Arbind Prasad, PhD, obtained his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam. He is currently an assistant professor and Head in the Department of Science and Technology, Government of Bihar, Posted at Katihar Engineering College, Katihar, Bihar, India. His main areas of interest include manufacturing, machining, polymer composites, biomaterials, materials processing, and orthopedic biomedical applications He has filled four patents, published more than 10 international journal articles, and edited three books. Ashwani Kumar, PhD, is a senior lecturer in mechanical engineering at the Technical Education Department, Uttar Pradesh (Government of Uttar Pradesh), India. He has more than 11 years of research and academic experience in mechanical and materials engineering. He has published 85 research articles in international journals and has authored/edited 13 books on mechanical and materials engineering. Manoj Gupta, PhD, was a former Head of the Materials Division of the Mechanical Engineering Department at the National University of Singapore. He has published more than 600 peer-reviewed journal articles and owns two US patents and one trade secret. He has also co-authored eight books. He is currently among the top 0.6% of researchers as per Stanford’s List and among the top 1% Scientist of the World Position by The Universal Scientific Education and Research Network.

• Preface xixAcknowledgement xxiSection I: Advanced Materials for Biomedical Applications 11 Introduction to Next-Generation Materials for Biomedical Applications 3Arbind Prasad, Sudipto Datta, Ashwani Kumar and Manoj Gupta1.1 Introduction 41.2 Advanced Functional Materials 51.3 Market and Requirement of Next-Generation Materials 71.4 Metals and Polymeric Biomaterials 81.5 Bioabsorbable Biomaterials 81.6 Processing of Bioabsorbable Polymeric Biomaterials 91.7 Application of Next-Generation Materials in Biomedical Applications 111.8 Latest Status of Next Generation Materials in ineering 131.9 Bioresorbable Devices for Skin Tissue Engineering 141.10 Challenges and Perspectives 151.11 Conclusion 162 Advanced Materials for Surgical Tools and Biomedical Implants 25Sudipto Datta and Ranjit Barua2.1 Introduction 262.2 Application of Bioengineering to Healthcare 282.3 Application in Musculoskeletal and Orthopedic Medicines 302.4 Application as a Disposable Medical Device 302.5 Application as an Implantable Biosensor 322.6 Conclusions 333 Insights into Multifunctional Smart Hydrogels in Wound Healing Applications 37Sriparna De, Dipankar Das, Arbind Prasad, Ashwani Kumar and Dipankar Chattopadhyay3.1 Introduction 383.2 Architecture of Fabricated Hydrogels 403.3 Bactericidal Effect on Wound Repair 413.4 New Frontiers of Hydrogels in Wound Dressing Applications 443.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 504 Natural Resource-Based Nanobiomaterials: A Sustainable Material for Biomedical Applications 61Monika Singh, Murchana Changmai, Tabli Ghosh and Anugraha Karwa4.1 Introduction 624.2 Natural Resource-Based Biopolymer 654.3 Extraction of Nature Resource-Based Nanomaterials 704.4 Biomedical Applications of Nature Resource-Based Nanomaterials and Their Nanobiocomposites 754.5 Other Applications 885 Biodegradable Magnesium Composites for Orthopedic Applications 103Anshu Dubey, Satish Jaiswal, S. Vincent and Vignesh Kumaravel5.1 Introduction 1045.2 Materials and Methods 1135.3 Results and Discussion 1185.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 1266 New Frontiers of Bioinspired Polymer Nanocomposite for Biomedical Applications 135Sonika, Gopikishan Sabavath, Sushil Kumar Verma, Ram Swaroop and Arbind Prasad6.1 Introduction 1366.2 Methods to Prepare Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 1386.3 Magnetic Material – Polymer Nanocomposites 1396.4 Nanostructured Composites 1466.5 Conclusion and Future Trends 1477 Nanohydroxyapatite-Based Composite Materials and Processing 157Atanu Kumar Paul, Shasanka Sekhar Borkotoky and Arbind Prasad7.1 Introduction 1587.2 Biomaterials 1597.3 Types of Biomaterials 1607.4 Structure of Hydroxyapatite 1617.5 Nanohydroxyapatite 1657.6 Cancer Detection and Cell Imaging 1717.7 Conclusion 1738 Self-Healing Materials and Hydrogel for Biomedical Application 185Arabinda Majhi, Megha Dhiman, Partha Roy and Debrupa Lahiri8.1 Introduction 1868.2 Self-Healing Hydrogels 1878.3 Mechanism of Self-Healing in Hydrogels 1888.4 Application of Self-Healing Hydrogel in Biomedical Application 1998.