Thammineni Pullaiah is Professor of Botany (Retired), Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, India. He was President of the Indian Botanical Society, President of the Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy, and a member of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). He has authored 65 books, edited 40 books, and published over 340 research papers.

• About the Editor xvList of Contributors xviiPreface xxiii1 Recommendations for Sustainable Management of Wetlands in Indian Tropics 1Nitin Bassi, Ayushi Kashyap, and Saiba Gupta1.1 Introduction 11.2 Methodology 31.3 Status of Wetlands in India 41.4 Inland and Coastal Wetlands 41.5 Natural and Man-Made Wetlands 61.6 Overall Findings 91.7 Challenges Faced by Natural Wetland Ecosystem in India 101.8 Recommendations for Managing Wetlands Sustainably 131.9 Conclusion 16References 162 Wetlands of Bangladesh: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 19Krishna Prosad Mondal, Al-Jubaer, Soumic Samad, Monishankar Sarkar, Syed Hafizur Rahman, Sheikh Tawhidul Islam, and Byomkesh Talukder2.1 Introduction 192.2 Types of Wetlands in Bangladesh 192.3 Biodiversity 242.4 Red Listed Species By IUCN 312.5 Livelihoods of People Living in Wetland Areas 312.6 Conservation 352.7 Conclusion 36References 363 Wetlands of Myanmar: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 41Thiri Dae We Aung, Thet Zaw Naing, Ding Li Yong, and Kelvin S.-H. Peh3.1 Introduction 413.2 Wetlands in Myanmar 413.3 Important Wetland Sites in Myanmar 423.4 Wetland Management Policy and Practices in Myanmar 583.5 Challenges in Wetland Management in Myanmar 623.6 Conclusion 63References 634 Wetlands of Plains of Pakistan 67Andleeb Batool, Asia Parveen, Mishal Nawaz, Dania Razzaq, Maryam Mukhtar, and Naseeba Mustafavi4.1 Introduction 674.2 Wetlands in Plains of Pakistan 674.3 The Haleji Wetland 684.4 The Keenjhar Lakes 694.5 Chashma Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary 704.6 Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary 724.7 Astola Island 724.8 Jiwani Wetland 734.9 Miani Hor 744.10 Uchhali Complex 754.11 Indus River Basin Wetlands 764.12 Mekran Coastal Wetlands 78References 815 Wetlands of Sri Lanka: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 85A.H. Magdon Jayasuriya5.1 Introduction 855.2 Biodiversity 86Acknowledgments 107References 1076 Wetlands of Israel 111Avi Uzan6.1 Introduction to the Climate, Topography, Geomorphology, and Hydrology of Israel 1116.2 Lotic Habitats 115  6.3 The Jordan River 1236.4 Lentic Habitats 1286.5 Dalia Marsh 1326.6 Measures of Rehabilitation and Restoration 1336.7 Vernal Pools 134References 1357 Wetlands of Angola: Locations, Biodiversity, and Conservation 137Jasper Knight and Mauro Lourenco7.1 Introduction 1377.2 Methodology 1387.3 Results 1437.4 Discussion 1517.5 Conclusions 155References 1558 Wetlands of Benin (West Africa): Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 161Salako K. Valère, Dassou G. Hospice, Gnansounou S. Constant, Zanvo M. G. Serge, Akodékou A. David, and Glèlè Kakaï Romain8.1 Introduction 1618.2 Methods 1628.3 Results 1648.4 Discussion 179References 1819 Wetlands of Burkina Faso: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 187Kaboré Idrissa, Bancé Victor, Konaté Sidiki Roland, Sawadogo Yabyouré Marc-Florent, and Ouéda Adama9.1 Introduction 1879.2 Burkina Faso and Its Wetlands 1889.3 Biodiversity in Wetlands of Burkina Faso 1909.4 Wetland Goods and Services 1989.5 Wetland Conservation Measures 1999.6 Conclusion 200References 20110 Wetlands of Cameroon: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 207Gordon N. Ajonina, Thomas E. Efole, Barthelemy Ndongo, and Minette Eyango Tomedi-Tabi10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Potentials of Wetlands Biodiversity 20810.3 Wetland Species 21310.4 Importance and Values of Wetlands for Livelihoods and Development in Cameroon 22610.5 Threats to Wetlands Degradation and Loss in Cameroon 22610.6 Overview of Evolving Strategies for Mainstreaming Wetlands Conservation and Wise Use into Livelihoods Development and Poverty Reduction Efforts in Cameroon 22910.7 Conclusion 237Acknowledgments 237References 