JOHN MALCOLM DOWLING is Visiting Lecturer in Economics at the University of Hawaii, USA. He has previously held positions at the University of Colorado, USA, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Melbourne University, Australia, Reading University, UK, and has received two Fullbright Fellowships in Iran and Thailand. He has published over sixty journal articles and seven books. CHIN-FANG YAP teaches Economics at Tampines Junior College, Singapore. Her research interests include the Economic Development of Asia and Poverty, Happiness and Choice.

• Introduction Analysis for Asia Analysis for Africa Latin America Conclusions from the Analysis of Probit Analysis for Asia, Africa and Latin America Bibliography