Christopher Whyte is an Assistant Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University, USA.A. Trevor Thrall is Associate Professor in the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University, USA, and a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, USA. Brian M. Mazanec is a researcher of cyber conflict, strategic warfare, and intelligence and teaches in the Department of Defense and Strategic Studies at Missouri State University, USA, and in the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University, USA.

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• 1. Introduction Christopher Whyte, Trevor Thrall and Brian Mazanec Part I: The nature, history and correlates of information warfare in the age of cyber conflict 2. The convergence of information warfare Martin C. Libicki 3. A brief history of fake: Surveying Russian disinformation from the Russian empire through the cold war to the present Aaron F. Brantly 4. The Ideological battlefield: China’s approach to political warfare and propaganda in an age of cyber conflict Elsa B. Kania 5. Cyber Conflict at the intersection of information operations: Cyber-enabled information operations 2000-2016 Colin Foote, Ryan C. Maness, Benjamin Jensen and Brandon Valeriano Part II: (Cyber-enabled) Information at war 6. Bear market? Grizzly steppe and the American marketplace of ideas A. Trevor Thrall and Andrew Armstrong 7. Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare Lt Col Jarred Prier 8. Cyber by a different logic: Using an information warfare kill chain to understand cyber-enabled influence operations Christopher Whyte and Ugochukwu Etudo 9. Cyber-enabled information warfare and influence operations: A revolution in technique? Miguel Alberto Gomez Part III: Building resilience: Questions of legality, diplomacy and society 10. Might or Byte(s): On the safeguarding of democracy in the digital age Christopher Colligan 11. On the organization of the U.S. Government for responding to adversarial information warfare and influence operations Herbert Lin 12. Virtual disenfranchisement: Cyber election meddling in the grey zones of international law Michael Schmitt 13. Stigmatizing cyber and information warfare: Mission impossible? Brian Mazanec and Patricia Shamai Part IV: The fluid shape of modern information warfare 14. How deep the rabbit hole goes: Escalation, deterrence and the ‘deeper’ challenges of information warfare in the age of the internet Christopher Whyte

Christopher Whyte is an Assistant Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University, USA.A. Trevor Thrall is Associate Professor in the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University, USA, and a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, USA. Brian M. Mazanec is a researcher of cyber conflict, strategic warfare, and intelligence and teaches in the Department of Defense and Strategic Studies at Missouri State University, USA, and in the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University, USA.

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• 1. Introduction Christopher Whyte, Trevor Thrall and Brian Mazanec Part I: The nature, history and correlates of information warfare in the age of cyber conflict 2. The convergence of information warfare Martin C. Libicki 3. A brief history of fake: Surveying Russian disinformation from the Russian empire through the cold war to the present Aaron F. Brantly 4. The Ideological battlefield: China’s approach to political warfare and propaganda in an age of cyber conflict Elsa B. Kania 5. Cyber Conflict at the intersection of information operations: Cyber-enabled information operations 2000-2016 Colin Foote, Ryan C. Maness, Benjamin Jensen and Brandon Valeriano Part II: (Cyber-enabled) Information at war 6. Bear market? Grizzly steppe and the American marketplace of ideas A. Trevor Thrall and Andrew Armstrong 7. Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare Lt Col Jarred Prier 8. Cyber by a different logic: Using an information warfare kill chain to understand cyber-enabled influence operations Christopher Whyte and Ugochukwu Etudo 9. Cyber-enabled information warfare and influence operations: A revolution in technique? Miguel Alberto Gomez Part III: Building resilience: Questions of legality, diplomacy and society 10. Might or Byte(s): On the safeguarding of democracy in the digital age Christopher Colligan 11. On the organization of the U.S. Government for responding to adversarial information warfare and influence operations Herbert Lin 12. Virtual disenfranchisement: Cyber election meddling in the grey zones of international law Michael Schmitt 13. Stigmatizing cyber and information warfare: Mission impossible? Brian Mazanec and Patricia Shamai Part IV: The fluid shape of modern information warfare 14. How deep the rabbit hole goes: Escalation, deterrence and the ‘deeper’ challenges of information warfare in the age of the internet Christopher Whyte

Christopher Whyte is an Assistant Professor at Virginia Commonwealth University, USA.A. Trevor Thrall is Associate Professor in the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University, USA, and a Senior Fellow at the Cato Institute, USA. Brian M. Mazanec is a researcher of cyber conflict, strategic warfare, and intelligence and teaches in the Department of Defense and Strategic Studies at Missouri State University, USA, and in the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University, USA.

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• 1. Introduction Christopher Whyte, Trevor Thrall and Brian Mazanec Part I: The nature, history and correlates of information warfare in the age of cyber conflict 2. The convergence of information warfare Martin C. Libicki 3. A brief history of fake: Surveying Russian disinformation from the Russian empire through the cold war to the present Aaron F. Brantly 4. The Ideological battlefield: China’s approach to political warfare and propaganda in an age of cyber conflict Elsa B. Kania 5. Cyber Conflict at the intersection of information operations: Cyber-enabled information operations 2000-2016 Colin Foote, Ryan C. Maness, Benjamin Jensen and Brandon Valeriano Part II: (Cyber-enabled) Information at war 6. Bear market? Grizzly steppe and the American marketplace of ideas A. Trevor Thrall and Andrew Armstrong 7. Commanding the trend: Social media as information warfare Lt Col Jarred Prier 8. Cyber by a different logic: Using an information warfare kill chain to understand cyber-enabled influence operations Christopher Whyte and Ugochukwu Etudo 9. Cyber-enabled information warfare and influence operations: A revolution in technique? Miguel Alberto Gomez Part III: Building resilience: Questions of legality, diplomacy and society 10. Might or Byte(s): On the safeguarding of democracy in the digital age Christopher Colligan 11. On the organization of the U.S. Government for responding to adversarial information warfare and influence operations Herbert Lin 12. Virtual disenfranchisement: Cyber election meddling in the grey zones of international law Michael Schmitt 13. Stigmatizing cyber and information warfare: Mission impossible? Brian Mazanec and Patricia Shamai Part IV: The fluid shape of modern information warfare 14. How deep the rabbit hole goes: Escalation, deterrence and the ‘deeper’ challenges of information warfare in the age of the internet Christopher Whyte