Sven Bernecker is Professor of Philosophy at the University of California at Irvine. His main areas of research are epistemology, metaphysics, and philosophy of mind, and he has published numerous articles in these areas. He is the author of Reading Epistemology (2006) and is co-editor with Fred Dretske of Knowledge (2000).Duncan Pritchard is Professor at the School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences at The University of Edinburgh. His main area of research is epistemology, and he has published widely in this area. In particular, he is the author of Epistemic Luck (2005), Epistemology A-Z (with M. Blaauw, 2005), and What is this Thing Called Knowledge?, Second Edition (Routledge, 2010).

"This volume captures the state of the art in epistemology. Its articles range from classic problems like skepticism and the analysis of knowledge to more recent issues such as the value of knowledge, the significance of disagreement, and the relevance of knowledge attributions. The volume is broad enough to include every conceivable approach to epistemology-from the armchair to experimental philosophy-and every way in which knowledge can be acquired. Lucidly organized and with contributions from many first-rate philosophers, it should be at the center of debate for years to come." -Baron Reed, Northwestern University "This is a state-of-the-art collection by some of the leading epistemologists in the world today. The quality of the essays is exceptionally high and it is hard to think of a better volume of this kind on the market at present. Indispensable." -Quassim Cassam, University of Warwick "The Routledge Companion to Epistemology has the virtues of a classic reference work. It is a comprehensive presentation of the state of contemporary philosophy about knowledge and related matters. Many of the entries are written by the most influential philosophers on their topics. Non-epistemologists can use the work to find out what has been going on in almost any area of epistemology. Epistemologists can benefit from authoritative descriptions of work in areas beyond their expertise." -Earl Conee, University of Rochester "With almost 80 entries by leading experts, no practicing or aspiring epistemologist should be without a copy by his or her side. No library should go without, and everyone working in contemporary philosophy would benefit from having this reference ready to hand. Bernecker and Pritchard have stitched together a truly outstanding collection of concise and informative essays covering the whole of contemporary epistemology." -Peter Graham, University of California, Riverside "As a series, the 'Routledge Philosophy Companions' has met with near universal acclaim. This expansive volume not only continues the trend but quite possibly sets a new standard. Combining encyclopedic coverage with the scholarly acumen of established leaders in the field, this is an indispensable resource for scholars, students, and libraries...Indeed, this is a definitive resource that will continue to prove its value for a long time to come. Summing Up: Essential. Lower-level undergraduates and above." -CHOICE

• Contents: Introduction Sven Bernecker and Duncan Pritchard Part 1: Foundational Concepts 1. Truth, Michael P. Lynch, 2. Belief, Eric Schwitzgebel 3. Epistemic Justification, Jonathan L. Kvanvig 4. Epistemic Rationality, Richard Foley 5. Epistemic Norms, Pascal Engel 6. Evidence, Timothy McGrew 7. Disagreement, Bryan Frances 8. Epistemic Relativism, Paul Boghossian 9. Understanding, Stephen R. Grimm 10. Wisdom, Dennis Whitcomb Part 2: The Analysis of Knowledge 11. The Basing Relation, Ram Neta 12. The Gettier Problem, Stephen Hetherington 13. Fallibilism, Trent Dougherty 14. Externalism/Internalism, Hamid Vahid, 15. Defeasibility