Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, PhD, is an associate in the Department of Chemistry, Aditya College of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh, India. His primary research interests span the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors for various pharmaceutical drugs, the green synthesis of nanoparticles, separation techniques, and the synthesis of ionic-functionalized nanocomposites. He has authored more than 30 research articles. Suvardhan Kanchi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India. He is dedicated to the field of chemistry, with a particular focus on nanoelectrochemistry and separation sciences. Gan G Redhi, PhD, is Professor Emeritus and former head of the Chemistry Department at Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa. He has published more than 100 research papers in peer-reviewed journals and his main research interests are in physical and electroanalytical chemistry.

• Preface xvii1 Introduction of Sustainable Nanotechnology and Its Potentiality 1Sandeep Yadav, Prashant Singh, Pallavi Jain, Kamlesh Kumari, Bakusele Kabane, Lebogang Maureen Katata-Seru and Indra Bahadur1.1 Introduction 21.2 Principles of Sustainable Nanotechnology 31.3 Applications of Sustainable Nanotechnology 61.4 Conclusion 172 A Review on Infectious Disease Management and Their Challenges 23Dasari Sravani2.1 Infectious Diseases 232.2 Types of Infectious Illnesses 242.3 Epidemics Diseases in 19th Century 262.4 Disease Epidemics in the 20th Century 292.5 Epidemics Diseases in 21st Century 302.6 Vaccination for Humans 302.7 Results and Discussion 312.8 Challenges Faced by People Due to Sudden Microbial Outbreaks 352.9 Recommendations for the Global Community 382.10 Measures for Prevention of Infectious Diseases Threats 422.11 Authors Contributions 422.12 Acknowledgements 432.13 Conclusions 433 Challenges in Infectious Disease Management 51Aishwarya Rathore, Sheelu Sharma and Manu Sharma3.1 Introduction 523.2 Challenges Faced to Control Infectious Disease 523.3 Global Warming and Its Impact on the Management of Infectious Diseases 603.4 Antibiotic Resistance 613.5 Demographic Shift and Aging Population 653.6 Modern Food Technology as a Threat 653.7 Key to Overcome the Challenges 673.8 Conclusion 704 Nanopharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics 81Sulochana G., Rajeshkumar S. and Prabhu Manickam NatarajanAbbreviations 824.1 Introduction 834.2 Method of Synthesis 844.3 Different Classes of Nanoparticles 874.4 Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology 904.5 Route of Administration 944.6 Interaction Within the Body Pharmacotherapeutic of the Nanoparticles 954.7 Potential Drug Delivery System 994.8 Toxicity of Nanoparticles 1014.9 Conclusion 1045 Vaccines, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 113K. Ganesh Kadiyala, Kommuru Goutham, Naresh Kumar Katari and Yamini Vanipenta5.1 Introduction 1145.2 Contemporary Methods for Combating Infectious Disease 1155.3 Focusing and Implementing Specialized Assistance for Infection Control 1155.4 Prominence of Prompt Discrepancy Diagnosis in Infection Control 1165.5 The Immune System 1305.6 Conclusion 1366 Society Strategies in Infectious Diseases 139Anirudh Pratap Singh Raman, Prashant Singh, Pallavi Jain, Kamlesh Kumari, Bakusele Kabane and Indra Bahadur6.1 Introduction 1406.2 Combating Emerging Infections of COVID-19--Strategies and Response Capacities 1426.3 Candida albicans 1456.4 Black Fungus 1466.5 Typhoid 1476.6 Tuberculosis (TB) 1486.7 Conclusion 1507 Nanotheranostic Mechanism against Infectious Diseases 155Tharani M. and Rajeshkumar S.7.1 Introduction 1567.2 Nanomaterials as an Emerging Promising Tool 1577.3 Nanotheranostics 1587.4 Infectious Diseases 1587.5 Drug Delivery Challenges in Infectious Diseases 1607.6 Nanotheranostic Applications for Treating Infectious Diseases 1627.7 Diagnostic Imaging Contrast Agents 1647.8 Advantages of Nanotheranostics for Infectious Diseases 1677.9 Challenges and Limitations of Nanotheranostics 1727.10 Conclusion 1738 Trends in Nano Drug Delivery System for Infectious Diseases 181Rutuja Shah, Sameer Nadaf, Durgacharan Bhagwat and Shailendra Gurav8.1 Background of Infectious Diseases 1828.2 Current Treatments for Infectious Diseases 1838.3 Drawbacks of Current Treatments 1858.4 Nanotechnology 1878.5 Application of Nanotechnology in Treating Infectious Diseases 1898.6 Future Prospects and Challenges 1958.7 Conclusion 2029 Sustainable Nanotechnology and Multidrug Resistance toward the Pathogens of Infectious Diseases 207Eswara Rao