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 206Section II: Advanced Manufacturing Techniques for Biomedical Applications 2119 Biomimetic and Bioinspired Composite Processing for Biomedical Applications 213Hemant Kumar, Purnima Justa, Nancy Jaswal, Balaram Pani and Pramod Kumar9.1 Introduction 2149.2 Synthesis of Biomimetic and Bioinspired Composite 2169.3 Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications 2189.4 Bioinspired Materials 2219.5 Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems 2249.6 Artificial Organs 2269.7 Neuroprosthetics 2299.8 Conclusion 23210 3D Printing in Drug Delivery and Healthcare 241B. Mahesh Krishna, Francis Luther King M., G. Robert Singh and A. Gopichand10.1 Introduction 24210.2 3D Printing in Healthcare Technologies 24310.3 Four Dimensions Printing (4D) 24310.4 Transformation Process and Materials 24410.5 3D Printing’s Pharmaceutical Potentials 24710.6 Drug Administration Routes 25010.7 Custom Design 3D Printed Pharmaceuticals 25310.8 Excipient Selection for 3D Printing Custom Designs 25410.9 Customized Medicating of Drugs 25510.10 Devices for Personalized Topical Treatment 25710.11 Conclusion 26211 3D Printing in Biomedical Applications: Techniques and Emerging Trends 275Gourhari Chakraborty and Atanu Kumar Paul11.1 Introduction 27511.2 3D Printing Technologies 27711.3 Materials for 3D Printing 28211.4 Biomedical Applications: Recent Trends of 3D-Printing 28811.5 Challenges and Opportunities 29211.6 Conclusion 29212 Self-Sustained Nanobiomaterials: Innovative Materials for Biomedical Applications 303Sudipto Datta, Samir Das and Ranjit Barua12.1 Introduction 30412.2 Nanobiomaterials Applications 30912.3 Challenge in the Clinical Rendition of Nanobiomaterials 31612.4 Conclusion and Future Directions 31813 Residual Stress Analysis in Titanium Alloys Used for Biomedical Applications 325Gulshan Kumar, Rohit Kumar and Arshpreet Singh13.1 Introduction 32613.2 Methodology 33113.3 Results and Discussion 33513.4 Conclusions 34114 Challenges and Perspective of Manufacturing Techniques in Biomedical Applications 345Francis Luther King M., G. Robert Singh, A. Gopichand and Srinivasan V.14.1 Introduction 34614.2 3D Printing Applications in the Biomedical Field 34714.3 Multi-Functional Materials in 3D Printing 35114.4 Merits of AM in Medical Field 35414.5 Major Challenges of AM in Medical Field 35514.6 Major Challenges of AM 35714.7 Problems Encountered When Processing 36014.8 Challenges in Management 36514.9 Conclusion 36915 Metal 3D Printing for Emerging Healthcare Applications 383Sudipto Datta, Yusuf Olatunji Waidi and Arbind Prasad15.1 Introduction 38315.2 Metallic 3D Printing Methods for Biomedical Applications 38415.3 Biometals 3D Printing 39115.4 Future Direction and Challenges 39716 Additive Manufacturing for the Development of Artificial Organs 411Sudipto Datta, Ranjit Barua and Arbind Prasad16.1 Introduction 41216.2 3D Printing of Biomaterials 41316.3 Main Mechanisms of 3D Printing for Organ and Tissue Printing 41416.4 Techniques to Fabricate Tissues and Organs Using 3D Printing 41616.5 Application of 3D Printing in Implants and Drug Delivery 41616.6 Application 3D Printing in Orthotics and Prosthetics 41716.7 3D Printing Application in Tissue Engineering 41716.8 Future Scope 41916.9 Conclusion 419References 420Index 429

Arbind Prasad, PhD, obtained his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam. He is currently an assistant professor and Head in the Department of Science and Technology, Government of Bihar, Posted at Katihar Engineering College, Katihar, Bihar, India. His main areas of interest include manufacturing, machining, polymer composites, biomaterials, materials processing, and orthopedic biomedical applications He has filled four patents, published more than 10 international journal articles, and edited three books. Ashwani Kumar, PhD, is a senior lecturer in mechanical engineering at the Technical Education Department, Uttar Pradesh (Government of Uttar Pradesh), India. He has more than 11 years of research and academic experience in mechanical and materials engineering. He has published 85 research articles in international journals and has authored/edited 13 books on mechanical and materials engineering. Manoj Gupta, PhD, was a former Head of the Materials Division of the Mechanical Engineering Department at the National University of Singapore. He has published more than 600 peer-reviewed journal articles and owns two US patents and one trade secret. He has also co-authored eight books. He is currently among the top 0.6% of researchers as per Stanford’s List and among the top 1% Scientist of the World Position by The Universal Scientific Education and Research Network.