Theory, Thomas Gundmann 16. Evidentialism, Daniel M. Mittag 17. Reliabilism, Juan Comesaña 18. Modal and Anti-Luck Epistemology, Tim Black 19. Virtue Epistemology, Jonathan L. Kvanvig 20. Knowledge First, Timothy Williamson 21. The Value Problem, John Greco Part 3: The Structure of Knowledge 22. Foundationalism, Michael DePaul 23. Infinitism, Peter D. Klein 24. Coherentism, Erik J. Olsson Part 4: Kinds of Knowledge 25. Inductive Knowledge, Alexander Bird 26. A Priori Knowledge, Laurence BonJour 27. Perceptual Knowledge, David Sosa 28 Self-Knowledge, Sanford Goldberg 29. Testimonial Knowledge, Jennifer Lackey 30. Memory Knowledge, Sven Bernecker 31. Semantic Knowledge, Peter Ludlow 32. Scientific Knowledge, Peter Achinstein 33. Logical and Mathematical Knowledge, Otávio Bueno 34. Aesthetic Knowledge, Matthew Kieran 35. Moral Knowledge, Robert Audi 36. Religious Knowledge, Linda Zagzebski Part 5: Skepticism 37. Phyrrhonian Skepticism, Richard Bett 38. Cartesian Skepticism, Steven Luper 39. Skeptical Doubts About Self-Knowledge, Fred Dretske 40. Skepticism About Knowledge of Other Minds, Anita Avramides 41. Skepticism About Inductive Knowledge, Joe Morrison 42. Rule-Following Skepticism, Alexander Miller 43. Moral Skepticism, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord Part 6: Responses to Skepticism 44. Skepticism and Anti-Realism, Richard Schantz 45. Skepticism and Epistemic Externalism, Richard Fumerton 46. Skepticism and Semantic Externalism, Anthony Brueckner Part 7: Knowledge and Knowledge Attributions 47. Contrastivism, Adam Morton 48. Contextualism, Patrick Rysiew 49. Relativism and Knowledge Attributions, John MacFarlane 50. Epistemic Modals, Josh Dever 51. Pragmatic Encroachment, Jeremy Fantl and Matthew McGrath Part 8: Formal Epistemology 52. Logic and Formal Semantics for Epistemology, John Symons 53. Second-Order Knowledge, Christoph Kelp and Nikolaj J.L.L. Pedersen 54. Epistemic Closure, Peter Baumann 55. Bayesian Epistemology, Stephan Hartmann and Jan Sprenger 56. Theories of Belief Change, André Fuhrmann 57. The Knowability Paradox, Joe Salerno Part 9: The History of Epistemology 58. Plato, Timothy Chappell 59. Aristotle, Richard Patterson 60. René Descartes, Stephen Gaukroger 61. John Locke, E.J. Lowe 62. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Nicholas Jolley 63. George Berkeley, George Pappas 64. Thomas Reid, Ryan Nichols 65. David Hume, Helen Beebee 66. Immanuel Kant, Eckart Förster 67. Bertrand Russell, William Demopoulos 68. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Marie McGinn 69. Rudolf Carnap, Thomas Uebel 70. Willard van Orman Quine, Richard Creath 71. John Langshaw Austin, Mark Kaplan Part 10: Metaepistemological Issues 72. Epistemology and the Role of Intuitions, William G. Lycan 73. Experimental Epistemology, Jonathan M. Weinberg 74. Naturalistic Epistemology, Klemens Kappel 75. Evolutionary Epistemology, Michael Bradie 76. Pragmatist Epistemology, Cheryl Misak 77. Social Epistemology, Martin Kusch 78. Feminist Epistemology, Alessandra Tanesini

Sven Bernecker is Professor of Philosophy at the University of California at Irvine. His main areas of research are epistemology, metaphysics, and philosophy of mind, and he has published numerous articles in these areas. He is the author of Reading Epistemology (2006) and is co-editor with Fred Dretske of Knowledge (2000).Duncan Pritchard is Professor at the School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences at The University of Edinburgh. His main area of research is epistemology, and he has published widely in this area. In particular, he is the author of Epistemic Luck (2005), Epistemology A-Z (with M. Blaauw, 2005), and What is this Thing Called Knowledge?, Second Edition (Routledge, 2010).

