R. K. Saket, PhD, is a Full Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi (UP), India. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and an Associate Editor of IET Renewable Power Generation, IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, IEEE Access, and the Managing Guest Editor of IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society, Computers & Electrical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering (Springer Nature). P. Sanjeevikumar, PhD, is a Full Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Cybernetics, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions of Industry Applications, and the Deputy/Subject Editor of IET Renewable Power Generation, IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IETE Journal of Research, and FACETS (Canada).

• About the Authors xixList of Contributors xxiForeword xxviiPreface xxixAcknowledgments xxxiiiSection 1 Reliability Principles and Applications 11 Basic Principles and Scientific Importance of Reliability Theory 3Aanchal Verma, Akanksha Singh S. Vardhan, Vanitha Bagana, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar1.1 Introduction 31.2 Basic Concept of Reliability Engineering 41.3 Scientific Importance of Reliability in Modern Technology 61.4 Basic Concept of Probability Theory 71.5 Basic Concepts of System Reliability 91.6 Conclusion 172 Bayesian Approach for Reliability Evaluation and Remaining Useful Life Prediction 19Debasis Jana, Suprakash Gupta, and Deepak Kumar2.1 Introduction 192.2 Bayesian Network 202.3 Bayesian Reliability 222.4 Application of BN in Reliability and Remaining Useful Life 232.5 Dynamic Bayesian Networks 262.6 Advantages and Limitations of BN and DBN 272.7 Conclusion 283 Evaluation of Basic Reliability Indices Using State Enumeration Method 31Rajesh Arya, Chandrima Roy, Atul Koshti, Ramesh C. Bansal, and Liladhar Arya3.1 Introduction 313.2 Markov Process 313.3 Solution of State Equations 343.4 Functions of a Single Component’s Availability and Unavailability 373.5 Two-Component State Model and State Probabilities 383.6 Three-Component State Transition Diagram 403.7 Concept of Frequency and Mean Duration 413.8 Frequency of Combined Events 423.9 State Enumeration Technique for Obtaining Frequency-Duration (FD) 443.10 Conclusion 494 Methodologies for Reliability Evaluation of Network 51Rajesh Arya, Atul Koshti, Aanchal Verma, Baseem Khan, and Liladhar Arya4.1 Introduction 514.2 Series Network 514.3 Parallel Network 534.4 Partially Redundant System 564.5 Reliability Evaluation of Complex Networks 574.6 Determination of Tie-Sets 634.7 Method of Obtaining Cut-Set 654.8 Multistate Model 664.9 Illustrative Examples 684.10 Conclusions 725 Probabilistic Approach for Standby and Load-Sharing System Reliability Evaluation 75Rajesh Arya, R. K. Saket, Atul Koshti, Saad Mekhilef, and Pradeep Purey5.1 Introduction 755.2 Reliability Evaluation Under Ideal Condition 755.3 Standby System Reliability Evaluation Under Nonideal Condition 785.4 Reliability Evaluation of Load-Sharing System (Endrenyi 1978) 815.5 Illustrative Examples 835.6 Conclusion 88Section 2 Reliability-Based Systems Design 916 Physical Reliability Methods and Design for System Reliability 93Smriti Singh, Jyoti Maurya, Eram Taslima, Bharat B. Sagar, and R. K. Saket6.1 Introduction 936.2 Reliability Methods 946.3 Design Analysis and Process 1056.4 Conclusions 1107 Design for Maintainability and Availability Analysis for System Design 113Jyoti Maurya, Om P. Bharti, K. S. Anand Kumar, and R. K. Saket7.1 Introduction 1137.2 Elements of Maintainability 1147.3 Availability of the Systems 1207.4 Conclusion 1238 Genetic Algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks in Reliability-Based Design Optimization 125Heeralal Gargama, Sanjay Kumar Chaturvedi, and Rajiv Nandan Rai8.1 Introduction 1258.2 Reliability-based Design 1278.3 RBDO Methodology Using PSF and ANNs 1348.4 Conclusion 1378.A Evaluation of Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness 1389 Parametric Estimation Models for Minimal and Imperfect Maintenance 143Rajiv Nandan Rai, Sanjay Kumar Chaturvedi, and Heeralal Gargama9.1 Introduction 1439.2 Maintenance Actions on Maintained Systems 1459.3 Classifications of Imperfect Maintenance Categories 1469.4 Parametric Reliability Estimation Models for Maintained Systems 1499.5 NHPP: Illustrative Example 1539.6 Generalized Renewal Process 1569.7 GRP: Illustrative Examples 1619.8 Conclusion 164Section 