Puppala and Vaskuri G. S. Sainaga Jyothi9.1 Introduction 2089.2 Causes and Concerns of MDR 2099.3 Mechanism of MDR in Pathogens 2119.4 Nanomaterials Exhibiting Antimicrobial Properties 2169.5 Nanocarrier-Based Approach to Combat MDR 2299.6 Conclusion 23910 Trends in Development of Multidrug Resistance Toward to the Pathogens of Infectious Diseases by Sustainable Nanotechnology 251Mridula Sreedharan, Sushma Narayanan, Sabu Thomas, Yves Grohens and Nandakumar Kalarikkal10.1 Introduction 25210.2 Current Threats in Clinics due to Multidrug Resistance 25210.3 Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Bacteria 25410.4 Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Action 25710.5 Properties of Nanoparticles which Effect Bacterial Growth 25910.6 Commonly Utilized Metal Nanoparticles 26010.7 Nanoparticles as Carriers of Antibiotics 26110.8 Novel Nano Drug Delivery Systems 26210.9 Challenges and Future Prospects in Using Nanoparticles as Antimicrobials 26411 Exploration of Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 269Puvvada Nagaprasad, Basavaiah Chandu and Pravas Kumar Panigrahi11.1 Introduction 27011.2 Organic Nanoparticles 27011.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 27711.4 Sustained Systemic Delivery of Anti-Infectives 28111.5 Nanomaterials Role in Infection Diseases 28411.6 Treatment for Arthritis Inflammation 29511.7 Other Viruses 29611.8 Nanovaccines 29811.9 Nanoparticles Biodegradation and Elimination 29911.10 Toxicity 30011.11 Limitations of Nanoparticles as Therapeutics 30112 Regulatory Perspectives of Nanomaterials in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Infectious Dental Diseases 311Harmesh Lal Chouhan, Sakshi Joshi, Shikha Dogra, Rini Chacko, Parika Vaid and Arunima Guru12.1 Introduction 31212.2 Nanoparticles Used in Dentistry 31312.3 Nanotechnology Used for Diagnosis 31612.4 Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases 31712.5 Conclusion 32213 Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide, Carbon Dots, and Its Composites for Infectious Diseases 327Gangaraju Gedda, Ganesh Gollavelli and Sarojani Kommoju13.1 Introduction 32813.2 Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites 32913.3 Antibacterial Activity 33013.4 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots 33813.5 Antibacterial Activity of CDs 34113.6 Antifungal Activity of CDs 34713.7 Antiviral Activity of CDs 34913.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 35214 Biosurfactants: Production Methods, Properties and Their Applications in Food Industry 365Manu Sharma, Aishwarya Rathore, Sheelu Sharma, Veera Sadhu and Kakarla Raghava Reddy14.1 Introduction 36614.2 Classification of Biosurfactants 36714.3 Method of Production of Biosurfactants from Microorganisms 36914.4 Mechanism of Action 36914.5 Economics in Production of Biosurfactants 37214.6 Use of Yeast Over Bacteria 37314.7 Properties of Biosurfactants Used in the Food Industry 37714.8 Application of Biosurfactant in the Food Industry 37914.9 Conclusions 38315 Nanomaterials of Polymeric Design for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases 393K. Ganesh Kadiyala, Kommuru Goutham, Naresh Kumar Katari and Yamini Vanipenta15.1 Introduction 39415.2 Malaria 39615.3 Tuberculosis 39915.4 Cholera 40215.5 Polymeric Nanomaterial to Treat Pulmonary Infections 40415.6 Nanoparticles Coated with Polymers to Treat Urinary Tract Infections 40515.7 HIV 40915.8 Hepatitis B 41115.9 COVID-19 41315.10 Zika Virus 41615.11 Influenza 41915.12 Polymeric Nanoparticles for Neuro-Infections 42115.13 Conclusion and Future Trends 424References 425Index 437

Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, PhD, is an associate in the Department of Chemistry, Aditya College of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh, India. His primary research interests span the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors for various pharmaceutical drugs, the green synthesis of nanoparticles, separation techniques, and the synthesis of ionic-functionalized nanocomposites. He has authored more than 30 research articles. Suvardhan Kanchi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India. He is dedicated to the field of chemistry, with a particular focus on nanoelectrochemistry and separation sciences. Gan G Redhi, PhD, is Professor Emeritus and former head of the Chemistry Department at Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa. He has published more than 100 research papers in peer-reviewed journals and his main research interests are in physical and electroanalytical chemistry.