• Preface xixAcknowledgement xxiSection I: Advanced Materials for Biomedical Applications 11 Introduction to Next-Generation Materials for Biomedical Applications 3Arbind Prasad, Sudipto Datta, Ashwani Kumar and Manoj Gupta1.1 Introduction 41.2 Advanced Functional Materials 51.3 Market and Requirement of Next-Generation Materials 71.4 Metals and Polymeric Biomaterials 81.5 Bioabsorbable Biomaterials 81.6 Processing of Bioabsorbable Polymeric Biomaterials 91.7 Application of Next-Generation Materials in Biomedical Applications 111.8 Latest Status of Next Generation Materials in ineering 131.9 Bioresorbable Devices for Skin Tissue Engineering 141.10 Challenges and Perspectives 151.11 Conclusion 162 Advanced Materials for Surgical Tools and Biomedical Implants 25Sudipto Datta and Ranjit Barua2.1 Introduction 262.2 Application of Bioengineering to Healthcare 282.3 Application in Musculoskeletal and Orthopedic Medicines 302.4 Application as a Disposable Medical Device 302.5 Application as an Implantable Biosensor 322.6 Conclusions 333 Insights into Multifunctional Smart Hydrogels in Wound Healing Applications 37Sriparna De, Dipankar Das, Arbind Prasad, Ashwani Kumar and Dipankar Chattopadhyay3.1 Introduction 383.2 Architecture of Fabricated Hydrogels 403.3 Bactericidal Effect on Wound Repair 413.4 New Frontiers of Hydrogels in Wound Dressing Applications 443.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 504 Natural Resource-Based Nanobiomaterials: A Sustainable Material for Biomedical Applications 61Monika Singh, Murchana Changmai, Tabli Ghosh and Anugraha Karwa4.1 Introduction 624.2 Natural Resource-Based Biopolymer 654.3 Extraction of Nature Resource-Based Nanomaterials 704.4 Biomedical Applications of Nature Resource-Based Nanomaterials and Their Nanobiocomposites 754.5 Other Applications 885 Biodegradable Magnesium Composites for Orthopedic Applications 103Anshu Dubey, Satish Jaiswal, S. Vincent and Vignesh Kumaravel5.1 Introduction 1045.2 Materials and Methods 1135.3 Results and Discussion 1185.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 1266 New Frontiers of Bioinspired Polymer Nanocomposite for Biomedical Applications 135Sonika, Gopikishan Sabavath, Sushil Kumar Verma, Ram Swaroop and Arbind Prasad6.1 Introduction 1366.2 Methods to Prepare Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 1386.3 Magnetic Material – Polymer Nanocomposites 1396.4 Nanostructured Composites 1466.5 Conclusion and Future Trends 1477 Nanohydroxyapatite-Based Composite Materials and Processing 157Atanu Kumar Paul, Shasanka Sekhar Borkotoky and Arbind Prasad7.1 Introduction 1587.2 Biomaterials 1597.3 Types of Biomaterials 1607.4 Structure of Hydroxyapatite 1617.5 Nanohydroxyapatite 1657.6 Cancer Detection and Cell Imaging 1717.7 Conclusion 1738 Self-Healing Materials and Hydrogel for Biomedical Application 185Arabinda Majhi, Megha Dhiman, Partha Roy and Debrupa Lahiri8.1 Introduction 1868.2 Self-Healing Hydrogels 1878.3 Mechanism of Self-Healing in Hydrogels 1888.4 Application of Self-Healing Hydrogel in Biomedical Application 1998.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 206Section II: Advanced Manufacturing Techniques for Biomedical Applications 2119 Biomimetic and Bioinspired Composite Processing for Biomedical Applications 213Hemant Kumar, Purnima Justa, Nancy Jaswal, Balaram Pani and Pramod Kumar9.1 Introduction 2149.2 Synthesis of Biomimetic and Bioinspired Composite 2169.3 Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications 2189.4 Bioinspired Materials 2219.5 Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems 2249.6 Artificial Organs 2269.7 Neuroprosthetics 2299.8 Conclusion 23210 3D Printing in Drug Delivery and Healthcare 241B. Mahesh Krishna, Francis Luther King M., G. Robert Singh and A. Gopichand10.1 Introduction 24210.2 3D Printing in Healthcare Technologies 24310.3 Four Dimensions Printing (4D) 24310.4 