3 Reliability Analysis of Transmission Systems 16710 Transmission System Reliability Evaluation Including Security 169Pushpendra Singh, Rajesh Arya, Lakhan Singh Titare, Mohd. Tauseef Khan, and Sharat Chandra Choube10.1 Introduction 16910.2 Problem Formulation 17110.3 Monte Carlo Simulation for Evaluation of the Security Index: With and Without Considering the Absence of Transmission Lines 17210.4 Evaluation of the Load Flow’s Minimal Eigenvalue Jacobian 17410.5 Evaluation of Schur’s Inequality 17510.6 Evaluation of the PSI and the Cut-set Approach 17510.7 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) Assessment of Probabilistic Insecurity 17710.8 Results and Discussions 17810.9 Conclusions 19010.A.1 Data for IEEE six-bus, seven-line test system (100MVA Base) 19110.A.2 Data for IEEE 14-bus, 20-line system (100MVA Base) 19210.A.3 Data for IEEE 25-bus, 35 line system (100MVA Base) 19411 Probabilistic Voltage Security Assessment and Enhancement Using Rescheduling of Reactive Power Control Variables 199Lakhan Singh Titare, Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, Liladhar Arya, and Devkaran Sakravdia11.1 Introduction 19911.2 Computation of Probabilistic Insecurity Index (PII) Using Cut-set Technique 20111.3 Computation of Probabilistic Insecurity Index (PII) Sensitivity using ANN 20211.4 Voltage Security Enhancement using a Monovariable Approach 20511.5 Results and Discussion 20611.6 Conclusions 214Section 4 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Systems 21712 Modern Aspects of Probabilistic Distributions for Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems 219Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, Aanchal Verma, Jyotsna Ogale, R. K. Saket, and Stuart Galloway12.1 Introduction 21912.2 Life Distribution of Power Components: An Overview 22012.3 Failure Distribution Functions for Reliability Evaluation 22712.4 Use of Exponential Model to Evaluate Reliability and MTBF 23212.5 Probabilistic Methods For Reliability Evaluation 23312.6 Additional Solved Examples 24212.7 Conclusion 24413 Reliability Enhancement of Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Active Distributed Generations 247Kalpesh B. Kela, Bhavik N. Suthar, Smriti Singh, Rajesh Arya, and Liladhar Arya13.1 Introduction 24713.2 Electrical Distribution Reliability Indices: Customer and Energy Based 24913.3 Defining the Problem 25013.4 The Flower Pollination Algorithm Overview 25313.5 Solution Approach 25413.6 Discussions and Outcomes 25813.7 Conclusion 26114 Reliability Enhancement Strategy for Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Reward and Penalty 267Kalpesh B. Kela, Bhavik N. Suthar, Liladhar Arya, and Rajesh Arya14.1 Introduction 26714.2 Reward and Penalty System (RPS) 26914.3 Problem Identification 27114.4 Rao Algorithms: An Overview 27314.5 Steps to Solve the Problem 27414.6 A Discussion of the Findings 27414.7 Conclusion 28115 Reliability Analysis of Composite Distribution System Using Frequency Duration Concept 285Atul Koshti, Eram Taslima, Pradeep Purey, Liladhar Arya, and Sharat C. Choube15.1 Introduction 28515.2 Components Modeling in Composite Distribution System (CDS) 28615.3 Frequency-Duration Concept for Reliability Indices Evaluation 28615.4 MCS-Based Reliability Indices Evaluation of CDS 28815.5 Result and Discussion 28915.6 Illustrative Examples 29015.7 Conclusions 298Section 5 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Systems Integrated With Renewable Energy Systems 30116 Reliability Assessment of Distribution Systems Integrated with Renewable Energy Systems 303Sachin Kumar, Sandeep Kumar, Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar16.1 Introduction 30316.2 Reliability Functions 30516.3 Renewable Energy Sources 30716.4 Optimization and Control 31316.5 Case Study 31516.6 Challenges and Future Directions 32016.7 Conclusion 32317 Reliability Evaluation and Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic Energy Systems for Rural Electrification Using Markov Process 325Santosh S. Raghuwanshi, Smriti Singh, Akanksha Singh S. Vardhan, Rajesh Arya, and R. K. Saket17.1 Introduction 32517.2 Reliability Indices 32617.3 Markov Process 32717.4 Reliability of the System 32917.5 Conclusion 33818 Probabilistic Distribution and Monte Carlo Approach for Reliability Evaluation of SEIG-Based Micro Hydro Power Generation System 341Lokesh Varshney, Kanhaiya Kumar, Gautam Singh Dohare, Udaya M. Bhaskara Rao, and Jitendra Singh Shakya18.1 