of Battery Ratings (Capacity, Voltage, and Dimensions) for Enabling Battery Swapping 18311.2 Distributed Energy Storage System and Grid-Friendly Charging 18511.3 Ultrafast Chargers 18511.4 Interoperable Features 18611.5 Charging the Vehicle While Driving (Wireless Charging) 18611.6 Conclusion 187References 18712 A Review of the Improved Structure of an Electric Vehicle Battery Fast Charger 189Mohammad Zand, Mostafa Azimi Nasab, Samaneh Rastgoo, and Morteza Azimi Nasab12.1 Introduction 18912.2 Types of Battery Charging 19012.2.1 Li-Ion Battery Charger Algorithm 19112.2.2 Constant Voltage–Current Charging Method 19112.2.3 Constant Current Multilevel Charging Method 19212.2.4 Method of Incremental Charging 19312.2.5 Pulse Charging Method 19312.2.6 Sinusoidal Pulse Charging Algorithm 19512.2.7 Using a Different Frequency Pulse Charging Method (VFPCS) 19512.2.8 Pulse Voltage Charging Method with Different Pulse Widths (DVVPCS) 19612.2.9 An Overview of Lithium-Ion Batteries 19612.2.10 Performance Comparison with Other Batteries 19712.2.11 Lithium-Ion Battery Control System (BMS) 19812.2.12 Cell Control 19812.2.13 Checking Input and Output Current and Voltage 19812.2.14 Battery Charge and Discharge Control 19912.2.15 State Estimation 19912.2.16 State of Charge 19912.2.17 State of Health (SoH) 20012.2.18 Mode of Operation (SoF) 20112.2.19 Battery Protection 20112.3 Temperature and Heat Control 20312.3.1 Examining the Charger Structure 20312.4 Bidirectional AC–DC Converters 20612.4.1 Unidirectional AC–DC Converters 20812.4.2 Unidirectional Isolated DC–DC Converters 20812.4.3 Bidirectional Isolated DC–DC Converters 21012.5 High-Frequency Transformers 21012.5.1 High-Frequency Transformer Design 21012.5.2 Core Geometry Method 21112.5.3 Core Losses 21112.6 Examine Some of the Charger Examples Provided in the References 21212.7 Conclusion 218References 219Index 221

Sivaraman Palanisamy is a Program Manager for EV Charging Infrastructure at WRI India. He is an IEEE Senior Member and a member of CIGRE. He is a co-editor of the Wiley title Microgrid Technologies (2021) and a co-author of Basic Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering (2020). Sharmeela Chenniappan, PhD, holds the post of Professor in the Department of EEE, CEG campus, at Anna University, Chennai, India. She is an IEEE Senior Member, a Life Member of CBIP, a Life Member of the Institution of Engineers (India), ISTE, and SSI. Sanjeevikumar Padmanaban, PhD, is a Faculty Member with the Department of Electrical Engineering, IT and Cybernetics at the University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway. He is a co-editor on multiple Wiley titles.