Transformation Process and Materials 24410.5 3D Printing’s Pharmaceutical Potentials 24710.6 Drug Administration Routes 25010.7 Custom Design 3D Printed Pharmaceuticals 25310.8 Excipient Selection for 3D Printing Custom Designs 25410.9 Customized Medicating of Drugs 25510.10 Devices for Personalized Topical Treatment 25710.11 Conclusion 26211 3D Printing in Biomedical Applications: Techniques and Emerging Trends 275Gourhari Chakraborty and Atanu Kumar Paul11.1 Introduction 27511.2 3D Printing Technologies 27711.3 Materials for 3D Printing 28211.4 Biomedical Applications: Recent Trends of 3D-Printing 28811.5 Challenges and Opportunities 29211.6 Conclusion 29212 Self-Sustained Nanobiomaterials: Innovative Materials for Biomedical Applications 303Sudipto Datta, Samir Das and Ranjit Barua12.1 Introduction 30412.2 Nanobiomaterials Applications 30912.3 Challenge in the Clinical Rendition of Nanobiomaterials 31612.4 Conclusion and Future Directions 31813 Residual Stress Analysis in Titanium Alloys Used for Biomedical Applications 325Gulshan Kumar, Rohit Kumar and Arshpreet Singh13.1 Introduction 32613.2 Methodology 33113.3 Results and Discussion 33513.4 Conclusions 34114 Challenges and Perspective of Manufacturing Techniques in Biomedical Applications 345Francis Luther King M., G. Robert Singh, A. Gopichand and Srinivasan V.14.1 Introduction 34614.2 3D Printing Applications in the Biomedical Field 34714.3 Multi-Functional Materials in 3D Printing 35114.4 Merits of AM in Medical Field 35414.5 Major Challenges of AM in Medical Field 35514.6 Major Challenges of AM 35714.7 Problems Encountered When Processing 36014.8 Challenges in Management 36514.9 Conclusion 36915 Metal 3D Printing for Emerging Healthcare Applications 383Sudipto Datta, Yusuf Olatunji Waidi and Arbind Prasad15.1 Introduction 38315.2 Metallic 3D Printing Methods for Biomedical Applications 38415.3 Biometals 3D Printing 39115.4 Future Direction and Challenges 39716 Additive Manufacturing for the Development of Artificial Organs 411Sudipto Datta, Ranjit Barua and Arbind Prasad16.1 Introduction 41216.2 3D Printing of Biomaterials 41316.3 Main Mechanisms of 3D Printing for Organ and Tissue Printing 41416.4 Techniques to Fabricate Tissues and Organs Using 3D Printing 41616.5 Application of 3D Printing in Implants and Drug Delivery 41616.6 Application 3D Printing in Orthotics and Prosthetics 41716.7 3D Printing Application in Tissue Engineering 41716.8 Future Scope 41916.9 Conclusion 419References 420Index 429

Arbind Prasad, PhD, obtained his doctorate from the Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam. He is currently an assistant professor and Head in the Department of Science and Technology, Government of Bihar, Posted at Katihar Engineering College, Katihar, Bihar, India. His main areas of interest include manufacturing, machining, polymer composites, biomaterials, materials processing, and orthopedic biomedical applications He has filled four patents, published more than 10 international journal articles, and edited three books. Ashwani Kumar, PhD, is a senior lecturer in mechanical engineering at the Technical Education Department, Uttar Pradesh (Government of Uttar Pradesh), India. He has more than 11 years of research and academic experience in mechanical and materials engineering. He has published 85 research articles in international journals and has authored/edited 13 books on mechanical and materials engineering. Manoj Gupta, PhD, was a former Head of the Materials Division of the Mechanical Engineering Department at the National University of Singapore. He has published more than 600 peer-reviewed journal articles and owns two US patents and one trade secret. He has also co-authored eight books. He is currently among the top 0.6% of researchers as per Stanford’s List and among the top 1% Scientist of the World Position by The Universal Scientific Education and Research Network.