23711 Wetlands of Ghana: Biodiversity, Community Livelihoods, and Conservation 241Yaa Ntiamoa-Baidu and Emmanuel Nii Attram Taye11.1 Introduction 24111.2 Types of Wetlands in Ghana 24211.3 Biodiversity Richness of Ghanaian Wetlands 24711.4 Wetland Resources and Community Livelihoods 25111.5 Threats to Ghanaian Wetlands 25211.6 Conservation Actions and Initiatives Taken by Ghana to Manage Its Wetlands 25511.7 Conclusion 256References 25912 Biodiversity, Change, and Use of Moroccan Wetlands 265Abdeslam Ennabili, Mohamed Libiad, Mohamed El Haissoufi, Abdelmajid Khabbach, and Nard Bennas12.1 Introduction 26512.2 Wetlands Biodiversity 26712.3 Conservation Status 27212.4 Wetland Services 27312.5 Drivers of changes 27512.6 Planning and Management 27712.7 Concluding Remarks 280References 28013 Does Malawi Need a Wetland Policy to Achieve the Wise Use Principle of the Ramsar Convention? 297Rodgers Makwinja, Solomon G. Tesfamichael, and Christopher J. Curtis13.1 Introduction 29713.2 Wetland Concepts and Definitions 29813.3 Wetland’s Benefits and Its Contribution to UN SDGs 30113.4 Threats to Wetland Sustainability 30213.5 Wetland Management Policy Dilemma 30613.6 Wetland Management Options 30813.7 Conclusion 309References 31014 Wetland Ecosystems in Nigeria: Ecological Significance, Carbon Sequestration Potential, and Conservation Challenges 317Isa Olalekan Elegbede, Amira M. Hotaiba, Adebola Rashidat Adewale, Abdulwakil Olawale Saba, Shehu Akintola, Emily Osa Iduseri, Abdul Rahamon Olodo, and Kehinde Moyosola Ositimehin14.1 Introduction 31714.2 Wetlands in Nigeria 31814.3 Case Study of Biodiversity of Wetlands in Northern and Southern Nigeria 32014.4 Wetland of Nigeria in Relation to Blue Carbon and Sequestration 32314.5 Wetlands and Their Ecosystem Services 32514.6 Resilience of Wetland Ecosystems 32714.7 Geospatial Assessment of Nigeria’s Wetlands 32814.8 Policy and Institutional Framework for Wetlands Protection in Nigeria 33214.9 Conclusion 335References 33515 Wetlands of Senegal: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 341Abdoul Aziz Diouf, Paterne Arnaud Bernard Mingou, Taïbou Ba, and Mathieu Gueye15.1 Introduction 34115.2 Wetland Types and Biodiversity 34215.3 Livelihoods 36015.4 Wetland Conservation 36315.5 Conclusion 365References 36516 Wetlands of Zimbabwe: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 371Tatenda Musasa, Oshneck Mupepi, and Thomas Marambanyika16.1 Introduction 37116.2 Wetland Type and Distribution in Zimbabwe 37316.3 Wetland Biodiversity 37516.4 Nature of Livelihood Benefits Derived from Wetlands by Surrounding Communities 37816.5 Initiatives to Promote Wetland Conservation and Human Livelihoods 38416.6 Shortcomings and Enforcement Challenges of Wetland Protection and Conservation Approaches 38616.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 387References 38817 Wetlands of Sudan: Types, Conservation, and Socioeconomics 393Mohamed Elmekki Ali Elbadawi Hussien and Ibrahim Mohammed Hashim17.1 Introduction 39317.2 Wetlands of Sudan 39317.3 Wetland Types 39517.4 Biodiversity 40117.5 Conservation Aspects 40317.6 Socioecological Importance 406References 40818 Wetlands and Conservation: Exploring Biodiversity Dynamics, Economic Potentials, and Conservation Strategies in South Africa 411Adeyemi Ojutalayo Adeeyo, Bramley Jemain Lemine, Tinyiko Rivers Nkuna, Titus A.M. Msagati, and Mercy Adewumi Alabi18.1 Introduction 41118.2 Wetlands of South Africa 41318.3 Biodiversity of Wetlands 41718.4 Livelihoods and Economic Contributions of Wetlands 42018.5 Threats and Conservation of Wetlands in South Africa 42318.6 Conservation of Wetlands 42518.7 Management Strategies, National Policies, and Legislations Against Natural Threats 42618.8 Future Enhancements 42818.9 Conclusion 429References 430Index 437

Thammineni Pullaiah is Professor of Botany (Retired), Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, India. He was President of the Indian Botanical Society, President of the Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy, and a member of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). He has authored 65 books, edited 40 books, and published over 340 research papers.