• Preface xvii1 Introduction of Sustainable Nanotechnology and Its Potentiality 1Sandeep Yadav, Prashant Singh, Pallavi Jain, Kamlesh Kumari, Bakusele Kabane, Lebogang Maureen Katata-Seru and Indra Bahadur1.1 Introduction 21.2 Principles of Sustainable Nanotechnology 31.3 Applications of Sustainable Nanotechnology 61.4 Conclusion 172 A Review on Infectious Disease Management and Their Challenges 23Dasari Sravani2.1 Infectious Diseases 232.2 Types of Infectious Illnesses 242.3 Epidemics Diseases in 19th Century 262.4 Disease Epidemics in the 20th Century 292.5 Epidemics Diseases in 21st Century 302.6 Vaccination for Humans 302.7 Results and Discussion 312.8 Challenges Faced by People Due to Sudden Microbial Outbreaks 352.9 Recommendations for the Global Community 382.10 Measures for Prevention of Infectious Diseases Threats 422.11 Authors Contributions 422.12 Acknowledgements 432.13 Conclusions 433 Challenges in Infectious Disease Management 51Aishwarya Rathore, Sheelu Sharma and Manu Sharma3.1 Introduction 523.2 Challenges Faced to Control Infectious Disease 523.3 Global Warming and Its Impact on the Management of Infectious Diseases 603.4 Antibiotic Resistance 613.5 Demographic Shift and Aging Population 653.6 Modern Food Technology as a Threat 653.7 Key to Overcome the Challenges 673.8 Conclusion 704 Nanopharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics 81Sulochana G., Rajeshkumar S. and Prabhu Manickam NatarajanAbbreviations 824.1 Introduction 834.2 Method of Synthesis 844.3 Different Classes of Nanoparticles 874.4 Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology 904.5 Route of Administration 944.6 Interaction Within the Body Pharmacotherapeutic of the Nanoparticles 954.7 Potential Drug Delivery System 994.8 Toxicity of Nanoparticles 1014.9 Conclusion 1045 Vaccines, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 113K. Ganesh Kadiyala, Kommuru Goutham, Naresh Kumar Katari and Yamini Vanipenta5.1 Introduction 1145.2 Contemporary Methods for Combating Infectious Disease 1155.3 Focusing and Implementing Specialized Assistance for Infection Control 1155.4 Prominence of Prompt Discrepancy Diagnosis in Infection Control 1165.5 The Immune System 1305.6 Conclusion 1366 Society Strategies in Infectious Diseases 139Anirudh Pratap Singh Raman, Prashant Singh, Pallavi Jain, Kamlesh Kumari, Bakusele Kabane and Indra Bahadur6.1 Introduction 1406.2 Combating Emerging Infections of COVID-19--Strategies and Response Capacities 1426.3 Candida albicans 1456.4 Black Fungus 1466.5 Typhoid 1476.6 Tuberculosis (TB) 1486.7 Conclusion 1507 Nanotheranostic Mechanism against Infectious Diseases 155Tharani M. and Rajeshkumar S.7.1 Introduction 1567.2 Nanomaterials as an Emerging Promising Tool 1577.3 Nanotheranostics 1587.4 Infectious Diseases 1587.5 Drug Delivery Challenges in Infectious Diseases 1607.6 Nanotheranostic Applications for Treating Infectious Diseases 1627.7 Diagnostic Imaging Contrast Agents 1647.8 Advantages of Nanotheranostics for Infectious Diseases 1677.9 Challenges and Limitations of Nanotheranostics 1727.10 Conclusion 1738 Trends in Nano Drug Delivery System for Infectious Diseases 181Rutuja Shah, Sameer Nadaf, Durgacharan Bhagwat and Shailendra Gurav8.1 Background of Infectious Diseases 1828.2 Current Treatments for Infectious Diseases 1838.3 Drawbacks of Current Treatments 1858.4 Nanotechnology 1878.5 Application of Nanotechnology in Treating Infectious Diseases 1898.6 Future Prospects and Challenges 1958.7 Conclusion 2029 Sustainable Nanotechnology and Multidrug Resistance toward the Pathogens of Infectious Diseases 207Eswara Rao Puppala and Vaskuri G. S. Sainaga Jyothi9.1 Introduction 2089.2 Causes and Concerns of MDR 2099.3 Mechanism of MDR in Pathogens 2119.4 Nanomaterials Exhibiting Antimicrobial Properties 2169.5 Nanocarrier-Based Approach to Combat MDR 2299.6 Conclusion 23910 Trends in Development of Multidrug Resistance Toward to the Pathogens of Infectious Diseases by Sustainable Nanotechnology 251Mridula Sreedharan, Sushma Narayanan, Sabu Thomas, Yves Grohens and Nandakumar Kalarikkal10.1 