Introduction 34118.2 Residual Magnetism in SEIG: Restoration and Loss 34218.3 Problems with SEIG Excitation Failure in RE Systems 34318.4 SEIG Tests with Lowest Capacitive Excitation 34318.5 Rotor Core Magnetization of SEIG Reliability Assessment Using Least Capacitor Score 34418.6 Discussion and Outcomes 34918.7 Conclusion 35019 Reliability and Mean Life Assessment of Solar Panel by Cooling 353Rahul Agrawal, Jyotsna Ogale, Nga T. T. Nguyen, R. K. Saket, and Joydeep Mitra19.1 Introduction 35319.2 Methodology 35519.3 Reliability Assessment 36519.4 Probability Density Function 36919.5 Cumulative Distribution Function 37119.6 Results 37819.7 Conclusion 37820 Reliability Assessment of Different Topologies in Photovoltaic System 381Laxman Chaudhary, Aanchal Verma, Ramesh C. Bansal, and R. K. Saket20.1 Introduction 38120.2 Reliability Modeling of PV Topology 38520.3 Estimation of Failure Rate 38720.4 Reliability Estimation Using RBD 38820.5 Results 40020.6 Conclusions 405Section 6 Reliability Analysis of Power Electronics Components and Systems for Modern Power System Applications 40921 Reliability Evaluation of Power Electronics Converters for Modern Power System Applications 411Amit Kumar, Sachin Kumar, Sunil K. Singh, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar21.1 Introduction 41121.2 Failures in Power Electronics Converters 41221.3 Estimation and Monitoring of Junction Temperature 41421.4 Reliability of a Modern Power System 42021.5 Challenges and Future Directions 42422 Reliability Assessment of Sub-components of Electric Vehicle for Performance Enhancement Grid Integrated Power System 427Saumya Singh, Dhawal Dwivedi, Sandeep K. Soni, R. K. Saket, and Dwarkadas P. Kothari22.1 Introduction 42722.2 Electric Vehicles and Grid Integration 42822.3 Sub-components of EVs 43122.4 Reliability Assessment Techniques in EVs 43522.5 Evaluation of Distribution Systems Reliability with Integrated EVs 44322.6 Conclusion 44823 Reliability Assessment of Multilevel Inverter for Modern Power System Applications 451Saumya Singh, Dhawal Dwivedi, Kumari Sarita, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar23.1 Introduction 45123.2 Reliability Assessment Techniques 45323.3 Types of Multilevel Inverters (MLIs) 45623.4 Comparative Reliability Assessment of MLIs 46323.5 Conclusion 46424 Reliability Aspects in Snubber Circuit for Industrial Power Applications 467Dhawal Dwivedi, Saumya Singh, Kumari Sarita, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar24.1 Introduction 46724.2 Passive Snubber Circuit 46824.3 Selection of Turn-OFF Snubber 46924.4 Design of a Discharge-Suppressing RCD Snubber 47124.5 Simulation Results of RCD Snubber 47224.6 Reliability Aspects in Snubber Design for Industrial Power Applications 47624.7 Conclusion 47825 Reliability Assessment of Power Electronics Devices and Systems for Modern Power Applications 481Jyoti Maurya, Saumya Singh, Sachin Kumar, P. Sanjeevikumar, and R. K. Saket25.1 Introduction 48125.2 Concept of PEDS Reliability in Modern Power System 48325.3 V-Shape Model-Based Reliability Assessment in PEDS 48625.4 Converter Reliability Modeling 48925.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 49226 Reliability Aspects in the Design and Development of Microgrids 493Amit Kumar, Sachin Kumar, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz, R. K. Saket, and D. P. Kothari26.1 Introduction 49326.2 Architecture and Operation of Microgrid 49426.3 Microgrid Control Strategies 49626.4 Reliability Aspects in Microgrid Planning and Design 49926.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 504References 505Abbreviations 507Notations 513Index 525

R. K. Saket, PhD, is a Full Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi (UP), India. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and an Associate Editor of IET Renewable Power Generation, IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, IEEE Access, and the Managing Guest Editor of IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society, Computers & Electrical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering (Springer Nature). P. Sanjeevikumar, PhD, is a Full Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Cybernetics, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions of Industry Applications, and the Deputy/Subject Editor of IET Renewable Power Generation, IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IETE Journal of Research, and FACETS (Canada).

