Ludger Helms is Professor of Political Science at the University of Innsbruck.

• Introduction 1. Studying Parliamentary Opposition in Old and New Democracies: Issues and Perspectives Ludger Helms Part I: Parliamentary Opposition in Old Democracies 2. Parliamentary Opposition in Westminster Democracies: Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand Andre Kaiser 3. Parliamentary Opposition under Minority Parliamentarism: Scandinavia Flemming Juul Christiansen and Erik Damgaard 4. Parliamentary Opposition in Post-Consocational Democracies: Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands Rudy B. Andeweg, Lieven De Winter and Wolfgang C. Muller 5. Parliamentary Opposition under (Post-)One-Party Rule: Japan Takashi Inoguchi Part II: Parliamentary Opposition in New Democracies 6. Parliamentary Opposition in Post-Communist Democracies: Power of the Powerless Petr Kopecky and Maria Spirova 7. Parliamentary Opposition in Non-Parliamentary Regimes: Latin America Scott Morgenstern, Juan Javier Negri and Anibal Perez-Linan 8. Parliamentary Opposition after Apartheid: South Africa Robert A. Schrire 9. Parliamentary Opposition and its Alternatives in a Transnational Regime: The European Union in Perspective Ludger Helms Conclusion 10. Making Sense of Opposition Philip Norton

Ludger Helms is Professor of Political Science at the University of Innsbruck.

• Introduction 1. Studying Parliamentary Opposition in Old and New Democracies: Issues and Perspectives Ludger Helms Part I: Parliamentary Opposition in Old Democracies 2. Parliamentary Opposition in Westminster Democracies: Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand Andre Kaiser 3. Parliamentary Opposition under Minority Parliamentarism: Scandinavia Flemming Juul Christiansen and Erik Damgaard 4. Parliamentary Opposition in Post-Consocational Democracies: Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands Rudy B. Andeweg, Lieven De Winter and Wolfgang C. Muller 5. Parliamentary Opposition under (Post-)One-Party Rule: Japan Takashi Inoguchi Part II: Parliamentary Opposition in New Democracies 6. Parliamentary Opposition in Post-Communist Democracies: Power of the Powerless Petr Kopecky and Maria Spirova 7. Parliamentary Opposition in Non-Parliamentary Regimes: Latin America Scott Morgenstern, Juan Javier Negri and Anibal Perez-Linan 8. Parliamentary Opposition after Apartheid: South Africa Robert A. Schrire 9. Parliamentary Opposition and its Alternatives in a Transnational Regime: The European Union in Perspective Ludger Helms Conclusion 10. Making Sense of Opposition Philip Norton

Ludger Helms is Professor of Political Science at the University of Innsbruck.

• Introduction 1. Studying Parliamentary Opposition in Old and New Democracies: Issues and Perspectives Ludger Helms Part I: Parliamentary Opposition in Old Democracies 2. Parliamentary Opposition in Westminster Democracies: Britain, Canada, Australia and New Zealand Andre Kaiser 3. Parliamentary Opposition under Minority Parliamentarism: Scandinavia Flemming Juul Christiansen and Erik Damgaard 4. Parliamentary Opposition in Post-Consocational Democracies: Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands Rudy B. Andeweg, Lieven De Winter and Wolfgang C. Muller 5. Parliamentary Opposition under (Post-)One-Party Rule: Japan Takashi Inoguchi Part II: Parliamentary Opposition in New Democracies 6. Parliamentary Opposition in Post-Communist Democracies: Power of the Powerless Petr Kopecky and Maria Spirova 7. Parliamentary Opposition in Non-Parliamentary Regimes: Latin America Scott Morgenstern, Juan Javier Negri and Anibal Perez-Linan 8. Parliamentary Opposition after Apartheid: South Africa Robert A. Schrire 9. Parliamentary Opposition and its Alternatives in a Transnational Regime: The European Union in Perspective Ludger Helms Conclusion 10. Making Sense of Opposition Philip Norton