• About the Editor xvList of Contributors xviiPreface xxiii1 Recommendations for Sustainable Management of Wetlands in Indian Tropics 1Nitin Bassi, Ayushi Kashyap, and Saiba Gupta1.1 Introduction 11.2 Methodology 31.3 Status of Wetlands in India 41.4 Inland and Coastal Wetlands 41.5 Natural and Man-Made Wetlands 61.6 Overall Findings 91.7 Challenges Faced by Natural Wetland Ecosystem in India 101.8 Recommendations for Managing Wetlands Sustainably 131.9 Conclusion 16References 162 Wetlands of Bangladesh: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 19Krishna Prosad Mondal, Al-Jubaer, Soumic Samad, Monishankar Sarkar, Syed Hafizur Rahman, Sheikh Tawhidul Islam, and Byomkesh Talukder2.1 Introduction 192.2 Types of Wetlands in Bangladesh 192.3 Biodiversity 242.4 Red Listed Species By IUCN 312.5 Livelihoods of People Living in Wetland Areas 312.6 Conservation 352.7 Conclusion 36References 363 Wetlands of Myanmar: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 41Thiri Dae We Aung, Thet Zaw Naing, Ding Li Yong, and Kelvin S.-H. Peh3.1 Introduction 413.2 Wetlands in Myanmar 413.3 Important Wetland Sites in Myanmar 423.4 Wetland Management Policy and Practices in Myanmar 583.5 Challenges in Wetland Management in Myanmar 623.6 Conclusion 63References 634 Wetlands of Plains of Pakistan 67Andleeb Batool, Asia Parveen, Mishal Nawaz, Dania Razzaq, Maryam Mukhtar, and Naseeba Mustafavi4.1 Introduction 674.2 Wetlands in Plains of Pakistan 674.3 The Haleji Wetland 684.4 The Keenjhar Lakes 694.5 Chashma Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary 704.6 Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary 724.7 Astola Island 724.8 Jiwani Wetland 734.9 Miani Hor 744.10 Uchhali Complex 754.11 Indus River Basin Wetlands 764.12 Mekran Coastal Wetlands 78References 815 Wetlands of Sri Lanka: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 85A.H. Magdon Jayasuriya5.1 Introduction 855.2 Biodiversity 86Acknowledgments 107References 1076 Wetlands of Israel 111Avi Uzan6.1 Introduction to the Climate, Topography, Geomorphology, and Hydrology of Israel 1116.2 Lotic Habitats 115  6.3 The Jordan River 1236.4 Lentic Habitats 1286.5 Dalia Marsh 1326.6 Measures of Rehabilitation and Restoration 1336.7 Vernal Pools 134References 1357 Wetlands of Angola: Locations, Biodiversity, and Conservation 137Jasper Knight and Mauro Lourenco7.1 Introduction 1377.2 Methodology 1387.3 Results 1437.4 Discussion 1517.5 Conclusions 155References 1558 Wetlands of Benin (West Africa): Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 161Salako K. Valère, Dassou G. Hospice, Gnansounou S. Constant, Zanvo M. G. Serge, Akodékou A. David, and Glèlè Kakaï Romain8.1 Introduction 1618.2 Methods 1628.3 Results 1648.4 Discussion 179References 1819 Wetlands of Burkina Faso: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 187Kaboré Idrissa, Bancé Victor, Konaté Sidiki Roland, Sawadogo Yabyouré Marc-Florent, and Ouéda Adama9.1 Introduction 1879.2 Burkina Faso and Its Wetlands 1889.3 Biodiversity in Wetlands of Burkina Faso 1909.4 Wetland Goods and Services 1989.5 Wetland Conservation Measures 1999.6 Conclusion 200References 20110 Wetlands of Cameroon: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 