• About the Authors xixList of Contributors xxiForeword xxviiPreface xxixAcknowledgments xxxiiiSection 1 Reliability Principles and Applications 11 Basic Principles and Scientific Importance of Reliability Theory 3Aanchal Verma, Akanksha Singh S. Vardhan, Vanitha Bagana, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar1.1 Introduction 31.2 Basic Concept of Reliability Engineering 41.3 Scientific Importance of Reliability in Modern Technology 61.4 Basic Concept of Probability Theory 71.5 Basic Concepts of System Reliability 91.6 Conclusion 172 Bayesian Approach for Reliability Evaluation and Remaining Useful Life Prediction 19Debasis Jana, Suprakash Gupta, and Deepak Kumar2.1 Introduction 192.2 Bayesian Network 202.3 Bayesian Reliability 222.4 Application of BN in Reliability and Remaining Useful Life 232.5 Dynamic Bayesian Networks 262.6 Advantages and Limitations of BN and DBN 272.7 Conclusion 283 Evaluation of Basic Reliability Indices Using State Enumeration Method 31Rajesh Arya, Chandrima Roy, Atul Koshti, Ramesh C. Bansal, and Liladhar Arya3.1 Introduction 313.2 Markov Process 313.3 Solution of State Equations 343.4 Functions of a Single Component’s Availability and Unavailability 373.5 Two-Component State Model and State Probabilities 383.6 Three-Component State Transition Diagram 403.7 Concept of Frequency and Mean Duration 413.8 Frequency of Combined Events 423.9 State Enumeration Technique for Obtaining Frequency-Duration (FD) 443.10 Conclusion 494 Methodologies for Reliability Evaluation of Network 51Rajesh Arya, Atul Koshti, Aanchal Verma, Baseem Khan, and Liladhar Arya4.1 Introduction 514.2 Series Network 514.3 Parallel Network 534.4 Partially Redundant System 564.5 Reliability Evaluation of Complex Networks 574.6 Determination of Tie-Sets 634.7 Method of Obtaining Cut-Set 654.8 Multistate Model 664.9 Illustrative Examples 684.10 Conclusions 725 Probabilistic Approach for Standby and Load-Sharing System Reliability Evaluation 75Rajesh Arya, R. K. Saket, Atul Koshti, Saad Mekhilef, and Pradeep Purey5.1 Introduction 755.2 Reliability Evaluation Under Ideal Condition 755.3 Standby System Reliability Evaluation Under Nonideal Condition 785.4 Reliability Evaluation of Load-Sharing System (Endrenyi 1978) 815.5 Illustrative Examples 835.6 Conclusion 88Section 2 Reliability-Based Systems Design 916 Physical Reliability Methods and Design for System Reliability 93Smriti Singh, Jyoti Maurya, Eram Taslima, Bharat B. Sagar, and R. K. Saket6.1 Introduction 936.2 Reliability Methods 946.3 Design Analysis and Process 1056.4 Conclusions 1107 Design for Maintainability and Availability Analysis for System Design 113Jyoti Maurya, Om P. Bharti, K. S. Anand Kumar, and R. K. Saket7.1 Introduction 1137.2 Elements of Maintainability 1147.3 Availability of the Systems 1207.4 Conclusion 1238 Genetic Algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks in Reliability-Based Design Optimization 125Heeralal Gargama, Sanjay Kumar Chaturvedi, and Rajiv Nandan Rai8.1 Introduction 1258.2 Reliability-based Design 1278.3 RBDO Methodology Using PSF and ANNs 1348.4 Conclusion 1378.A Evaluation of Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness 1389 Parametric Estimation Models for Minimal and Imperfect Maintenance 143Rajiv Nandan Rai, Sanjay Kumar Chaturvedi, and Heeralal Gargama9.1 Introduction 1439.2 Maintenance Actions on Maintained Systems 1459.3 Classifications of Imperfect Maintenance Categories 1469.4 Parametric Reliability Estimation Models for Maintained Systems 1499.5 NHPP: Illustrative Example 1539.6 Generalized Renewal Process 1569.7 GRP: Illustrative Examples 1619.8 Conclusion 164Section 3 Reliability Analysis of Transmission Systems 16710 Transmission System Reliability Evaluation Including Security 169Pushpendra Singh, Rajesh Arya, Lakhan Singh Titare, Mohd. Tauseef Khan, and Sharat Chandra Choube10.1 Introduction 16910.2 Problem Formulation 17110.3 Monte Carlo Simulation for Evaluation of the Security Index: With and Without Considering the Absence of Transmission Lines 17210.4 Evaluation of the Load Flow’s Minimal Eigenvalue Jacobian 17410.5 Evaluation of Schur’s Inequality 17510.6 Evaluation of the PSI and the Cut-set Approach 17510.7 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) Assessment of Probabilistic Insecurity 17710.8 Results and Discussions 17810.9 Conclusions 19010.A.1 Data for IEEE six-bus, seven-line test system (100MVA Base) 19110.A.2 Data for IEEE 14-bus, 20-line system (100MVA Base) 19210.A.3 Data for IEEE 25-bus, 35 line system (100MVA Base) 19411 Probabilistic Voltage Security Assessment and Enhancement Using Rescheduling of Reactive Power Control Variables 199Lakhan Singh Titare, Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, Liladhar Arya, and Devkaran Sakravdia11.1 Introduction 19911.2 Computation of Probabilistic Insecurity Index (PII) Using Cut-set Technique 20111.3 Computation of Probabilistic Insecurity Index (PII) Sensitivity using ANN 20211.4 Voltage Security Enhancement using a Monovariable Approach 20511.5 Results and Discussion 20611.6 Conclusions 214Section 4 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Systems 21712 Modern Aspects of Probabilistic Distributions for Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems 219Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, Aanchal Verma, Jyotsna Ogale, R. K. Saket, and Stuart Galloway12.1 Introduction 21912.2 Life Distribution of Power Components: An Overview 22012.3 Failure Distribution Functions for Reliability Evaluation 22712.4 Use of Exponential Model to Evaluate Reliability and MTBF 23212.5 Probabilistic Methods For Reliability Evaluation 23312.6 Additional Solved Examples 24212.7 Conclusion 24413 Reliability Enhancement of Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Active Distributed Generations 247Kalpesh B. Kela, Bhavik N. Suthar, Smriti Singh, Rajesh Arya, and Liladhar Arya13.1 Introduction 24713.2 Electrical Distribution Reliability Indices: Customer and Energy Based 24913.3 Defining the Problem 25013.4 The Flower Pollination Algorithm Overview 25313.5 Solution Approach 25413.6 Discussions and Outcomes 25813.7 Conclusion 26114 Reliability Enhancement Strategy for Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Reward and Penalty 267Kalpesh B. Kela, Bhavik N. Suthar, Liladhar Arya, and Rajesh Arya14.1 Introduction 26714.2 Reward and Penalty System (RPS) 26914.3 Problem Identification 27114.4 Rao Algorithms: An Overview 27314.5 Steps to Solve the Problem 27414.6 A Discussion of the Findings 27414.7 Conclusion 28115 Reliability Analysis of Composite Distribution System Using Frequency Duration Concept 285Atul Koshti, Eram Taslima, Pradeep Purey, Liladhar Arya, and Sharat C. Choube15.1 Introduction 28515.2 Components Modeling in Composite Distribution System (CDS) 28615.3 Frequency-Duration Concept for Reliability Indices Evaluation 28615.4 MCS-Based Reliability Indices Evaluation of CDS 28815.5 Result and Discussion 28915.6 Illustrative Examples 29015.7 Conclusions 298Section 5 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Systems Integrated With Renewable Energy Systems 30116 Reliability Assessment of Distribution Systems Integrated with Renewable Energy Systems 303Sachin Kumar, Sandeep Kumar, Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar16.1 Introduction 30316.2 Reliability Functions 30516.3 Renewable Energy Sources 30716.4 Optimization and Control 31316.5 Case Study 31516.6 Challenges and Future Directions 32016.7 Conclusion 32317 Reliability Evaluation and Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic Energy Systems for Rural Electrification Using Markov Process 325Santosh S. Raghuwanshi, Smriti Singh, Akanksha Singh S. Vardhan, Rajesh Arya, and R. K. Saket17.1 Introduction 32517.2 Reliability Indices 32617.3 Markov Process 32717.4 Reliability of the System 32917.5 Conclusion 33818 Probabilistic Distribution and Monte Carlo Approach for Reliability Evaluation of SEIG-Based Micro Hydro Power Generation System 341Lokesh Varshney, Kanhaiya Kumar, Gautam Singh Dohare, Udaya M. Bhaskara Rao, and Jitendra Singh Shakya18.1 Introduction 34118.2 Residual Magnetism in SEIG: Restoration and Loss 34218.3 Problems with SEIG Excitation Failure in RE Systems 34318.4 SEIG Tests with Lowest Capacitive Excitation 34318.5 Rotor Core Magnetization of SEIG Reliability Assessment Using Least Capacitor Score 34418.6 Discussion and Outcomes 34918.7 Conclusion 35019 Reliability and Mean Life Assessment of Solar Panel by Cooling 353Rahul Agrawal, Jyotsna Ogale, Nga T. T. Nguyen, R. K. Saket, and Joydeep Mitra19.1 Introduction 35319.2 Methodology 35519.3 Reliability Assessment 36519.4 Probability Density Function 36919.5 Cumulative Distribution Function 37119.6 Results 37819.7 Conclusion 37820 Reliability Assessment of Different Topologies in Photovoltaic System 381Laxman Chaudhary, Aanchal Verma, Ramesh C. Bansal, and R. K. Saket20.1 Introduction 38120.2 Reliability Modeling of PV Topology 38520.3 Estimation of Failure Rate 38720.4 Reliability Estimation Using RBD 38820.5 Results 40020.6 Conclusions 405Section 6 Reliability Analysis of Power Electronics Components and Systems for Modern Power System Applications 40921 Reliability Evaluation of Power Electronics Converters for Modern Power System Applications 411Amit Kumar, Sachin Kumar, Sunil K. Singh, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar21.1 Introduction 41121.2 Failures in Power Electronics Converters 41221.3 Estimation and Monitoring of Junction Temperature 41421.4 Reliability of a Modern Power System 42021.5 Challenges and Future Directions 42422 Reliability Assessment of Sub-components of Electric Vehicle for Performance Enhancement Grid