Introduction 25210.2 Current Threats in Clinics due to Multidrug Resistance 25210.3 Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Bacteria 25410.4 Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Action 25710.5 Properties of Nanoparticles which Effect Bacterial Growth 25910.6 Commonly Utilized Metal Nanoparticles 26010.7 Nanoparticles as Carriers of Antibiotics 26110.8 Novel Nano Drug Delivery Systems 26210.9 Challenges and Future Prospects in Using Nanoparticles as Antimicrobials 26411 Exploration of Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 269Puvvada Nagaprasad, Basavaiah Chandu and Pravas Kumar Panigrahi11.1 Introduction 27011.2 Organic Nanoparticles 27011.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 27711.4 Sustained Systemic Delivery of Anti-Infectives 28111.5 Nanomaterials Role in Infection Diseases 28411.6 Treatment for Arthritis Inflammation 29511.7 Other Viruses 29611.8 Nanovaccines 29811.9 Nanoparticles Biodegradation and Elimination 29911.10 Toxicity 30011.11 Limitations of Nanoparticles as Therapeutics 30112 Regulatory Perspectives of Nanomaterials in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Infectious Dental Diseases 311Harmesh Lal Chouhan, Sakshi Joshi, Shikha Dogra, Rini Chacko, Parika Vaid and Arunima Guru12.1 Introduction 31212.2 Nanoparticles Used in Dentistry 31312.3 Nanotechnology Used for Diagnosis 31612.4 Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases 31712.5 Conclusion 32213 Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide, Carbon Dots, and Its Composites for Infectious Diseases 327Gangaraju Gedda, Ganesh Gollavelli and Sarojani Kommoju13.1 Introduction 32813.2 Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites 32913.3 Antibacterial Activity 33013.4 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots 33813.5 Antibacterial Activity of CDs 34113.6 Antifungal Activity of CDs 34713.7 Antiviral Activity of CDs 34913.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 35214 Biosurfactants: Production Methods, Properties and Their Applications in Food Industry 365Manu Sharma, Aishwarya Rathore, Sheelu Sharma, Veera Sadhu and Kakarla Raghava Reddy14.1 Introduction 36614.2 Classification of Biosurfactants 36714.3 Method of Production of Biosurfactants from Microorganisms 36914.4 Mechanism of Action 36914.5 Economics in Production of Biosurfactants 37214.6 Use of Yeast Over Bacteria 37314.7 Properties of Biosurfactants Used in the Food Industry 37714.8 Application of Biosurfactant in the Food Industry 37914.9 Conclusions 38315 Nanomaterials of Polymeric Design for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases 393K. Ganesh Kadiyala, Kommuru Goutham, Naresh Kumar Katari and Yamini Vanipenta15.1 Introduction 39415.2 Malaria 39615.3 Tuberculosis 39915.4 Cholera 40215.5 Polymeric Nanomaterial to Treat Pulmonary Infections 40415.6 Nanoparticles Coated with Polymers to Treat Urinary Tract Infections 40515.7 HIV 40915.8 Hepatitis B 41115.9 COVID-19 41315.10 Zika Virus 41615.11 Influenza 41915.12 Polymeric Nanoparticles for Neuro-Infections 42115.13 Conclusion and Future Trends 424References 425Index 437

Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, PhD, is an associate in the Department of Chemistry, Aditya College of Engineering, Andhra Pradesh, India. His primary research interests span the development of electrochemical sensors and biosensors for various pharmaceutical drugs, the green synthesis of nanoparticles, separation techniques, and the synthesis of ionic-functionalized nanocomposites. He has authored more than 30 research articles. Suvardhan Kanchi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, India. He is dedicated to the field of chemistry, with a particular focus on nanoelectrochemistry and separation sciences. Gan G Redhi, PhD, is Professor Emeritus and former head of the Chemistry Department at Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa. He has published more than 100 research papers in peer-reviewed journals and his main research interests are in physical and electroanalytical chemistry.