• Preface xixAcknowledgement xxiSection I: Advanced Materials for Biomedical Applications 11 Introduction to Next-Generation Materials for Biomedical Applications 3Arbind Prasad, Sudipto Datta, Ashwani Kumar and Manoj Gupta1.1 Introduction 41.2 Advanced Functional Materials 51.3 Market and Requirement of Next-Generation Materials 71.4 Metals and Polymeric Biomaterials 81.5 Bioabsorbable Biomaterials 81.6 Processing of Bioabsorbable Polymeric Biomaterials 91.7 Application of Next-Generation Materials in Biomedical Applications 111.8 Latest Status of Next Generation Materials in ineering 131.9 Bioresorbable Devices for Skin Tissue Engineering 141.10 Challenges and Perspectives 151.11 Conclusion 162 Advanced Materials for Surgical Tools and Biomedical Implants 25Sudipto Datta and Ranjit Barua2.1 Introduction 262.2 Application of Bioengineering to Healthcare 282.3 Application in Musculoskeletal and Orthopedic Medicines 302.4 Application as a Disposable Medical Device 302.5 Application as an Implantable Biosensor 322.6 Conclusions 333 Insights into Multifunctional Smart Hydrogels in Wound Healing Applications 37Sriparna De, Dipankar Das, Arbind Prasad, Ashwani Kumar and Dipankar Chattopadhyay3.1 Introduction 383.2 Architecture of Fabricated Hydrogels 403.3 Bactericidal Effect on Wound Repair 413.4 New Frontiers of Hydrogels in Wound Dressing Applications 443.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 504 Natural Resource-Based Nanobiomaterials: A Sustainable Material for Biomedical Applications 61Monika Singh, Murchana Changmai, Tabli Ghosh and Anugraha Karwa4.1 Introduction 624.2 Natural Resource-Based Biopolymer 654.3 Extraction of Nature Resource-Based Nanomaterials 704.4 Biomedical Applications of Nature Resource-Based Nanomaterials and Their Nanobiocomposites 754.5 Other Applications 885 Biodegradable Magnesium Composites for Orthopedic Applications 103Anshu Dubey, Satish Jaiswal, S. Vincent and Vignesh Kumaravel5.1 Introduction 1045.2 Materials and Methods 1135.3 Results and Discussion 1185.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 1266 New Frontiers of Bioinspired Polymer Nanocomposite for Biomedical Applications 135Sonika, Gopikishan Sabavath, Sushil Kumar Verma, Ram Swaroop and Arbind Prasad6.1 Introduction 1366.2 Methods to Prepare Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 1386.3 Magnetic Material – Polymer Nanocomposites 1396.4 Nanostructured Composites 1466.5 Conclusion and Future Trends 1477 Nanohydroxyapatite-Based Composite Materials and Processing 157Atanu Kumar Paul, Shasanka Sekhar Borkotoky and Arbind Prasad7.1 Introduction 1587.2 Biomaterials 1597.3 Types of Biomaterials 1607.4 Structure of Hydroxyapatite 1617.5 Nanohydroxyapatite 1657.6 Cancer Detection and Cell Imaging 1717.7 Conclusion 1738 Self-Healing Materials and Hydrogel for Biomedical Application 185Arabinda Majhi, Megha Dhiman, Partha Roy and Debrupa Lahiri8.1 Introduction 1868.2 Self-Healing Hydrogels 1878.3 Mechanism of Self-Healing in Hydrogels 1888.4 Application of Self-Healing Hydrogel in Biomedical Application 1998.