"This volume captures the state of the art in epistemology. Its articles range from classic problems like skepticism and the analysis of knowledge to more recent issues such as the value of knowledge, the significance of disagreement, and the relevance of knowledge attributions. The volume is broad enough to include every conceivable approach to epistemology-from the armchair to experimental philosophy-and every way in which knowledge can be acquired. Lucidly organized and with contributions from many first-rate philosophers, it should be at the center of debate for years to come." -Baron Reed, Northwestern University "This is a state-of-the-art collection by some of the leading epistemologists in the world today. The quality of the essays is exceptionally high and it is hard to think of a better volume of this kind on the market at present. Indispensable." -Quassim Cassam, University of Warwick "The Routledge Companion to Epistemology has the virtues of a classic reference work. It is a comprehensive presentation of the state of contemporary philosophy about knowledge and related matters. Many of the entries are written by the most influential philosophers on their topics. Non-epistemologists can use the work to find out what has been going on in almost any area of epistemology. Epistemologists can benefit from authoritative descriptions of work in areas beyond their expertise." -Earl Conee, University of Rochester "With almost 80 entries by leading experts, no practicing or aspiring epistemologist should be without a copy by his or her side. No library should go without, and everyone working in contemporary philosophy would benefit from having this reference ready to hand. Bernecker and Pritchard have stitched together a truly outstanding collection of concise and informative essays covering the whole of contemporary epistemology." -Peter Graham, University of California, Riverside "As a series, the 'Routledge Philosophy Companions' has met with near universal acclaim. This expansive volume not only continues the trend but quite possibly sets a new standard. Combining encyclopedic coverage with the scholarly acumen of established leaders in the field, this is an indispensable resource for scholars, students, and libraries...Indeed, this is a definitive resource that will continue to prove its value for a long time to come. Summing Up: Essential. Lower-level undergraduates and above." -CHOICE

• Contents: Introduction Sven Bernecker and Duncan Pritchard Part 1: Foundational Concepts 1. Truth, Michael P. Lynch, 2. Belief, Eric Schwitzgebel 3. Epistemic Justification, Jonathan L. Kvanvig 4. Epistemic Rationality, Richard Foley 5. Epistemic Norms, Pascal Engel 6. Evidence, Timothy McGrew 7. Disagreement, Bryan Frances 8. Epistemic Relativism, Paul Boghossian 9. Understanding, Stephen R. Grimm 10. Wisdom, Dennis Whitcomb Part 2: The Analysis of Knowledge 11. The Basing Relation, Ram Neta 12. The Gettier Problem, Stephen Hetherington 13. Fallibilism, Trent Dougherty 14. Externalism/Internalism, Hamid Vahid, 15. Defeasibility Theory, Thomas Gundmann 16. Evidentialism, Daniel M. Mittag 17. Reliabilism, Juan Comesaña 18. Modal and Anti-Luck Epistemology, Tim Black 19. Virtue Epistemology, Jonathan L. Kvanvig 20. Knowledge First, Timothy Williamson 21. The Value Problem, John Greco Part 3: The Structure of Knowledge 22. Foundationalism, Michael DePaul 23. Infinitism, Peter D. Klein 24. Coherentism, Erik J. Olsson Part 4: Kinds of Knowledge 25. Inductive Knowledge, Alexander Bird 26. A Priori Knowledge, Laurence BonJour 27. Perceptual Knowledge, David Sosa 28 Self-Knowledge, Sanford Goldberg 29. Testimonial Knowledge, Jennifer Lackey 30. Memory Knowledge, Sven Bernecker 31. Semantic Knowledge, Peter Ludlow 32. Scientific Knowledge, Peter Achinstein 33. Logical and Mathematical Knowledge, Otávio Bueno 34. Aesthetic Knowledge, Matthew Kieran 35. Moral Knowledge, Robert Audi 36. Religious Knowledge, Linda Zagzebski Part 5: Skepticism 37. Phyrrhonian Skepticism, Richard Bett 38. Cartesian Skepticism, Steven Luper 39. Skeptical Doubts About Self-Knowledge, Fred Dretske 40. Skepticism About Knowledge of Other Minds, Anita Avramides 41. Skepticism About Inductive Knowledge, Joe Morrison 42. Rule-Following Skepticism, Alexander Miller 43. Moral