E. Gangadevi, is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science at Loyola College in Chennai, India. She has published two patents, authored / edited two books, more than 20 research papers in international journals and many book chapters. M. Lawanya Shri, PhD, is an associate professor at the School of Information Technology and Engineering, VIT, Vellore, India. She has two patents, more than 50 articles in refereed journals and international conferences, and contributed many chapters to books. Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj, PhD, is a professor at the School of Computing Science and Engineering at Galgotias University in India. He has authored/edited more than 25 books on various technologies, 21 patents, and 50+ articles and papers in various refereed journals and international conferences. Balamurugan Balusamy, PhD, is an associate dean to students at Shiv Nadar University at the Delhi-NCR Campus in Noida, India. He has authored/edited more than 80 books as well as over 200 contributions to international journals and conferences.

• Preface xv1 The Emergence of Bioprinting and Computational Intelligence 1P.M. Kavitha, S. Jayachandran and M. Anitha1.1 Introduction 21.2 Related Study 31.3 Understanding the Basics of Bioprinting and Computational Intelligence 61.4 The Role of Computational Intelligence in Bioprinting 81.5 Applications of Bioprinting and Computational Intelligence in Medicine 91.6 Bioprinting and Computational Intelligence in Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine 101.7 Advancements in Bioprinting and Computational Intelligence Technologies 121.8 The Ethical and Regulatory Implications of Bioprinting and Computational Intelligence 131.9 The Future of Bioprinting and Computational Intelligence: Opportunities and Challenges 141.10 Case Studies: Bioprinting and Computational Intelligence in Action 151.11 Conclusion 192 Design, Architecture, Implementation, and Evaluation of Bioprinting Technology for Tissue Engineering 21Vimala R. T. V., Gangadevi E. and Lawanya Shri M.2.1 Introduction 212.2 3D Bioprinting 232.3 Material Characteristics 242.4 Mechanical Properties 252.5 Biomaterials 252.6 Design, Architecture of 3D Bioprinting 252.7 3D Bioprinting Tissue Models 282.8 3D Multimaterial Bioprinting-Development of Complex Architectures 292.9 Implementation and Evaluation 292.10 Bone 292.11 Cartilage 312.12 Soft Tissue Engineering 312.13 Vascular Tissue 322.14 Skin 322.15 Biocompatibility and Control of Degradation and Byproducts 332.16 Conclusion 333 Design and Development of IoT Devices: Methods, Tools and Technologies 39Akash Kumar, Sachin Abhay Kumar, Richa Singh, Shivam Maloo, Dishant Rathi and K. Santhi3.1 Introduction to IoT Devices and 3D Bioprinting 403.2 Methodology for Designing IoT Devices for 3D Bioprinting 403.3 Additional Considerations in IoT Device Design for 3D Bioprinting 423.4 Tools for Developing IoT Devices for 3D Bioprinting 443.5 Techniques for Developing IoT Devices for 3D Bioprinting 463.6 Case Studies of IoT Devices for 3D Bioprinting 493.7 Future Directions in IoT Devices for 3D Bioprinting 493.8 Conclusion 504 AI-Based AR/VR Models in Biomedical Sustainable Industry 4.0 53Kuldeep Singh Kaswan, Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, Rudra Pratap Ojha, Balamurugan Balusamy and Gangadevi E.4.1 Introduction 544.2 Mixed Augmented Reality 564.3 AR Technology 644.4 Requirement of Augmented Reality 714.5 Conclusions 745 Computational Intelligence—Based Image Classification for 3D Printing: Issues and Challenges 79Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, Kuldeep Singh Kaswan, B. Tirapathi Reddy and Gangadevi E.5.1 Introduction 805.2 Brief Concepts 815.3 Role of Artificial Intelligence in Industry 4.0 825.4 Conclusion 896 Role of Cybersecurity to Safeguard 3D Bioprinting in Healthcare: Challenges and Opportunities 93Venkatalakshmi S.6.1 Introduction 946.2 Related Work 956.3 Creation of 3D Objects and Printing 976.4 Schematic Diagram of 3D Bioprinting 1006.5 Cyberthreats