Customized Technologies for Sustainable Management of Industrial Wastewater

Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, PhD is a professor in the Department of Mining Engineering at the University of South Africa. He has over 220 publications, including journal articles, books, book chapters, and conference proceeding papers. His research focuses on the hydrometallurgical extraction of metal from solid phases, the prediction of pollutant dispersion from industrial areas, and the development of effective and sustainable methods for the removal of organic and inorganic pollutants from polluted water. Vhahangwele Masindi, PhD is the Research and Development Manager at Magalies Water, a research associate at the University of South Africa, and a visiting research scientist at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. He has over 117 publications, including journal articles, books, book chapters, patents, and conference proceeding papers. His research focuses on environmental quality modeling, water resource management, water and wastewater treatment, sustainability, circular economy in water treatment, and waste beneficiation and valorization. Johannes Maree, PhD is the founder of ROC Water Technologies, a company focused on processing mining waste to recover drinking water and other products. His current projects include a Water Research Center project where the ROC process needs to be demonstrated to treat iron-rich acid mine water, a THRIP focusing on the thermal processing of sodium sulphate, and brine treatment with freeze crystallization for the selective recovery of ice, sodium sulphate, and sodium chloride. Bhekie Mamba is the executive dean of the College of Science, Engineering and Technology at the University of South Africa. He has published seven book chapters, over 250 journal papers, 12 technical reports, and over 50 conference proceedings. His research interests include nanotechnology, polymer chemistry, and water treatment technologies.

• Preface xxiiiPart I: Stepwise Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Using a Combination of Approaches 11 A Review of the Reducing and Alkalinity-Producing System (RAPS) for Acid Mine Drainage Neutralization 3Mafeto Malatji, Elvis Fosso-Kankeu and Bhekie B. Mamba1.1 Background 41.2 The Reducing and Alkalinity-Producing System (RAPS) as a Passive Treatment System 101.3 Geochemical Modeling for the Prediction of the Dispersion of Metals in Water Systems 261.4 Conclusion 292 Novel Hybrid Nature-Based Solutions for the Sustainable Treatment of Industrial Wastewater: Alkaline and Acid Mine Drainage 39Schoeman, Y., Erasmus, M., Naidoo, N. and Oberholster, P.J.2.1 Introduction 402.2 Nature-Based Treatment Options for Environmental and Public Health Protection 442.3 NBS for Industrial and Mining Wastewater Treatment 542.4 Novel Hybrid NBS 642.5 Conclusion 1003 Use of Chemical and Physical Techniques in Stepwise Treatment of Industrial Wastewater 111Zvinowanda, Caliphs and Ncube Pauline3.1 Introduction 1123.2 Stepwise Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Using Chemical Operations 1134 Trends on the Occurrence, Challenges, Migration, and Remediation of Emerging Contaminants in Aquatic Environments 135Paki Israel Dikobe, Memory Tekere, Beauclair Nguegang and Vhahangwele Masindi4.1 Introduction 1364.2 Emerging Contaminants in the Environment 1374.3 Classes of Emerging Contaminants 1374.4 Sources of Emerging Contaminants 1474.5 The Effects of the Emerging Contaminants 1524.6 Variation of Emerging Contaminants in Aqueous Environments 1544.7 Required Limits of Potable Water Quality Standards and Guidelines 1584.8 Treatment of Emerging Contaminants 1594.9 Conclusions 1644.10 Future Research Outlook 1655 An Update on the Progress, Trends and Challenges of Drinking Water Treatment and Provision 193Maphanga Donald, Mapula Lucey Moropeng, Vhahangwele Masindi and Beauclair Nguegang5.1 Raw Water 1945.2 Drinking Water Treatment Process 1945.3 Functionalities of Drinking Water Treatment Process 1955.4 Final Water and Challenges 1955.5 Distribution Water Challenges 1965.6 Types of Disinfectants and Oxidants 1975.7 Role of Chlorine in Water Treatment 2005.8 Effects of Chlorine as a Post-Disinfectant 2025.9 Regulatory Requirements 2025.10 Chlorine Decay 2035.11 Chlorine Decay Models 2045.12 The Limitations of Traditional Chlorine Decay Models 2075.13 Experimental