Natural Rubber-Based Composites and Nanocomposites

Visakh P.M., PhD works in the Natural Bioactive Materials Laboratory, Department of Bioengineering, Ege University, Bornova/Izmir, Turkey. He has published 45 books, 22 research articles, four reviews, and more than 50 book chapters. His areas of research include polymer sciences, polymer nanocomposites, material sciences, bionanocomposites, and rubber-based nanocomposites. Shiv Kumari Panda, PhD is an assistant professor at the Udayanath Autonomous College of Science and Technology, Cuttack, Odisha, India. She has edited ten books and written several research articles for international journals. Her research focuses on material characterization, polymerization, and nanomaterials.

• Preface xi1 Natural Rubber Composites and Nanocomposites: State-of-the-Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities 1Visakh. P.M. and Shiv Kumari Panda1.1 Natural Rubber–Bamboo Composites for Noise Control Applications 11.2 Natural Rubber-Based Bio-Composites and Bio-Nanocomposites 41.3 Mechanical, Dynamical/Mechanical, Electrical, and Thermal Properties of Natural Rubber- Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites and their Applications 71.4 Biodegradation of Natural Rubber and their Composites and Nanocomposites 101.5 Radiative Protective Qualities of Natural Rubber‐Based Polymer Composites 111.6 The Use of Green Additives in Eco-Friendly Compounds Based on Natural Rubber 121.7 Natural Rubber Recycling: Advances, Limitations, and Applications 141.8 The Elastocaloric Effect of Natural Rubber 151.9 Natural Rubber-Based Composites and Nanocomposites 16References 182 Natural Rubber-Bamboo Composites for Noise Control Applications 29Samuel Eshorame Sanni, Denen Ashiekaa Vershima, Rotimi Emmanuel Sadiku, Babalola Aisosa Oni and Emeka Emmanuel Okoro2.1 Introduction 302.2 Natural Rubber-Bamboo Composites: Preparation 332.3 Natural Bamboo Composite Characterization 332.3.1 Preparation of Natural Rubber 332.3.2 Uses of Rubber 432.4 Natural Rubber-Bamboo Composites: Noise Control Applications 512.5 Conclusions 54Acknowledgment 55References 553 Natural Rubber-Based Bio-Composites and Bio-Nanocomposites 63Jabulani I. Mnyango, Mandla V. Khumalo and Shanganyane P. Hlangothi3.1 Introduction 643.1.1 Natural Fibers 663.1.2 Natural Rubber 733.2 Natural Rubber-Based Bio-Composites 773.3 Natural Rubber-Based Bio-Nanocomposites 943.3.1 Nanocomposites Definition 943.3.2 NR–Biopolymer-Based Nanocomposites 953.3.3 NR–Cellulose Nanocomposites 953.3.4 NR–Lignin Nanocomposites 1003.3.5 NR–Chitin Nanocomposites 1013.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 104Acknowledgments 105References 1054 Mechanical/Dynamical Mechanical, Thermal and Electrical Properties of Natural Rubber-Carbon Nanotube Nanocomposites and their Applications 117Saheli Roy and Suneel Kumar Srivastava4.1 Introduction 1184.2 Processing Techniques of NR/CNT Nanocomposites 1194.