Tara Povey lectures in the politics of the Middle East at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, UK. Her area of research is social movements in Egypt and Iran and she is the co-editor of Women, Power and Politics in 21st Century Iran. She has conducted extensive research with activists in Egypt and Iran including participants in Islamic, nationalist and leftist movements, Islamic reformists, feminists and labour activists.

• Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations A Note on Transliteration 1. Introduction 2. Theorising Movements 3. Movements, the State and External Forces in Modern Iran 4. The Rise of Movements in Contemporary Iran 5. Movements, the State and External Forces in Modern Egypt 6. The Rise of Movements in Contemporary Egypt 7. Reform and Revolution in Egypt and Iran Conclusion Bibliography