• Preface xiiAbout the Authors xivAcknowledgments xvi1 Introduction to Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Infrastructure 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Fast-Charging Station 41.2.1 Power Grid or Grid Power Supply 41.2.2 Power Cables 51.2.3 Switchgears 81.2.4 Distribution Transformer 81.2.5 Energy Meters and Power Quality Meters 91.2.6 Fast Chargers 101.2.7 Plugs and Connectors 101.2.7.1 CCS Combo 1 Connector 131.2.7.2 CHAdeMO Connector 131.2.7.3 Tesla Connectors 141.3 Fast-Charging Station Using Renewable Power Sources (RES) 141.4 Digital Communication for Fast-Charging Station 171.5 Requirements for Fast-Charging Station 191.6 Case Study: Public Fast-Charging Station in India 201.7 Conclusion 23References 24Annexure 1 Photos 262 Selection of Fast-Charging Station 312.1 Introduction 312.2 Business Model for Fast-Charging Stations 322.3 Location of Fast-Charging Station 332.4 Electric Supply for Fast Charging 352.5 Availability of Land 362.6 Conclusion 37References 373 Business Model and Tariff Structure for Fast-Charging Station 393.1 Introduction 393.2 Business Model 413.2.1 Integrated Model 413.2.2 Independent Model 423.2.3 Selection of Business Model for Fast-Charging Station 433.2.4 Fast-Charging Infrastructure and Operating Expenses 443.3 Battery Swapping 453.4 Tariff Structure 473.4.1 Tariff Between Electric Utilities (DISCOMs) and Fast-Charging Stations 473.4.2 Tariff Between Fast-Charging Stations and EV Users 473.5 Conclusion 48References 484 Batteries for Fast-Charging Infrastructure 514.1 Introduction 514.2 C-Rating of the Battery 524.3 Different Types of Chemistries 534.3.1 Li-Ion Family 544.3.2 Lead Acid 554.3.3 Nickel Family 554.3.4 Selection of Battery Chemistry 564.4 Batteries Used in EVs in the Market 564.5 Conclusion 58References 585 Distribution System Planning 595.1 Introduction 595.2 Planning for Power and Energy Demand 625.3 Planning for Distribution System Feeders and Equipment 715.4 Conclusion 81References 816 Electric Distribution for Fast-Charging Infrastructure 836.1 Introduction 836.2 Major Components of Fast-Charging Station 866.3 Design of Fast-Charging Station 866.3.1 Single Point of Failure 866.3.2 Configuration of Electrical Distribution Considering the Redundancy 886.3.2.1 Simple Radial Distribution Scheme for FCS 886.3.2.2 Expanded Radial Scheme for FCS 896.3.2.3 Primary Selective Scheme for FCS 896.3.2.4 Secondary Selective Scheme for FCS 936.3.2.5 Primary Loop Scheme for FCS 986.3.2.6 Sparing Transformer Configuration for FCS 986.3.2.7 Other Configurations for FCS 1036.4 Conclusion 108References 1087 Energy Storage System for Fast-Charging Stations 1117.1 Introduction 1117.2 Renewables + ESS 1127.2.1 Solar PV System without Battery Energy Storage System – Scheme 1 AC Interconnection 1137.2.2 Solar PV System with Battery Energy Storage System – Scheme 2 AC Interconnection 1147.2.3 Solar PV System with Battery Energy Storage System – Scheme 3 DC Interconnection 1167.3 Microgrid with Renewables + ESS 1187.3.1 Grid-Connected Microgrid for Fast-Charging Stations 1197.3.2 Standalone Microgrid for Fast-Charging Stations 1247.4 ESS Modes of Operation 1247.5 Conclusion 127References 1288 Surge Protection Device for Electric Vehicle Fast-Charging Infrastructure 1298.1 Introduction 1298.2 Surge Protection for Fast-Charging Stations 1328.2.1 Surge Protection for Open Locations 1328.2.2 Surge Protection for Covered Locations 1338.3 Surge Protection for Underground Locations 1368.4 Conclusion 137References 1379 Power Quality Problems Associated with Fast-Charging Stations 1399.1 Introduction 1399.2 Introduction to Power Quality 1409.3 Power Quality Problems Due to Fast-Charging Stations 1429.3.1 Impact of Poor Power Quality of Distribution Grid on Fast-Charging Station Loads 1439.3.2 Impact of Poor Power Quality from the Fast-Charging Station Loads on the Distribution Grid 1449.4 Analysis of Harmonic Injection into the Distribution System 1459.4.1 Hand Calculation or Manual Calculation 1469.4.2 Conducting Field Measurements at the Site 1469.4.3 Model Calibration 1479.4.4 