• Preface xvii1 Introduction of Sustainable Nanotechnology and Its Potentiality 1Sandeep Yadav, Prashant Singh, Pallavi Jain, Kamlesh Kumari, Bakusele Kabane, Lebogang Maureen Katata-Seru and Indra Bahadur1.1 Introduction 21.2 Principles of Sustainable Nanotechnology 31.3 Applications of Sustainable Nanotechnology 61.4 Conclusion 172 A Review on Infectious Disease Management and Their Challenges 23Dasari Sravani2.1 Infectious Diseases 232.2 Types of Infectious Illnesses 242.3 Epidemics Diseases in 19th Century 262.4 Disease Epidemics in the 20th Century 292.5 Epidemics Diseases in 21st Century 302.6 Vaccination for Humans 302.7 Results and Discussion 312.8 Challenges Faced by People Due to Sudden Microbial Outbreaks 352.9 Recommendations for the Global Community 382.10 Measures for Prevention of Infectious Diseases Threats 422.11 Authors Contributions 422.12 Acknowledgements 432.13 Conclusions 433 Challenges in Infectious Disease Management 51Aishwarya Rathore, Sheelu Sharma and Manu Sharma3.1 Introduction 523.2 Challenges Faced to Control Infectious Disease 523.3 Global Warming and Its Impact on the Management of Infectious Diseases 603.4 Antibiotic Resistance 613.5 Demographic Shift and Aging Population 653.6 Modern Food Technology as a Threat 653.7 Key to Overcome the Challenges 673.8 Conclusion 704 Nanopharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics 81Sulochana G., Rajeshkumar S. and Prabhu Manickam NatarajanAbbreviations 824.1 Introduction 834.2 Method of Synthesis 844.3 Different Classes of Nanoparticles 874.4 Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology 904.5 Route of Administration 944.6 Interaction Within the Body Pharmacotherapeutic of the Nanoparticles 954.7 Potential Drug Delivery System 994.8 Toxicity of Nanoparticles 1014.9 Conclusion 1045 Vaccines, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 113K. Ganesh Kadiyala, Kommuru Goutham, Naresh Kumar Katari and Yamini Vanipenta5.1 Introduction 1145.2 Contemporary Methods for Combating Infectious Disease 1155.3 Focusing and Implementing Specialized Assistance for Infection Control 1155.4 Prominence of Prompt Discrepancy Diagnosis in Infection Control 1165.5 The Immune System 1305.6 Conclusion 1366 Society Strategies in Infectious Diseases 139Anirudh Pratap Singh Raman, Prashant Singh, Pallavi Jain, Kamlesh Kumari, Bakusele Kabane and Indra Bahadur6.1 Introduction 1406.2 Combating Emerging Infections of COVID-19--Strategies and Response Capacities 1426.3 Candida albicans 1456.4 Black Fungus 1466.5 Typhoid 1476.6 Tuberculosis (TB) 1486.7 Conclusion 1507 Nanotheranostic Mechanism against Infectious Diseases 155Tharani M. and Rajeshkumar S.7.1 Introduction 1567.2 Nanomaterials as an Emerging Promising Tool 1577.3 Nanotheranostics 1587.4 Infectious Diseases 1587.5 Drug Delivery Challenges in Infectious Diseases 1607.6 Nanotheranostic Applications for Treating Infectious Diseases 1627.7 Diagnostic Imaging Contrast Agents 1647.8 Advantages of Nanotheranostics for Infectious Diseases 1677.9 Challenges and Limitations of Nanotheranostics 1727.10 Conclusion 1738 Trends in Nano Drug Delivery System for Infectious Diseases 181Rutuja Shah, Sameer Nadaf, Durgacharan Bhagwat and Shailendra Gurav8.1 Background of Infectious Diseases 1828.2 Current Treatments for Infectious Diseases 1838.3 Drawbacks of Current Treatments 1858.4 Nanotechnology 1878.5 Application of Nanotechnology in Treating Infectious Diseases 1898.6 Future Prospects and Challenges 1958.7 Conclusion 2029 Sustainable Nanotechnology and Multidrug Resistance toward the Pathogens of Infectious Diseases 207Eswara Rao Puppala