207Gordon N. Ajonina, Thomas E. Efole, Barthelemy Ndongo, and Minette Eyango Tomedi-Tabi10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Potentials of Wetlands Biodiversity 20810.3 Wetland Species 21310.4 Importance and Values of Wetlands for Livelihoods and Development in Cameroon 22610.5 Threats to Wetlands Degradation and Loss in Cameroon 22610.6 Overview of Evolving Strategies for Mainstreaming Wetlands Conservation and Wise Use into Livelihoods Development and Poverty Reduction Efforts in Cameroon 22910.7 Conclusion 237Acknowledgments 237References 23711 Wetlands of Ghana: Biodiversity, Community Livelihoods, and Conservation 241Yaa Ntiamoa-Baidu and Emmanuel Nii Attram Taye11.1 Introduction 24111.2 Types of Wetlands in Ghana 24211.3 Biodiversity Richness of Ghanaian Wetlands 24711.4 Wetland Resources and Community Livelihoods 25111.5 Threats to Ghanaian Wetlands 25211.6 Conservation Actions and Initiatives Taken by Ghana to Manage Its Wetlands 25511.7 Conclusion 256References 25912 Biodiversity, Change, and Use of Moroccan Wetlands 265Abdeslam Ennabili, Mohamed Libiad, Mohamed El Haissoufi, Abdelmajid Khabbach, and Nard Bennas12.1 Introduction 26512.2 Wetlands Biodiversity 26712.3 Conservation Status 27212.4 Wetland Services 27312.5 Drivers of changes 27512.6 Planning and Management 27712.7 Concluding Remarks 280References 28013 Does Malawi Need a Wetland Policy to Achieve the Wise Use Principle of the Ramsar Convention? 297Rodgers Makwinja, Solomon G. Tesfamichael, and Christopher J. Curtis13.1 Introduction 29713.2 Wetland Concepts and Definitions 29813.3 Wetland’s Benefits and Its Contribution to UN SDGs 30113.4 Threats to Wetland Sustainability 30213.5 Wetland Management Policy Dilemma 30613.6 Wetland Management Options 30813.7 Conclusion 309References 31014 Wetland Ecosystems in Nigeria: Ecological Significance, Carbon Sequestration Potential, and Conservation Challenges 317Isa Olalekan Elegbede, Amira M. Hotaiba, Adebola Rashidat Adewale, Abdulwakil Olawale Saba, Shehu Akintola, Emily Osa Iduseri, Abdul Rahamon Olodo, and Kehinde Moyosola Ositimehin14.1 Introduction 31714.2 Wetlands in Nigeria 31814.3 Case Study of Biodiversity of Wetlands in Northern and Southern Nigeria 32014.4 Wetland of Nigeria in Relation to Blue Carbon and Sequestration 32314.5 Wetlands and Their Ecosystem Services 32514.6 Resilience of Wetland Ecosystems 32714.7 Geospatial Assessment of Nigeria’s Wetlands 32814.8 Policy and Institutional Framework for Wetlands Protection in Nigeria 33214.9 Conclusion 335References 33515 Wetlands of Senegal: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 341Abdoul Aziz Diouf, Paterne Arnaud Bernard Mingou, Taïbou Ba, and Mathieu Gueye15.1 Introduction 34115.2 Wetland Types and Biodiversity 34215.3 Livelihoods 36015.4 Wetland Conservation 36315.5 Conclusion 365References 36516 Wetlands of Zimbabwe: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 371Tatenda Musasa, Oshneck Mupepi, and Thomas Marambanyika16.1 Introduction 37116.2 Wetland Type and Distribution in Zimbabwe 37316.3 Wetland Biodiversity 37516.4 Nature of Livelihood Benefits Derived from Wetlands by Surrounding Communities 37816.5 Initiatives to Promote Wetland Conservation and Human Livelihoods 38416.6 Shortcomings and Enforcement Challenges of Wetland Protection and Conservation Approaches 38616.