Integrated Power System 427Saumya Singh, Dhawal Dwivedi, Sandeep K. Soni, R. K. Saket, and Dwarkadas P. Kothari22.1 Introduction 42722.2 Electric Vehicles and Grid Integration 42822.3 Sub-components of EVs 43122.4 Reliability Assessment Techniques in EVs 43522.5 Evaluation of Distribution Systems Reliability with Integrated EVs 44322.6 Conclusion 44823 Reliability Assessment of Multilevel Inverter for Modern Power System Applications 451Saumya Singh, Dhawal Dwivedi, Kumari Sarita, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar23.1 Introduction 45123.2 Reliability Assessment Techniques 45323.3 Types of Multilevel Inverters (MLIs) 45623.4 Comparative Reliability Assessment of MLIs 46323.5 Conclusion 46424 Reliability Aspects in Snubber Circuit for Industrial Power Applications 467Dhawal Dwivedi, Saumya Singh, Kumari Sarita, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar24.1 Introduction 46724.2 Passive Snubber Circuit 46824.3 Selection of Turn-OFF Snubber 46924.4 Design of a Discharge-Suppressing RCD Snubber 47124.5 Simulation Results of RCD Snubber 47224.6 Reliability Aspects in Snubber Design for Industrial Power Applications 47624.7 Conclusion 47825 Reliability Assessment of Power Electronics Devices and Systems for Modern Power Applications 481Jyoti Maurya, Saumya Singh, Sachin Kumar, P. Sanjeevikumar, and R. K. Saket25.1 Introduction 48125.2 Concept of PEDS Reliability in Modern Power System 48325.3 V-Shape Model-Based Reliability Assessment in PEDS 48625.4 Converter Reliability Modeling 48925.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 49226 Reliability Aspects in the Design and Development of Microgrids 493Amit Kumar, Sachin Kumar, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz, R. K. Saket, and D. P. Kothari26.1 Introduction 49326.2 Architecture and Operation of Microgrid 49426.3 Microgrid Control Strategies 49626.4 Reliability Aspects in Microgrid Planning and Design 49926.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 504References 505Abbreviations 507Notations 513Index 525

R. K. Saket, PhD, is a Full Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) Varanasi (UP), India. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and an Associate Editor of IET Renewable Power Generation, IET Electrical Systems in Transportation, IEEE Access, and the Managing Guest Editor of IEEE Journal of the Electron Devices Society, Computers & Electrical Engineering, and Electrical Engineering (Springer Nature). P. Sanjeevikumar, PhD, is a Full Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Information Technology and Cybernetics, University of South-Eastern Norway, Porsgrunn, Norway. He is a Senior Member of IEEE and an Associate Editor of the IEEE Transactions of Industry Applications, and the Deputy/Subject Editor of IET Renewable Power Generation, IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution, IETE Journal of Research, and FACETS (Canada).

• About the Authors xixList of Contributors xxiForeword xxviiPreface xxixAcknowledgments xxxiiiSection 1 Reliability Principles and Applications 11 Basic Principles and Scientific Importance of Reliability Theory 3Aanchal Verma, Akanksha Singh S. Vardhan, Vanitha Bagana, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar1.1 Introduction 31.2 Basic Concept of Reliability Engineering 41.3 Scientific Importance of Reliability in Modern Technology 61.4 Basic Concept of Probability Theory 71.5 Basic Concepts of System Reliability 91.6 Conclusion 172 Bayesian Approach for Reliability Evaluation and Remaining Useful Life Prediction 19Debasis Jana, Suprakash Gupta, and Deepak Kumar2.1 Introduction 192.2 Bayesian Network 202.3 Bayesian Reliability 222.4 Application of BN in Reliability and Remaining Useful Life 232.5 Dynamic Bayesian Networks 262.6 Advantages and Limitations of BN and DBN 272.7 Conclusion 283 Evaluation of Basic Reliability Indices Using State Enumeration Method 31Rajesh Arya, Chandrima Roy, Atul Koshti, Ramesh C. Bansal, and Liladhar Arya3.1 Introduction 313.2 Markov Process 313.3 Solution of State Equations 343.4 Functions of a Single Component’s Availability and Unavailability 373.5 Two-Component State Model and State Probabilities 383.6 Three-Component State Transition Diagram 403.7 Concept of Frequency and Mean Duration 413.8 Frequency of Combined Events 423.9 State Enumeration Technique for Obtaining Frequency-Duration (FD) 443.10 Conclusion 494 Methodologies for Reliability Evaluation of Network 51Rajesh Arya, Atul Koshti, Aanchal Verma, Baseem Khan, and Liladhar Arya4.1 Introduction 514.2 Series Network 514.3 Parallel Network 534.4 Partially Redundant System 564.5 Reliability Evaluation of Complex Networks 574.6 Determination of Tie-Sets 634.7 Method of Obtaining Cut-Set 654.8 Multistate Model 664.9 Illustrative Examples 684.10 Conclusions 725 Probabilistic Approach for