Fernando Rosa is a Research Affiliate in the English Department at Stellenbosch University, South Africa.

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• 1. Introduction 2. Revisiting the Creole Port City 3. The Malabar Coast (Kerala) and Cosmopolitanism 4. Revisiting Creoles and Other Languages in the Lusophone Indian Ocean 5. (Dis) Connections in Macau and Melaka: Constructing a Lusophone Indian Ocean 6. The Muslim and Portuguese Indian Ocean: A Reappraisal of Cosmopolitanism in the Early Modern Era 7. Conclusion