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 387References 38817 Wetlands of Sudan: Types, Conservation, and Socioeconomics 393Mohamed Elmekki Ali Elbadawi Hussien and Ibrahim Mohammed Hashim17.1 Introduction 39317.2 Wetlands of Sudan 39317.3 Wetland Types 39517.4 Biodiversity 40117.5 Conservation Aspects 40317.6 Socioecological Importance 406References 40818 Wetlands and Conservation: Exploring Biodiversity Dynamics, Economic Potentials, and Conservation Strategies in South Africa 411Adeyemi Ojutalayo Adeeyo, Bramley Jemain Lemine, Tinyiko Rivers Nkuna, Titus A.M. Msagati, and Mercy Adewumi Alabi18.1 Introduction 41118.2 Wetlands of South Africa 41318.3 Biodiversity of Wetlands 41718.4 Livelihoods and Economic Contributions of Wetlands 42018.5 Threats and Conservation of Wetlands in South Africa 42318.6 Conservation of Wetlands 42518.7 Management Strategies, National Policies, and Legislations Against Natural Threats 42618.8 Future Enhancements 42818.9 Conclusion 429References 430Index 437

Thammineni Pullaiah is Professor of Botany (Retired), Department of Botany, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, India. He was President of the Indian Botanical Society, President of the Indian Association for Angiosperm Taxonomy, and a member of the Species Survival Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). He has authored 65 books, edited 40 books, and published over 340 research papers.

• About the Editor xvList of Contributors xviiPreface xxiii1 Recommendations for Sustainable Management of Wetlands in Indian Tropics 1Nitin Bassi, Ayushi Kashyap, and Saiba Gupta1.1 Introduction 11.2 Methodology 31.3 Status of Wetlands in India 41.4 Inland and Coastal Wetlands 41.5 Natural and Man-Made Wetlands 61.6 Overall Findings 91.7 Challenges Faced by Natural Wetland Ecosystem in India 101.8 Recommendations for Managing Wetlands Sustainably 131.9 Conclusion 16References 162 Wetlands of Bangladesh: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 19Krishna Prosad Mondal, Al-Jubaer, Soumic Samad, Monishankar Sarkar, Syed Hafizur Rahman, Sheikh Tawhidul Islam, and Byomkesh Talukder2.1 Introduction 192.2 Types of Wetlands in Bangladesh 192.3 Biodiversity 242.4 Red Listed Species By IUCN 312.5 Livelihoods of People Living in Wetland Areas 312.6 Conservation 352.7 Conclusion 36References 363 Wetlands of Myanmar: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 41Thiri Dae We Aung, Thet Zaw Naing, Ding Li Yong, and Kelvin S.-H. Peh3.1 Introduction 413.2 Wetlands in Myanmar 413.3 Important Wetland Sites in Myanmar 423.4 Wetland Management Policy and Practices in Myanmar 583.5 Challenges in Wetland Management in Myanmar 623.6 Conclusion 63References 634 Wetlands of Plains of Pakistan 67Andleeb Batool, Asia Parveen, Mishal Nawaz, Dania Razzaq, Maryam Mukhtar, and Naseeba Mustafavi4.1 Introduction 674.2 Wetlands in Plains of Pakistan 674.3 The Haleji Wetland 684.4 The Keenjhar Lakes 694.5 Chashma Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary 704.6 Taunsa Barrage Wildlife Sanctuary 724.7 Astola Island 724.8 Jiwani Wetland 734.9 Miani Hor 744.10 