Uchenna E. Odoh, PhD, is a Professor of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicine at the Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicine in the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Shailendra S. Gurav, PhD, is a Professor of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry at the Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry in the Goa College of Pharmacy at Goa University, India. Michael O. Chukwuma, PhD, is a Lecturer at the Department of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Medicine at the University of Nigeria, Nsukka.

• List of Contributors xviiPreface xxi1 Historical Overview of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 1Mona M. Marzouk, Mai M. Farid, Rana M. Merghany, Shahira M. Ezzat1.1 Introduction to Pharmacognosy 11.2 Historical Development of Pharmacognosy 11.3 Development of Pharmacognosy in the Modern Era 31.4 The Relevance of Pharmacognosy in Pharmacological Research on Herbal Medicinal Products 31.5 Taxonomy and Botanical Authenticity 31.6 Phytochemistry – An Expanded Role in Traditional Medicine (History and Progress in Drug Discovery) 61.7 Recent Progress in Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 71.8 Conclusion 14References 142 Classification of Crude Drugs of Natural Origin 17Vishal S. Bagul, Piyush S. Bafna, Deepak M. Patil, Rakesh E. Mutha2.1 Introduction 172.2 Botanical Classification 182.3 Morphological Classification 192.4 Chemical Classification 212.5 Pharmacological Classification 232.6 Taxonomical Classification 252.7 Chemotaxonomical Classification 252.8 Geographical Classification 262.9 Traditional and Cultural Classification 282.10 Modern Analytical Techniques in Classification 292.11 Challenges in Classification 322.12 Future Perspectives 332.13 Conclusion 35References 373 Folk Medicine as a Source of Therapeutically Important Drugs: Evidence from Ethnobotanical Investigations 43Moses Sam Arul Raj, Mohan Kalaskar, Shailendra Gurav, Muniappan Ayyanar3.1 Introduction 433.2 Traditional Medical Systems 463.3 Importance of Ethnobotanical Research in Drug Discovery 483.4 Biological Activity of Medicinal Plants 493.5 Conclusions 59Acknowledgments 59References 594 Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Systems 67Akshay M. Baheti, Arti G. Swami, Manasi R. Nimbalkar, Ranjit Nimbalkar, Anil T. Pawar4.1 Introduction 674.2 Ayurveda System 674.3 Unani System 724.4 Siddha System 754.5 Homeopathy System 794.6 Conclusion 80References 805 Cultivation, Collection, and Preparation of Plant Drugs 83Mohan Kalaskar, Muniappan Ayyanar, Nilambari Gurav, Sanjay J. Surana5.1 History 835.2 Cultivation 835.3 Factors Affecting Cultivation 855.4 Good Agricultural Practice 885.5 Good Collection Practices for Medicinal Plants 915.6 Processing of Medicinal Plants 925.7 Storage and Packaging 935.8 Sample Record for Cultivated Medicinal Plants 945.9 Voluntary Certification Scheme for Medicinal Plant Produce in Indian Scenario 97References 996 Adulteration and Evaluation of Crude Drugs of Natural Origin 101Popat Mohite, Abhijeet Puri6.1 Introduction 1016.2 Adulteration of Herbal Drugs 1026.3 Types of Adulteration 1036.4 Adulteration in Medicinal Plants 1066.5 Methods of Detection of Adulterants and Evaluation of Medicinal Herbs 1076.6 Analytical Techniques in the Detection and Evaluation of Adulterants 1116.7 Challenges in Detection of Adulterants 1156.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 115References 1157 Methods of Extraction 121Mohan Kalaskar, Santosh U. Yele, Muniappan Ayyanar, Nilambari Gurav, Vishal Beldar, Sanjay J. Surana7.1 Introduction 1217.2 Ideal Properties of Solvent 1227.3 Solvents for Extraction 1237.4 Factor Affecting Extraction Methods 1247.5 Mechanism of Extraction 1247.6 Methods of Extraction 125References 1398 Qualitative and Quantitative Methods of Phytochemical Analysis 143Mughisha Nagori, Devyani Rajput, Gajendra Choudhary, Rakhi Khabiya8.1 Introduction 1438.2 Phytochemical Screening Through Chemical Test 1448.3 Quantitative Methods of Phytochemical Analysis 1508.4 Analytical Techniques In Phytochemical Analysis 1568.5 Conclusion 159References 1609 Modern Analytical Techniques for Quality Control and Chemical Identification of Phytochemicals 167Rakesh E. Mutha, Mohan Kalaskar, Zamir G. Khan9.1 Introduction 1679.3 Spectroscopic Techniques 1759.4 Mass Spectrometry 1799.5 Hyphenated Techniques 1809.6 Chemometric Tools and Data Analysis 1819.7 Advanced Technologies 1829.8 Challenges and Future Perspectives 1829.9 Conclusion 183References 18410 Classification and Therapeutic Applications of Plant Secondary Metabolites 189Amna Javed, Muhammad Saad Hashmi, Uzma Javaid, Rahima Amjad10.1 Introduction 18910.2 Classification of PSMs 19010.3 Biosynthetic Pathways 19410.4 Environmental Factors Affecting