Computer Simulation 1489.5 Analysis of System Resonance Condition 1499.6 Analysis of Supra-Harmonics 1529.7 Case Study: Harmonic Measurement of 30 kW DC Fast Charger 1529.8 Conclusion 161References 16110 Standards for Fast-Charging Infrastructure 16310.1 Introduction 16310.2 IEC Standards 16410.2.1 IEC 61851 16410.2.2 IEC 61980 Electric Vehicle Wireless Power Transfer Systems 16610.2.3 IEC 62196 Plugs, Socket-Outlets, Vehicle Connectors, and Vehicle Inlets – Conductive Charging of Electric Vehicles 16810.2.4 IEC TR 62933-2-200 Electrical Energy Storage (EES) Systems – Part 2-200: Unit Parameters and Testing Methods – Case Study of EES Systems Located in EV Charging Station with PV 16910.2.5 IEC 62893 Charging Cables for Electric Vehicles for Rated Voltages up to and Including 0.6/1 kV 16910.2.6 IEC 60364-7-722 Low-Voltage Electrical Installations – Part 7-722: Requirements for Special Installations or Locations – Supplies for Electric Vehicles 17210.3 IEEE Standards 17210.3.1 IEEE Std 2030.1.1-2021 IEEE Standard for Technical Specifications for a DC Quick and Bidirectional Charger for Use with Electric Vehicles 17210.3.2 IEEE Std 2836-2021 IEEE Recommended Practice for Performance Testing of Electrical Energy Storage (ESS) System in Electric Charging Stations in Combination with Photovoltaic (PV) 17410.4 SAE Standards 17410.4.1 SAE J1772 SAE Electric Vehicle and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Conductive Charge Coupler 17410.4.2 SAE J2894-1 2019 Power Quality Requirements for Plug-In Electric Vehicle Chargers 17410.5 ISO 17409 Electrically Propelled Road Vehicles – Connection to an External Electric Power Supply – Safety Requirements 17510.6 CEA Technical Standards in India 17610.6.1 Technical Standards for Connectivity of the Distributed Generation Resources – February 2019 17610.6.2 Technical Standards for Measures Relating to Safety and Electric Supply – June 2019 17610.7 BS 7671-2018 Requirements for Electrical Installations 17810.8 Conclusion 178References 17911 Fast-Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicles: Today’s Situation and Future Needs 18111.1 Batteries 18111.1.1 Voltage 18111.1.2 Improvements in Battery Chemistry 18111.1.3 Standardization of Battery Ratings (Capacity, Voltage, and Dimensions) for Enabling Battery Swapping 18311.2 Distributed Energy Storage System and Grid-Friendly Charging 18511.3 Ultrafast Chargers 18511.4 Interoperable Features 18611.5 Charging the Vehicle While Driving (Wireless Charging) 18611.6 Conclusion 187References 18712 A Review of the Improved Structure of an Electric Vehicle Battery Fast Charger 189Mohammad Zand, Mostafa Azimi Nasab, Samaneh Rastgoo, and Morteza Azimi Nasab12.1 Introduction 18912.2 Types of Battery Charging 19012.2.1 Li-Ion Battery Charger Algorithm 19112.2.2 Constant Voltage–Current Charging Method 19112.2.3 Constant Current Multilevel Charging Method 19212.2.4 Method of Incremental Charging 19312.2.5 Pulse Charging Method 19312.2.6 Sinusoidal Pulse Charging Algorithm 19512.2.7 Using a Different Frequency Pulse Charging Method (VFPCS) 19512.2.8 Pulse Voltage Charging Method with Different Pulse Widths (DVVPCS) 19612.2.9 An Overview of Lithium-Ion Batteries 19612.2.10 Performance Comparison with Other Batteries 19712.2.11 Lithium-Ion Battery Control System (BMS) 19812.2.12 Cell Control 19812.2.13 Checking Input and Output Current and Voltage 19812.2.14 Battery Charge and Discharge Control 19912.2.15 State Estimation 19912.2.16 State of Charge 19912.2.17 State of Health (SoH) 20012.2.18 Mode of Operation (SoF) 20112.2.19 Battery Protection 20112.3 Temperature and Heat Control 20312.3.1 Examining the Charger Structure 20312.4 Bidirectional AC–DC Converters 20612.4.1 Unidirectional AC–DC Converters 20812.4.2 Unidirectional Isolated DC–DC Converters 20812.4.3 Bidirectional Isolated DC–DC Converters 21012.5 High-Frequency Transformers 21012.5.1 High-Frequency Transformer Design 21012.5.2 Core Geometry Method 21112.5.3 Core Losses 21112.6 Examine Some of the Charger Examples Provided in the References 21212.7 Conclusion 218References 219Index 221