Approaches 2075.14 Simulations and Mathematical Estimates 2105.15 The Rate Constant of Chlorine Decay with the Wall of Water Pipe 2115.16 Tools for Simulations and Mathematical Estimates 2125.17 Software Packages for Chlorine Decay Simulations 2145.18 Challenges of Simulations 2155.19 Conclusion and Avenues for Future Research 216Part II: Treatment of Industrial Wastewater Using Sustainable Technologies that are Effective and Affordable 2236 A Comprehensive Assessment of the Chemical-Based Technologies for Waste(Water) Treatment 225Linda L. Sibali, Zolani Dyosi, Beauclair Nguegang and Vhahangwele Masindi6.1 Introduction 2266.2 Overview of Chemical Treatment Technologies 2286.3 Advantages of Chemical Technology Treatment Processes over Biological Processes 2366.4 Overview on Technical Expertise 2406.5 Overview on Equipment and Machinery 2416.6 Overview Recent Chemical Materials Used in Wastewater Treatment Plants 2446.7 Conclusions 2477 Treatment of Flue Gas Desulfurization Wastewater from Power Stations Using Freeze Crystallization 257A.L. Tau and J.P. Maree7.1 Introduction 2597.2 Literature Review on Freeze Crystallization 2637.3 Water Treatment with the Integrated Power Plant 2927.4 Treatment Options 2967.5 Conclusions 3057.6 Recommendations 3058 Sustainabilities and Challenges of Safe Drinking Water Provisions in Low- and Middle-Income Countries 311Siphelele Nduli, Memory Tekere, Vhahangwele Masindi and Beauclair Nguegang8.1 Introduction 3128.2 Sources of Surface Water Contamination 3128.3 Common Microbial Contaminants of Water and Their Public Health Implications 3178.4 Processes for Surface Water Treatment for Drinking Purposes 3198.5 Factors Shaping Microbial Community Composition of Water 3268.6 Sampling for Microbial Community Composition Studies 3338.7 Approaches to Studying Microbial Community Composition 3358.8 Conclusion 341Part III: Optimization of the Recovery of Valuable By-Products from the Treatment Process (Circular Economy) 3579 Avenues for the Recovery and Synthesis of Valuable Minerals from Municipal Wastewater and Their Valorization 359Collen Nepfumbada, Tavenga Nikita, Beauclair Nguegang and Vhahangwele Masindi9.1 Introduction 3609.2 Streams and Their Composition 3639.3 Ecological Impacts of Municipal Wastewater 3649.4 Municipal Wastewater Treatment Methods 3679.5 Water Treatment Challenges 3699.6 Beneficiation and Valorization of Products 3699.7 Valorization Challenges and Sustainability 3729.8 Conclusions 3739.9 Future Outlook and Research Avenues 37410 Recovery, Valorization, and Beneficiation of Valuable Minerals From Natural Acid Mine Drainage and Their Respective Application in Wastewater Treatment 389Khathutshelo Lilith Muedi, Vhahangwele Masindi and Hendrik Gideon Brink10.1 Introduction 39110.2 Acid Mine Drainage and Its Mechanisms 39110.3 Diverse Mine Effluents and Their Elemental Composition 39610.4 Ramifications of Acid Mine Drainage 39910.5 Treatment Technologies of Acid Mine Drainage 40210.6 Acid Mine Drainage Exploitation Opportunities 40610.7 Heavy Metal Contaminants in Wastewater 42110.8 Other Paramount Water Contaminants 43010.9 Adsorption Phenomena 43910.10 Conclusions 44811 Recovery of Na 2 Co 3 and Mg(OH) 2 from Alkali Earth Metal Sulfates 467Conny P. Mokgohloa, Johannes P. Maree, Malose P. Mokhonoana and Mary P. Motaung11.1 Introduction 46811.2 Literature 47011.3 Materials and Methods 47811.4 Results and Discussion 48211.5 Conclusions 53112 Trends, Prospects, and Challenges of Treatment, Recovering, and Synthesizing Valuable Minerals from Acid Mine Drainage 537N. Tshikosi, B. Nguegang, Vhahangwele Masindi and M.M. Ramakokovhu12.1 Introduction 53812.2 Formation of Acid Mine Drainage 53812.3 Composition of Different Mine Drainages 54012.4 Challenges of Acid Mine Drainage 54212.5 Treatment Strategies of AMD (Active, Passive, and Integrated) 54512.6 Adsorption 55012.7 Types of the Adsorption Process 55212.8 Adsorbents 55312.9 Opportunities of Acid Mine Drainage 55412.10 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 55813 Technical and Economic Feasibility of Pigment and Drinking Water Recovery from Iron-Rich Acid Mine Water 565Mokgadi Gladness Rapeta, Johannes Philippus Maree and Tumelo Monty Mogashane13.1 Background 56613.2 Literature 57113.3 Materials and Methods 57713.4 Results and Discussion 58113.5 Intensive Farming 59413.6 Conclusions 595Acknowledgments 596References 597Index 603