Standby and Load-Sharing System Reliability Evaluation 75Rajesh Arya, R. K. Saket, Atul Koshti, Saad Mekhilef, and Pradeep Purey5.1 Introduction 755.2 Reliability Evaluation Under Ideal Condition 755.3 Standby System Reliability Evaluation Under Nonideal Condition 785.4 Reliability Evaluation of Load-Sharing System (Endrenyi 1978) 815.5 Illustrative Examples 835.6 Conclusion 88Section 2 Reliability-Based Systems Design 916 Physical Reliability Methods and Design for System Reliability 93Smriti Singh, Jyoti Maurya, Eram Taslima, Bharat B. Sagar, and R. K. Saket6.1 Introduction 936.2 Reliability Methods 946.3 Design Analysis and Process 1056.4 Conclusions 1107 Design for Maintainability and Availability Analysis for System Design 113Jyoti Maurya, Om P. Bharti, K. S. Anand Kumar, and R. K. Saket7.1 Introduction 1137.2 Elements of Maintainability 1147.3 Availability of the Systems 1207.4 Conclusion 1238 Genetic Algorithm and Artificial Neural Networks in Reliability-Based Design Optimization 125Heeralal Gargama, Sanjay Kumar Chaturvedi, and Rajiv Nandan Rai8.1 Introduction 1258.2 Reliability-based Design 1278.3 RBDO Methodology Using PSF and ANNs 1348.4 Conclusion 1378.A Evaluation of Electromagnetic Shielding Effectiveness 1389 Parametric Estimation Models for Minimal and Imperfect Maintenance 143Rajiv Nandan Rai, Sanjay Kumar Chaturvedi, and Heeralal Gargama9.1 Introduction 1439.2 Maintenance Actions on Maintained Systems 1459.3 Classifications of Imperfect Maintenance Categories 1469.4 Parametric Reliability Estimation Models for Maintained Systems 1499.5 NHPP: Illustrative Example 1539.6 Generalized Renewal Process 1569.7 GRP: Illustrative Examples 1619.8 Conclusion 164Section 3 Reliability Analysis of Transmission Systems 16710 Transmission System Reliability Evaluation Including Security 169Pushpendra Singh, Rajesh Arya, Lakhan Singh Titare, Mohd. Tauseef Khan, and Sharat Chandra Choube10.1 Introduction 16910.2 Problem Formulation 17110.3 Monte Carlo Simulation for Evaluation of the Security Index: With and Without Considering the Absence of Transmission Lines 17210.4 Evaluation of the Load Flow’s Minimal Eigenvalue Jacobian 17410.5 Evaluation of Schur’s Inequality 17510.6 Evaluation of the PSI and the Cut-set Approach 17510.7 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) Assessment of Probabilistic Insecurity 17710.8 Results and Discussions 17810.9 Conclusions 19010.A.1 Data for IEEE six-bus, seven-line test system (100MVA Base) 19110.A.2 Data for IEEE 14-bus, 20-line system (100MVA Base) 19210.A.3 Data for IEEE 25-bus, 35 line system (100MVA Base) 19411 Probabilistic Voltage Security Assessment and Enhancement Using Rescheduling of Reactive Power Control Variables 199Lakhan Singh Titare, Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, Liladhar Arya, and Devkaran Sakravdia11.1 Introduction 19911.2 Computation of Probabilistic Insecurity Index (PII) Using Cut-set Technique 20111.3 Computation of Probabilistic Insecurity Index (PII) Sensitivity using ANN 20211.4 Voltage Security Enhancement using a Monovariable Approach 20511.5 Results and Discussion 20611.6 Conclusions 214Section 4 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Systems 21712 Modern Aspects of Probabilistic Distributions for Reliability Evaluation of Engineering Systems 219Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, Aanchal Verma, Jyotsna Ogale, R. K. Saket, and Stuart Galloway12.1 Introduction 21912.2 Life Distribution of Power Components: An Overview 22012.3 Failure Distribution Functions for Reliability Evaluation 22712.4 Use of Exponential Model to Evaluate Reliability and MTBF 23212.5 Probabilistic Methods For Reliability Evaluation 23312.6 Additional Solved Examples 24212.7 Conclusion 24413 Reliability Enhancement of Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Active Distributed Generations 247Kalpesh B. Kela, Bhavik N. Suthar, Smriti Singh, Rajesh Arya, and Liladhar Arya13.1 Introduction 24713.2 Electrical Distribution Reliability Indices: Customer and Energy Based 24913.3 Defining the Problem 25013.4 The Flower Pollination Algorithm Overview 25313.5 Solution Approach 25413.6 Discussions and Outcomes 25813.7 Conclusion 26114 Reliability Enhancement Strategy for Electrical Distribution Systems Considering Reward and Penalty 267Kalpesh B. Kela, Bhavik N. Suthar, Liladhar Arya, and Rajesh Arya14.1 Introduction 26714.2 Reward and Penalty System (RPS) 26914.3 Problem Identification 27114.4 Rao Algorithms: An Overview 27314.5 Steps to Solve the Problem 27414.6 A Discussion of the Findings 27414.7 Conclusion 28115 Reliability Analysis of Composite Distribution System Using Frequency Duration Concept 285Atul Koshti, Eram Taslima, Pradeep Purey, Liladhar Arya, and Sharat C. Choube15.1 Introduction 28515.2 Components Modeling in Composite Distribution System (CDS) 28615.3 