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 206Section II: Advanced Manufacturing Techniques for Biomedical Applications 2119 Biomimetic and Bioinspired Composite Processing for Biomedical Applications 213Hemant Kumar, Purnima Justa, Nancy Jaswal, Balaram Pani and Pramod Kumar9.1 Introduction 2149.2 Synthesis of Biomimetic and Bioinspired Composite 2169.3 Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications 2189.4 Bioinspired Materials 2219.5 Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems 2249.6 Artificial Organs 2269.7 Neuroprosthetics 2299.8 Conclusion 23210 3D Printing in Drug Delivery and Healthcare 241B. Mahesh Krishna, Francis Luther King M., G. Robert Singh and A. Gopichand10.1 Introduction 24210.2 3D Printing in Healthcare Technologies 24310.3 Four Dimensions Printing (4D) 24310.4 Transformation Process and Materials 24410.5 3D Printing’s Pharmaceutical Potentials 24710.6 Drug Administration Routes 25010.7 Custom Design 3D Printed Pharmaceuticals 25310.8 Excipient Selection for 3D Printing Custom Designs 25410.9 Customized Medicating of Drugs 25510.10 Devices for Personalized Topical Treatment 25710.11 Conclusion 26211 3D Printing in Biomedical Applications: Techniques and Emerging Trends 275Gourhari Chakraborty and Atanu Kumar Paul11.1 Introduction 27511.2 3D Printing Technologies 27711.3 Materials for 3D Printing 28211.4 Biomedical Applications: Recent Trends of 3D-Printing 28811.5 Challenges and Opportunities 29211.6 Conclusion 29212 Self-Sustained Nanobiomaterials: Innovative Materials for Biomedical Applications 303Sudipto Datta, Samir Das and Ranjit Barua12.1 Introduction 30412.2 Nanobiomaterials Applications 30912.3 Challenge in the Clinical Rendition of Nanobiomaterials 31612.4 Conclusion and Future Directions 31813 Residual Stress Analysis in Titanium Alloys Used for Biomedical Applications 325Gulshan Kumar, Rohit Kumar and Arshpreet Singh13.1 Introduction 32613.2 Methodology 33113.3 Results and Discussion 33513.4 Conclusions 34114 Challenges and Perspective of Manufacturing Techniques in Biomedical Applications 345Francis Luther King M., G. Robert Singh, A. Gopichand and Srinivasan V.14.1 Introduction 34614.2 3D Printing Applications in the Biomedical Field 34714.3 Multi-Functional Materials in 3D Printing 35114.4 Merits of AM in Medical Field 35414.5 Major Challenges of AM in Medical Field 35514.6 Major Challenges of AM 35714.7 Problems Encountered When Processing 36014.8 Challenges in Management 36514.9 Conclusion 36915 Metal 3D Printing for Emerging Healthcare Applications 383Sudipto Datta, Yusuf Olatunji Waidi and Arbind Prasad15.1 Introduction 38315.2 Metallic 3D Printing Methods for Biomedical Applications 38415.3 Biometals 3D Printing 39115.4 Future Direction and Challenges 39716 Additive Manufacturing for the Development of Artificial Organs 411Sudipto Datta, Ranjit Barua and Arbind Prasad16.1 Introduction 41216.2 3D Printing of Biomaterials 41316.3 Main Mechanisms of 3D Printing for Organ and Tissue Printing 41416.4 Techniques to Fabricate Tissues and Organs Using 3D Printing 41616.5 Application of 3D Printing in Implants and Drug Delivery 41616.6 Application 3D Printing in Orthotics and Prosthetics 41716.7 3D Printing Application in Tissue Engineering 41716.8 Future Scope 41916.9 Conclusion 419References 420Index 429