How Germany Unified and the EU Enlarged

Tereza Novotná is an FNRS Post-Doctoral Researcher at Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium. She received her doctorate from Boston University and has held various visiting fellowships in the US, UK, Germany and Austria. She has widely published on various aspects of EU politics, especially EU foreign policy, transatlantic relations and the politics of Germany and Central and Eastern Europe.

'It is not often that we have natural experiments on the scale of German Unification and the Czech Republic's accession to the European Union where countries with very similar prehistories as part of the Soviet Bloc are both integrated into a larger entity. But while in one case a nation-state disappeared into another, in the other it became the member-state of a supranational body via the EU's process of Eastern Enlargement. What were the differences in trajectories, in personalities, in negotiation processes of bargaining and persuasion, in power relations, and in the experiences of citizens and the elites? This remarkable book provides deep insights into transplantation versus adaptation models of integration, enriched by interviews with almost all the key actors on both sides: East and West German as well as EU and Czech interlocutors. This is a must-read for all those fascinated with the histories of German unification and EU accession.' Vivien A. Schmidt, Jean Monnet Professor of European Integration, Professor of International Relations and Political Science, Boston University, USA 'The comparison between the German unification and the accession of the Czech Republic to the EU explains two ways of transformation which could not be more different. In both cases, EU policies and institutions played a significant role. Tereza Novotna's book is based on first-hand information from the actors at this time. It shows what the EU can deliver if there is enough commitment and leadership.' Professor Gunter Verheugen, former EU Commissioner for Enlargement (1999-2004) 'For anyone who has ever played the part of an actor in significant political events, it is extremely interesting to look at them through the eyes of a knowledgeable author. This book written by Tereza Novotna offers an important reflection of those events. I am positive that this monograph will become a book of great significance.' Vladimir pidla, former Prime Minister of the Czech Republic and EU Commissioner for Employment, Social Affairs and Equal Opportunities (2004-2009)

• TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1 CHAPTER 1: POLITICAL INTEGRATION IN EUROPE AFTER 1989: AN INTRODUCTION 1.1 MAIN AIMS AND THEMES OF THE BOOK 1.2 NATURE OF THE RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY OF THE BOOK 1.3 STRUCTURE OF THE BOOK 2 CHAPTER 2: TRANSPLANTATION AND ADAPTATION MODELS OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK I: GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TWO MODELS OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION 11 2.1.1 Speed and Timing of the Transplantation Model of Political Integration 2.1.2 Strong Leadership and Procedural Character of the Transplantation Model of Political Integration 2.1.3 Speed and Conditionality of the Adaptation Model of Political Integration 2.1.4 Bureaucratic Leadership and Consensual Character of the Adaptation Model of Political Integration 2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK II: PROCESSES OF TWO MODELS OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION 2.2.1 Institutional, Economic, and Elite Transfers as the Basis for Implementing the Transplantation Model of Political Integration 2.2.2 Institutional, Economic, and Elite Building as the Basis for Implementing the Adaptation Model of Political Integration 2.3 SPEED AND IMPACT OF THE DOMESTIC ACTORS: TWO MAIN DISTINGUISHING FEATURES OF THE TWO MODELS OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION 2.4 CONCLUSION 3 CHAPTER 3: THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY: A CASE OF THE TRANSPLANTATION MODEL OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION 3.1 THE TRANSPLANTATION MODEL OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION CLARIFIED: SPEED AND IMPACT OF THE DOMESTIC ACTORS DURING THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY 3.2 TEARING DOWN THE BERLIN WALL: DEMOCRATIZATION VS. INTEGRATION 3.2.1 Local Actors I: Masses 3.2.2 Local Actors II: The Reform Communists 3.2.3 The Wall and Kohl: the External Actors 3.2.4 Local Actors III: The Opposition 3.2.5 'Vor der Einheit kam die Freiheit' (Gauck) 3.3 THE 10 POINT PROGRAM ENTER KOHL : A STRONG LEADER IN CHARGE 3.4 THE MARCH 1990 VOLKSKAMMER ELECTIONS: TRANSPLANTING THE PARTY SYSTEM 3.4.1 The Unification of the CDU andthe Allianz für Deutschland 3.4.2 Campaign 3.4.3 Results 3.4.4 Formation of the New East German Government 3.5 ECONOMIC AND MONETARY UNION AND THE STATE TREATY PUTTING THE FOOT ON THE GAS: TRANSPLANTING THE ECONOMICS 3.5.1 Key drivers of the process 3.5.2 Key Decisions 3.5.3 The Consequences of the Economic Transplantation 3.6 GERMAN UNIFICATION ACT I: CONCLUSION 4 CHAPTER 4: NEGOTIATING THE EAST GERMAN ACCESSION: ACT II OF GERMAN UNIFICATION 4.1 ELECTIONS AND UNIFICATION: DISPUTES OVER DATES AND LAWS 4.2 NEGOTIATIONS 4.3 MISSED AND TAKEN OPPORTUNITIES: THE IMPACT OF THE EAST ON THE NEGOTIATIONS 4.4 MORE INTERNATIONAL NEGOTIATIONS, EVEN LESS IMPACT 4.5 GERMAN UNIFICATION ACT II: CONCLUSION 5 CHAPTER 5: EASTERN ENLARGEMENT OF THE EU: A CASE OF THE ADAPTATION MODEL OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION 5.1 THE ADAPTATION MODEL OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION CLARIFIED: A SLOWER AND VARIABLE SPEED AND HIGHER IMPACT OF THE DOMESTIC ACTORS DURING THE EASTERN ENLARGEMENT OF THE EU 5.2 THE WINDS OF CHANGE AND RETURN TO EUROPE: AN OVERTURE TO THE ENLARGEMENT 5.3 COPENHAGEN CRITERIA: A FOUR-POINT PROGRAM OF POLITICAL CONDITIONALITY 5.4 FROM COPENHAGEN TO NICE VIA LUXEMBOURG AND HELSINKI: ADAPTING TO THE PROSPECT OF ENLARGEMENT 5.5 THE COMMISSION AND PRE-ACCESSION PROGRAMS: FINANCING AND ASSESSING THE INSTITUTION BUILDING 5.6 EU EASTERN ENLARGEMENT ACT I: CONCLUSION 6 CHAPTER 6: NEGOTIATING THE CZECH ACCESSION TO THE EU: ACT II OF EU EASTERN ENLARGEMENT 6.1 THE NEGOTIATIONS, THEIR STRUCTURES, AND THE IMPACT OF THE ENTERING COUNTRIES 6.1.1 Power Asymmetry of the EU Accession Negotiations 6.1.2 Negotiations at the Accepting EU Side 6.1.3 Structure of Negotiations 6.1.4 Role of the Rotating Presidency and the Commission During Negotiations 6.1.5 The Applicants' Chief Negotiators 6.1.6 Negotiating Tactics 6.2 COORDINATING THE CZECH POSITION AT HOME AND ABROAD 6.2.1 Coordination at Home 6.2.2 Coordination Abroad 6.3 POLITICAL VS. TECHNICAL ISSUES 6.3.1 Negotiating the Technical Issues: Chapters andTransition Periods 6.3.2 Negotiating the Political Issues: Temelín and Bene Decrees 6.4 THE COPENHAGEN SUMMIT AND ITS AFTERMATH 6.4.1 Negotiating at the Copenhagen Summit 6.4.2 Negotiating the EU Accession at Home 6.5 EU EASTERN ENLARGEMENT ACT II: CONCLUSION 7 CHAPTER 7: EVALUATING THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY AND THE EASTERN ENLARGEMENT OF THE EU 7.1 WE THE PEOPLE: THE PUBLIC'S EVALUATION OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION 7.2 THE VIEW FROM THE TOP: THE ELITES' EVALUATION OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION 7.3 CONCLUSION 8 CHAPTER 8: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE TRANSPLANTATION AND ADAPTATION MODELS OF POLITICAL INTEGRATION: A CONCLUSION LIST OF INTERVIEWS: THE UNIFICATION OF GERMANY EASTERN ENLARGEMENT OF THE EU BIBLIOGRAPHY