Frequency-Duration Concept for Reliability Indices Evaluation 28615.4 MCS-Based Reliability Indices Evaluation of CDS 28815.5 Result and Discussion 28915.6 Illustrative Examples 29015.7 Conclusions 298Section 5 Reliability Analysis of Distribution Systems Integrated With Renewable Energy Systems 30116 Reliability Assessment of Distribution Systems Integrated with Renewable Energy Systems 303Sachin Kumar, Sandeep Kumar, Aanchal Singh S. Vardhan, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar16.1 Introduction 30316.2 Reliability Functions 30516.3 Renewable Energy Sources 30716.4 Optimization and Control 31316.5 Case Study 31516.6 Challenges and Future Directions 32016.7 Conclusion 32317 Reliability Evaluation and Performance of Hybrid Photovoltaic Energy Systems for Rural Electrification Using Markov Process 325Santosh S. Raghuwanshi, Smriti Singh, Akanksha Singh S. Vardhan, Rajesh Arya, and R. K. Saket17.1 Introduction 32517.2 Reliability Indices 32617.3 Markov Process 32717.4 Reliability of the System 32917.5 Conclusion 33818 Probabilistic Distribution and Monte Carlo Approach for Reliability Evaluation of SEIG-Based Micro Hydro Power Generation System 341Lokesh Varshney, Kanhaiya Kumar, Gautam Singh Dohare, Udaya M. Bhaskara Rao, and Jitendra Singh Shakya18.1 Introduction 34118.2 Residual Magnetism in SEIG: Restoration and Loss 34218.3 Problems with SEIG Excitation Failure in RE Systems 34318.4 SEIG Tests with Lowest Capacitive Excitation 34318.5 Rotor Core Magnetization of SEIG Reliability Assessment Using Least Capacitor Score 34418.6 Discussion and Outcomes 34918.7 Conclusion 35019 Reliability and Mean Life Assessment of Solar Panel by Cooling 353Rahul Agrawal, Jyotsna Ogale, Nga T. T. Nguyen, R. K. Saket, and Joydeep Mitra19.1 Introduction 35319.2 Methodology 35519.3 Reliability Assessment 36519.4 Probability Density Function 36919.5 Cumulative Distribution Function 37119.6 Results 37819.7 Conclusion 37820 Reliability Assessment of Different Topologies in Photovoltaic System 381Laxman Chaudhary, Aanchal Verma, Ramesh C. Bansal, and R. K. Saket20.1 Introduction 38120.2 Reliability Modeling of PV Topology 38520.3 Estimation of Failure Rate 38720.4 Reliability Estimation Using RBD 38820.5 Results 40020.6 Conclusions 405Section 6 Reliability Analysis of Power Electronics Components and Systems for Modern Power System Applications 40921 Reliability Evaluation of Power Electronics Converters for Modern Power System Applications 411Amit Kumar, Sachin Kumar, Sunil K. Singh, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar21.1 Introduction 41121.2 Failures in Power Electronics Converters 41221.3 Estimation and Monitoring of Junction Temperature 41421.4 Reliability of a Modern Power System 42021.5 Challenges and Future Directions 42422 Reliability Assessment of Sub-components of Electric Vehicle for Performance Enhancement Grid Integrated Power System 427Saumya Singh, Dhawal Dwivedi, Sandeep K. Soni, R. K. Saket, and Dwarkadas P. Kothari22.1 Introduction 42722.2 Electric Vehicles and Grid Integration 42822.3 Sub-components of EVs 43122.4 Reliability Assessment Techniques in EVs 43522.5 Evaluation of Distribution Systems Reliability with Integrated EVs 44322.6 Conclusion 44823 Reliability Assessment of Multilevel Inverter for Modern Power System Applications 451Saumya Singh, Dhawal Dwivedi, Kumari Sarita, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar23.1 Introduction 45123.2 Reliability Assessment Techniques 45323.3 Types of Multilevel Inverters (MLIs) 45623.4 Comparative Reliability Assessment of MLIs 46323.5 Conclusion 46424 Reliability Aspects in Snubber Circuit for Industrial Power Applications 467Dhawal Dwivedi, Saumya Singh, Kumari Sarita, R. K. Saket, and P. Sanjeevikumar24.1 Introduction 46724.2 Passive Snubber Circuit 46824.3 Selection of Turn-OFF Snubber 46924.4 Design of a Discharge-Suppressing RCD Snubber 47124.5 Simulation Results of RCD Snubber 47224.6 Reliability Aspects in Snubber Design for Industrial Power Applications 47624.7 Conclusion 47825 Reliability Assessment of Power Electronics Devices and Systems for Modern Power Applications 481Jyoti Maurya, Saumya Singh, Sachin Kumar, P. Sanjeevikumar, and R. K. Saket25.1 Introduction 48125.2 Concept of PEDS Reliability in Modern Power System 48325.3 V-Shape Model-Based Reliability Assessment in PEDS 48625.4 Converter Reliability Modeling 48925.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 49226 Reliability Aspects in the Design and Development of Microgrids 493Amit Kumar, Sachin Kumar, Almoataz Y. Abdelaziz, R. K. Saket, and D. P. Kothari26.1 Introduction 49326.2 Architecture and Operation of Microgrid 49426.3 Microgrid Control Strategies 49626.4 Reliability Aspects in Microgrid Planning and Design 49926.5 Conclusion and Future Challenges 504References 505Abbreviations 507Notations 513Index 525