and Vaskuri G. S. Sainaga Jyothi9.1 Introduction 2089.2 Causes and Concerns of MDR 2099.3 Mechanism of MDR in Pathogens 2119.4 Nanomaterials Exhibiting Antimicrobial Properties 2169.5 Nanocarrier-Based Approach to Combat MDR 2299.6 Conclusion 23910 Trends in Development of Multidrug Resistance Toward to the Pathogens of Infectious Diseases by Sustainable Nanotechnology 251Mridula Sreedharan, Sushma Narayanan, Sabu Thomas, Yves Grohens and Nandakumar Kalarikkal10.1 Introduction 25210.2 Current Threats in Clinics due to Multidrug Resistance 25210.3 Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Bacteria 25410.4 Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Action 25710.5 Properties of Nanoparticles which Effect Bacterial Growth 25910.6 Commonly Utilized Metal Nanoparticles 26010.7 Nanoparticles as Carriers of Antibiotics 26110.8 Novel Nano Drug Delivery Systems 26210.9 Challenges and Future Prospects in Using Nanoparticles as Antimicrobials 26411 Exploration of Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases 269Puvvada Nagaprasad, Basavaiah Chandu and Pravas Kumar Panigrahi11.1 Introduction 27011.2 Organic Nanoparticles 27011.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 27711.4 Sustained Systemic Delivery of Anti-Infectives 28111.5 Nanomaterials Role in Infection Diseases 28411.6 Treatment for Arthritis Inflammation 29511.7 Other Viruses 29611.8 Nanovaccines 29811.9 Nanoparticles Biodegradation and Elimination 29911.10 Toxicity 30011.11 Limitations of Nanoparticles as Therapeutics 30112 Regulatory Perspectives of Nanomaterials in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Infectious Dental Diseases 311Harmesh Lal Chouhan, Sakshi Joshi, Shikha Dogra, Rini Chacko, Parika Vaid and Arunima Guru12.1 Introduction 31212.2 Nanoparticles Used in Dentistry 31312.3 Nanotechnology Used for Diagnosis 31612.4 Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases 31712.5 Conclusion 32213 Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide, Carbon Dots, and Its Composites for Infectious Diseases 327Gangaraju Gedda, Ganesh Gollavelli and Sarojani Kommoju13.1 Introduction 32813.2 Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites 32913.3 Antibacterial Activity 33013.4 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots 33813.5 Antibacterial Activity of CDs 34113.6 Antifungal Activity of CDs 34713.7 Antiviral Activity of CDs 34913.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 35214 Biosurfactants: Production Methods, Properties and Their Applications in Food Industry 365Manu Sharma, Aishwarya Rathore, Sheelu Sharma, Veera Sadhu and Kakarla Raghava Reddy14.1 Introduction 36614.2 Classification of Biosurfactants 36714.3 Method of Production of Biosurfactants from Microorganisms 36914.4 Mechanism of Action 36914.5 Economics in Production of Biosurfactants 37214.6 Use of Yeast Over Bacteria 37314.7 Properties of Biosurfactants Used in the Food Industry 37714.8 Application of Biosurfactant in the Food Industry 37914.9 Conclusions 38315 Nanomaterials of Polymeric Design for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases 393K. Ganesh Kadiyala, Kommuru Goutham, Naresh Kumar Katari and Yamini Vanipenta15.1 Introduction 39415.2 Malaria 39615.3 Tuberculosis 39915.4 Cholera 40215.5 Polymeric Nanomaterial to Treat Pulmonary Infections 40415.6 Nanoparticles Coated with Polymers to Treat Urinary Tract Infections 40515.7 HIV 40915.8 Hepatitis B 41115.9 COVID-19 41315.10 Zika Virus 41615.11 Influenza 41915.12 Polymeric Nanoparticles for Neuro-Infections 42115.13 Conclusion and Future Trends 424References 425Index 437