1: The conflict of interpretations and the sources; 2: The states and regions before unification: political developments, the economy and conditions of life; 1: Lombardy and Venetia; 2: Sardinia-Piedmont; 3: The Central Duchies – Tuscany, Parma and Modena; 4: The Papal States; 5: The Two Sicilies; 3: The creation of the nation-state; 6: The Origins of the Risorgimento: Italy in the era of the French Revolution and Napoleon (1790–1815); 7: Revolutionary creeds in an age of political stagnation (1815–40); 8: Rival movements of nationalism and the delusions of 1848 (1840–52); 9: Cavour and the achievement of unity (1852–61); 10: The integration and centralization of institutions (1861–70); 4: The culture of nineteenth-century Italy; 11: Literature and the opera; 12: The arts and urban development; 13: Religion and the Church; 14: Beyond nationalism: the end of the Risorgimento