Posed to Bioprinting 1066.6 Conclusion 1257 Legal and Bioethical View of Educational Sectors and Industrial Areas of 3D Bioprinting 127Pothys varan S., Balachander S. and Ashwini S.7.1 Introduction 1287.2 Current 3D Bioprinting Market Trends 1307.3 Legal and Ethical Perspectives 1357.4 Regarding the Introduction and Advancement of 3D Bioprinting 1387.5 Conclusion 1497.6 Future Scope 1498 Optimizing 3D Bioprinting Using Advanced Deep Learning Techniques A Comparative Study of CNN, RNN, and GAN 157K. Sujigarasharma, Sharulatha S., Lawanya Shri M., Gangadevi E. and Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj8.1 Introduction 1588.2 Convolutional Neural Networks in Optimization of 3D Bioprinting 1608.3 RNN in Optimization of 3D Bioprinting 1608.4 Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN) in Optimization of 3D Bioprinting 1618.5 Datasets Used for Optimization of 3D Bioprinting 1628.6 3D Slicer Medical Image Segmentation Dataset 1638.7 Sensor Data 1638.8 Open Organ Database Dataset 1648.9 Proposed Model 1648.10 CNN U-Net 1668.11 RNN Long Short-Term Memory 1678.12 Wasserstein Generative Adversarial Network 1688.13 Process of Combined Model 1698.14 Conclusion 1719 Research Trends in Intelligence-Based Bioprinting for Construction Engineering Applications 175Kuldeep Singh Kaswan, Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, Om Prakash, Balamurugan Balusamy and Feslin Anish Mon9.1 Introduction 1769.2 Analysis of Bioprinting 1779.3 Model Development in Bioprinting Technology 1799.4 3D Bioprinting Academic Institutions in the World 1839.5 Emerging Bioprinting Technology 1859.5.1 Opportunities 1859.5.2 Challenges 1869.6 Development in Bioengineering 1869.7 Evolution of Patent Trends in Bioprinting 1889.8 Conclusions 18910 Design and Development to Collect and Analyze Data Using Bioprinting Software for Biotechnology Industry 193Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, Kuldeep Singh Kaswan, Sanjay Kumar, Balamurugan Balusamy and Lakshmana Kumar Ramasamy10.1 Introduction 19410.2 Digital Technology in Bioprinting 19510.3 Designing Techniques in Bioprinting 19910.4 3D Bioprinting 20110.5 Enhanced Biotissue Printing 20310.6 Conclusion 20510.7 Future Work 20611 Cyborg Intelligence for Bioprinting in Computational Design and Analysis of Medical Application 211Kuldeep Singh Kaswan, Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, Naresh Kumar, Balamurugan Balusamy and Gangadevi E.11.1 Introduction 21211.2 Next Generation of Bioprinting 21411.3 Biosensors and Actuators 22311.4 Enhancing Technology in Bioprinting 23211.5 Conclusion and Future Work 23312 Computer Vision-Aides 3D Bioprinting in Ophthalmology Recent Trends and Advancements 239Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, Kuldeep Singh Kaswan, Ankita Tiwari, Balamurugan Balusamy and R. Gopal12.1 Introduction 24012.2 Digital Laser Printing Techniques 24212.3 3D Printing Biological Material 24812.4 Conclusion and Future Work 25413 Intelligent Image Classification for 3D Printing in Industry 4.0 259Rajbala, Kuldeep Singh Kaswan, Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, Gangadevi E. and Balamurugan Balusamy13.1 Introduction 26013.2 Advantages 26113.3 Methodology 26213.4 3D Printing Technology 26213.5 ANN Methods 27013.6 Conclusions 27114 Bioprinting and Robotics Engineering: Applications, Recent Progress, and Future Directions 275Pawan Whig, Shama Kouser, Ashima Bhatnagar Bhatia, Rahul Reddy Nadikattu and Yusuf Jibrin Alkali14.1 Introduction 27614.2 Background 27714.3 3D Printing 27914.4 3D Printing Applications 28014.5 Recent Progress in 3D Printing 28414.6 Future Directions in 3D Printing 28914.7 Conclusion and Discussion 29714.8 Future Scope 29815 3D Bioprinting Technology Optimization Using Machine Learning 303Kuldeep Singh Kaswan, Jagjit Singh Dhatterwal, Reenu Batra, Balamurugan Balusamy and Gangadevi E.15.1 Introduction 30415.2 Human Organs Printed Through 3D Printers 30615.3 Predictive Trial and Error 3D Printing 31715.4 Conclusions 318References 319Index 323