Skepticism, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord Part 6: Responses to Skepticism 44. Skepticism and Anti-Realism, Richard Schantz 45. Skepticism and Epistemic Externalism, Richard Fumerton 46. Skepticism and Semantic Externalism, Anthony Brueckner Part 7: Knowledge and Knowledge Attributions 47. Contrastivism, Adam Morton 48. Contextualism, Patrick Rysiew 49. Relativism and Knowledge Attributions, John MacFarlane 50. Epistemic Modals, Josh Dever 51. Pragmatic Encroachment, Jeremy Fantl and Matthew McGrath Part 8: Formal Epistemology 52. Logic and Formal Semantics for Epistemology, John Symons 53. Second-Order Knowledge, Christoph Kelp and Nikolaj J.L.L. Pedersen 54. Epistemic Closure, Peter Baumann 55. Bayesian Epistemology, Stephan Hartmann and Jan Sprenger 56. Theories of Belief Change, André Fuhrmann 57. The Knowability Paradox, Joe Salerno Part 9: The History of Epistemology 58. Plato, Timothy Chappell 59. Aristotle, Richard Patterson 60. René Descartes, Stephen Gaukroger 61. John Locke, E.J. Lowe 62. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Nicholas Jolley 63. George Berkeley, George Pappas 64. Thomas Reid, Ryan Nichols 65. David Hume, Helen Beebee 66. Immanuel Kant, Eckart Förster 67. Bertrand Russell, William Demopoulos 68. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Marie McGinn 69. Rudolf Carnap, Thomas Uebel 70. Willard van Orman Quine, Richard Creath 71. John Langshaw Austin, Mark Kaplan Part 10: Metaepistemological Issues 72. Epistemology and the Role of Intuitions, William G. Lycan 73. Experimental Epistemology, Jonathan M. Weinberg 74. Naturalistic Epistemology, Klemens Kappel 75. Evolutionary Epistemology, Michael Bradie 76. Pragmatist Epistemology, Cheryl Misak 77. Social Epistemology, Martin Kusch 78. Feminist Epistemology, Alessandra Tanesini

Sven Bernecker is Professor of Philosophy at the University of California at Irvine. His main areas of research are epistemology, metaphysics, and philosophy of mind, and he has published numerous articles in these areas. He is the author of Reading Epistemology (2006) and is co-editor with Fred Dretske of Knowledge (2000).Duncan Pritchard is Professor at the School of Philosophy, Psychology, and Language Sciences at The University of Edinburgh. His main area of research is epistemology, and he has published widely in this area. In particular, he is the author of Epistemic Luck (2005), Epistemology A-Z (with M. Blaauw, 2005), and What is this Thing Called Knowledge?, Second Edition (Routledge, 2010).

"This volume captures the state of the art in epistemology. Its articles range from classic problems like skepticism and the analysis of knowledge to more recent issues such as the value of knowledge, the significance of disagreement, and the relevance of knowledge attributions. The volume is broad enough to include every conceivable approach to epistemology-from the armchair to experimental philosophy-and every way in which knowledge can be acquired. Lucidly organized and with contributions from many first-rate philosophers, it should be at the center of debate for years to come." -Baron Reed, Northwestern University "This is a state-of-the-art collection by some of the leading epistemologists in the world today. The quality of the essays is exceptionally high and it is hard to think of a better volume of this kind on the market at present. Indispensable." -Quassim Cassam, University of Warwick "The Routledge Companion to Epistemology has the virtues of a classic reference work. It is a comprehensive presentation of the state of contemporary philosophy about knowledge and related matters. Many of the entries are written by the most influential philosophers on their topics. Non-epistemologists can use the work to find out what has been going on in almost any area of epistemology. Epistemologists can benefit from authoritative descriptions of work in areas beyond their expertise." -Earl Conee, University of Rochester "With almost 80 entries by leading experts, no practicing or aspiring epistemologist should be without a copy by his or her side. No library should go without, and everyone working in contemporary philosophy would benefit from having this reference ready to hand. Bernecker and Pritchard have stitched together a truly outstanding