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs), their Functionalization, and Dispersion 1204.4 Properties of NR/CNT Nanocomposites 1244.4.1 Mechanical Properties 1244.4.2 Dynamic Mechanical Properties 1324.4.3 Electrical Properties 1354.4.4 Thermal Stability Behavior and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Analysis 1384.5 Application of NR/CNT Nanocomposites 1404.6 Conclusion 141Acknowledgement 142References 1425 Biodegradation of Natural Rubber and their Composites and Nanocomposites 153Samuel Eshorame Sanni, Praise Uma, Denen Ashiekaa Vershima, Rotimi Emmanuel Sadiku, Babalola Aisosa Oni and Emeka Emmanuel Okoro5.1 Introduction 1545.2 Biodegradation 1565.3 Natural Rubber Composites and Nanocomposites 1585.3.1 Carbon Black 1725.3.2 Silica 1725.3.3 Calcium Carbonate 1735.3.4 Bio-Based Fillers 1745.3.5 Carbon Nanotubes 1755.3.6 Starch Nanocrystals 1765.3.7 Nanocellulose 1775.4 Biodegradation of Natural Rubber and its Composites and Nanocomposites 1775.5 Conclusions 179References 1806 Radiative Protective Qualities of Natural Rubber Based Polymer Composites 187M. R. Ambika, N. Nagaiah and M. B. Karthik Kumar6.1 Introduction 1886.1.1 Interaction of Nuclear Radiations with Matter 1886.1.2 Interaction of Heavy Charged Particles with Matter 1886.1.3 Interaction of Fast Electrons with Matter 1896.1.4 Interaction of Neutrons with Matter 1906.1.5 Interaction of Gamma Photons with Matter 1916.2 Effects of Ionizing Radiations 1936.3 Radiation Protection 1956.3.1 Shielding of Alpha Particles 1966.3.2 Shielding of Beta Particles 1976.3.3 Shielding of Neutrons 1976.3.4 Shielding of Protons and Heavy Ions 1986.3.5 Shielding of Gamma Photons 1996.3.6 Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Shielding 2006.3.6.1 Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Mechanism 2016.4 EMI Shielding Materials 2026.5 Gamma Ray Shielding Materials 2066.5.1 NR Composites with Metals as Fillers 2076.5.2 NR Composites with Metal Oxides as Fillers 2096.6 Applications of Shielding Materials 2146.6.1 EMI Shielding Materials 2146.6.1.1 Electronics and Telecommunication 2146.6.1.2 Military/Defense and Aerospace 2156.6.1.3 Medical Applications 2156.6.2 Gamma Ray Shielding Materials 2156.6.2.1 Medical Applications 2156.6.2.2 Industrial Applications 2166.6.2.3 Agriculture 2176.6.2.4 Space Applications 2186.7 Conclusions 219References 2207 The Use of Green Additives in Eco-Friendly Compounds Based on Natural Rubber 225Aline Zanchet and Fabiula Danielli Bastos de Sousa7.1 Introduction 2257.2 The Use of Oils in Elastomeric Compounds 2267.3 Plasticizers 2277.4 Lubricants 2297.5 Lubrication Mechanisms 2307.6 Plasticizers and/or Alternative Lubricants 2307.7 The Use of Fillers in Elastomeric Compounds 2347.8 The Use of Other Additives in Elastomeric Compounds 2367.9 Conclusions 237References 2388 Natural Rubber Recycling: Advances, Limitations, and Applications 243Fabiula Danielli Bastos de Sousa and Aline Zanchet8.1 Introduction and General Aspects 2438.2 Levels of Vulcanized Rubber Recycling 2458.3 Devulcanization 2508.4 Conclusions 258References 2599 Green Development of Natural Rubber-Based Biocomposites 271Azura A. Rashid and Norfatirah Muhamad Sarih9.1 Introduction 2719.2 Biodegradation 2729.2.1 Biodegradation Polymer Overview 2739.2.2 Natural Rubber (NR) Biodegradation 2749.2.2.1 Microorganisms Involved in the Degradation of NR 2759.2.3 Analysis of NR Degradation 2819.3 Biodegradation of Natural Rubber and Their Composites 2839.3.1 Biodegradation of NR/Cellulose Composite 2869.3.2 Biodegradation of NR/Starch Composite 2879.3.3 Biodegradation of NR with other Natural Fibers 2909.4 Biodegradation of NR and their Nanocomposites 2929.4.1 Biodegradation of NR/Nanocellulose Composite 2939.4.2 Biodegradation of NR/Starch Nanocrystal Composite 2959.5 Conclusions 296References 297Index 305