PSMs 19410.5 Genetic Factors Affecting PSMs 19510.6 Role of Enzymes in Plant Secondary Metabolite Production 19510.7 PSMs Therapeutic Applications 19610.8 Safety and Toxicity Considerations 20110.9 Standardization of Herbal Medicine Using PSMs 20110.10 Conclusion 202References 20311 Isolation, Fractionation, and Purification of Natural Products 207Rushikesh P. Said, Jineetkumar B. Gawad, Mohan Kalaskar, Nilambari Gurav, Vishal Gokul Beldar11.1 Introduction 20711.2 Extraction 20811.3 Extraction Methods/ Technique 20911.4 Fractionation Techniques 21511.5 Purification 221References 22612 Pharmacological Screening of Drugs from Natural Sources 235Jayesh D. Kadam, Adaeze L. Onugwu, Yogesh A. Kulkarni12.1 Introduction 23512.2 Pharmacological Approaches 23512.3 Conclusion 252References 25213 Biosynthetic Pathways of Phytopharmaceuticals 255Poonam Nilesh Chougule13.1 Introduction 25513.2 Introduction to Primary and Secondary Metabolites 25613.3 General Metabolic/Synthetic Pathway Which Shows from CO2 to Different Primary and Secondary Metabolite Formation 25913.4 Enzymes 26013.5 Role of Enzymes in Biosynthetic Pathways 26113.6 Other Structural Modifications 26313.7 Shikimic Acid Pathway for Biosynthesis of Aromatic Amino Acids 26513.8 Acetate Mevalonate Pathway for Biosynthesis of Terpenes 26613.9 Biosynthesis of Aliphatic Amino Acids 26813.10 Acetate Mevalonate Pathways for Biosynthesis of Fatty Acyl-CoA 269References 27114 Pharmaceutical Aids of Natural Origin 273Santosh Yele, Ashwini Deshpande, Kanchan Salgar, Mohan Kalaskar14.1 Introduction 27314.2 Some Industrially Important Pharmaceutical Aids 27514.3 Conclusion 284References 28515 Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals 297Charulata T. Nemade, Nayana S. Baste, Manisha M. Bihani, Shilpa S. Raut15.1 Introduction 29715.2 Nutraceuticals 29815.3 Cosmeceuticals 30115.4 Synergies Between Nutraceuticals and Cosmeceuticals 30315.5 Regulatory Considerations 30515.6 Future Trends and Innovations 30815.7 Conclusion 311References 31116 Pesticides and Allergens 315Shatabdi Ghose, Bedanta Bhattacharjee, Damanbhalang Rynjah, Damiki Laloo16.1 Introduction 31516.2 Natural Pesticide/Biopesticides and Natural Anti-Allergens: Source, Bioactive Substances and Applications 31616.3 Pharmacological Mechanism and Toxicity Profile of Some Common Natural Pesticides and Anti-allergens 32116.4 Global Market Surveillance of Biopesticides and Anti-allergens 32316.5 Commercial Production and Formulations of Natural Pesticides and Anti-allergens 32416.6 Regulatory Aspects for Quality Control of Pesticides and Anti-allergens 32616.7 Future Prospects and Opportunities 327Acknowledgments 328Conflict of Interest 328Funding 328References 32817 Comparative Phytochemistry and Chemotaxonomy 333Prathamesh A. Marne, Anil T. Pawar, Amol A. Tagalpallewar, Akshay M. Baheti17.1 Introduction 33317.2 Chemotaxonomy 33317.3 Chemical Markers in Chemotaxonomy 33417.4 Methods in Chemotaxonomy 33517.5 Phytochemical Approach in Chemotaxonomy 33617.6 Limitations of Chemotaxonomy 34217.7 Conclusion 342References 34218 Medicinal Plant Biotechnology 347Anil T. Pawar, Amol A. Tagalpallewar, Manasi Mishra, Arti G. Swami, Akshay M. Baheti18.1 Introduction 34718.2 Plant Tissue Culture 34718.3 Genetic Engineering (Recombinant DNA Technology) 36218.4 Conclusion 366References 36619 Marine Pharmacognosy 371Mamta Kumari, Piyushkumar Sadhu, Niyati Shah, Chitrali Talele19.1 Introduction 37119.2 Marine Ecosystems and Biodiversity 37219.3 Bioactive Compounds from Marine Microorganisms 37319.4 Marine Algae and Their Medicinal Potential 37519.5 Marine Invertebrates and Its Bioactive 37819.6 Extraction Process and Characterization Techniques 38019.7 Pharmacological Activities of Marine-derived Compounds 38219.8 Preclinical and Clinical Studies of Marine Microorganisms 38519.9 Marketed Marine Drug Product 38619.10 Future Prospects 38819.11 Conclusion 388References 38920 Molecular Pharmacognosy 395Piyushkumar Sadhu, Mamta Kumari, Ghanshyam Parmar, Chitrali Talele20.1 Introduction 39520.2 Molecular Biology Techniques in Pharmacognosy 39620.3 Molecular Genetics and Genomics of Medicinal Plants 39920.4 PTC of Medicinal Plants 40420.5 Molecular Biosynthesis and Metabolomics of Medicinal Plants 40720.6 Molecular Pharmacology and Toxicology of Medicinal Plants 41020.7 Mechanism of Action, Efficacy, and Toxicity of Plant-derived Drugs 41220.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 413References 41321 Clinical Pharmacognosy 421Jayesh D. Kadam, Sandip T. Auti21.1 Introduction 42121.2 Pharmacognosy 42121.3 Clinical Pharmacognosy 42321.4 Clinical Studies on Botanicals and Dietary Supplements 43321.5 Clinical Pharmacokinetics 43521.6 Phytoequivalence 43621.7 Future Prospects of Clinical Pharmacognosy 43721.8 Conclusion 437References 437Index 443