collection of concise and informative essays covering the whole of contemporary epistemology." -Peter Graham, University of California, Riverside "As a series, the 'Routledge Philosophy Companions' has met with near universal acclaim. This expansive volume not only continues the trend but quite possibly sets a new standard. Combining encyclopedic coverage with the scholarly acumen of established leaders in the field, this is an indispensable resource for scholars, students, and libraries...Indeed, this is a definitive resource that will continue to prove its value for a long time to come. Summing Up: Essential. Lower-level undergraduates and above." -CHOICE

• Contents: Introduction Sven Bernecker and Duncan Pritchard Part 1: Foundational Concepts 1. Truth, Michael P. Lynch, 2. Belief, Eric Schwitzgebel 3. Epistemic Justification, Jonathan L. Kvanvig 4. Epistemic Rationality, Richard Foley 5. Epistemic Norms, Pascal Engel 6. Evidence, Timothy McGrew 7. Disagreement, Bryan Frances 8. Epistemic Relativism, Paul Boghossian 9. Understanding, Stephen R. Grimm 10. Wisdom, Dennis Whitcomb Part 2: The Analysis of Knowledge 11. The Basing Relation, Ram Neta 12. The Gettier Problem, Stephen Hetherington 13. Fallibilism, Trent Dougherty 14. Externalism/Internalism, Hamid Vahid, 15. Defeasibility Theory, Thomas Gundmann 16. Evidentialism, Daniel M. Mittag 17. Reliabilism, Juan Comesaña 18. Modal and Anti-Luck Epistemology, Tim Black 19. Virtue Epistemology, Jonathan L. Kvanvig 20. Knowledge First, Timothy Williamson 21. The Value Problem, John Greco Part 3: The Structure of Knowledge 22. Foundationalism, Michael DePaul 23. Infinitism, Peter D. Klein 24. Coherentism, Erik J. Olsson Part 4: Kinds of Knowledge 25. Inductive Knowledge, Alexander Bird 26. A Priori Knowledge, Laurence BonJour 27. Perceptual Knowledge, David Sosa 28 Self-Knowledge, Sanford Goldberg 29. Testimonial Knowledge, Jennifer Lackey 30. Memory Knowledge, Sven Bernecker 31. Semantic Knowledge, Peter Ludlow 32. Scientific Knowledge, Peter Achinstein 33. Logical and Mathematical Knowledge, Otávio Bueno 34. Aesthetic Knowledge, Matthew Kieran 35. Moral Knowledge, Robert Audi 36. Religious Knowledge, Linda Zagzebski Part 5: Skepticism 37. Phyrrhonian Skepticism, Richard Bett 38. Cartesian Skepticism, Steven Luper 39. Skeptical Doubts About Self-Knowledge, Fred Dretske 40. Skepticism About Knowledge of Other Minds, Anita Avramides 41. Skepticism About Inductive Knowledge, Joe Morrison 42. Rule-Following Skepticism, Alexander Miller 43. Moral Skepticism, Geoffrey Sayre-McCord Part 6: Responses to Skepticism 44. Skepticism and Anti-Realism, Richard Schantz 45. Skepticism and Epistemic Externalism, Richard Fumerton 46. Skepticism and Semantic Externalism, Anthony Brueckner Part 7: Knowledge and Knowledge Attributions 47. Contrastivism, Adam Morton 48. Contextualism, Patrick Rysiew 49. Relativism and Knowledge Attributions, John MacFarlane 50. Epistemic Modals, Josh Dever 51. Pragmatic Encroachment, Jeremy Fantl and Matthew McGrath Part 8: Formal Epistemology 52. Logic and Formal Semantics for Epistemology, John Symons 53. Second-Order Knowledge, Christoph Kelp and Nikolaj J.L.L. Pedersen 54. Epistemic Closure, Peter Baumann 55. Bayesian Epistemology, Stephan Hartmann and Jan Sprenger 56. Theories of Belief Change, André Fuhrmann 57. The Knowability Paradox, Joe Salerno Part 9: The History of Epistemology 58. Plato, Timothy Chappell 59. Aristotle, Richard Patterson 60. René Descartes, Stephen Gaukroger 61. John Locke, E.J. Lowe 62. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, Nicholas Jolley 63. George Berkeley, George Pappas 64. Thomas Reid, Ryan Nichols 65. David Hume, Helen Beebee 66. Immanuel Kant, Eckart Förster 67. Bertrand Russell, William Demopoulos 68. Ludwig Wittgenstein, Marie McGinn 69. Rudolf Carnap, Thomas Uebel 70. Willard van Orman Quine, Richard Creath 71. John Langshaw Austin, Mark Kaplan Part 10: Metaepistemological Issues 72. Epistemology and the Role of Intuitions, William G. Lycan 73. Experimental Epistemology, Jonathan M. Weinberg 74. Naturalistic Epistemology, Klemens Kappel 75. Evolutionary Epistemology, Michael Bradie 76. Pragmatist Epistemology, Cheryl Misak 77. Social Epistemology, Martin Kusch 78. Feminist Epistemology, Alessandra Tanesini