Uchhali Complex 754.11 Indus River Basin Wetlands 764.12 Mekran Coastal Wetlands 78References 815 Wetlands of Sri Lanka: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 85A.H. Magdon Jayasuriya5.1 Introduction 855.2 Biodiversity 86Acknowledgments 107References 1076 Wetlands of Israel 111Avi Uzan6.1 Introduction to the Climate, Topography, Geomorphology, and Hydrology of Israel 1116.2 Lotic Habitats 115  6.3 The Jordan River 1236.4 Lentic Habitats 1286.5 Dalia Marsh 1326.6 Measures of Rehabilitation and Restoration 1336.7 Vernal Pools 134References 1357 Wetlands of Angola: Locations, Biodiversity, and Conservation 137Jasper Knight and Mauro Lourenco7.1 Introduction 1377.2 Methodology 1387.3 Results 1437.4 Discussion 1517.5 Conclusions 155References 1558 Wetlands of Benin (West Africa): Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 161Salako K. Valère, Dassou G. Hospice, Gnansounou S. Constant, Zanvo M. G. Serge, Akodékou A. David, and Glèlè Kakaï Romain8.1 Introduction 1618.2 Methods 1628.3 Results 1648.4 Discussion 179References 1819 Wetlands of Burkina Faso: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 187Kaboré Idrissa, Bancé Victor, Konaté Sidiki Roland, Sawadogo Yabyouré Marc-Florent, and Ouéda Adama9.1 Introduction 1879.2 Burkina Faso and Its Wetlands 1889.3 Biodiversity in Wetlands of Burkina Faso 1909.4 Wetland Goods and Services 1989.5 Wetland Conservation Measures 1999.6 Conclusion 200References 20110 Wetlands of Cameroon: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 207Gordon N. Ajonina, Thomas E. Efole, Barthelemy Ndongo, and Minette Eyango Tomedi-Tabi10.1 Introduction 20710.2 Potentials of Wetlands Biodiversity 20810.3 Wetland Species 21310.4 Importance and Values of Wetlands for Livelihoods and Development in Cameroon 22610.5 Threats to Wetlands Degradation and Loss in Cameroon 22610.6 Overview of Evolving Strategies for Mainstreaming Wetlands Conservation and Wise Use into Livelihoods Development and Poverty Reduction Efforts in Cameroon 22910.7 Conclusion 237Acknowledgments 237References 23711 Wetlands of Ghana: Biodiversity, Community Livelihoods, and Conservation 241Yaa Ntiamoa-Baidu and Emmanuel Nii Attram Taye11.1 Introduction 24111.2 Types of Wetlands in Ghana 24211.3 Biodiversity Richness of Ghanaian Wetlands 24711.4 Wetland Resources and Community Livelihoods 25111.5 Threats to Ghanaian Wetlands 25211.6 Conservation Actions and Initiatives Taken by Ghana to Manage Its Wetlands 25511.7 Conclusion 256References 25912 Biodiversity, Change, and Use of Moroccan Wetlands 265Abdeslam Ennabili, Mohamed Libiad, Mohamed El Haissoufi, Abdelmajid Khabbach, and Nard Bennas12.1 Introduction 26512.2 Wetlands Biodiversity 26712.3 Conservation Status 27212.4 Wetland Services 27312.5 Drivers of changes 27512.6 Planning and Management 27712.7 Concluding Remarks 280References 28013 Does Malawi Need a Wetland Policy to Achieve the Wise Use Principle of the Ramsar Convention? 297Rodgers Makwinja, Solomon G. Tesfamichael, and Christopher J. Curtis13.1 Introduction 29713.2 Wetland Concepts and Definitions 29813.3 Wetland’s Benefits and Its Contribution to UN SDGs 30113.4 Threats to Wetland Sustainability 30213.5 Wetland Management Policy Dilemma 30613.6 Wetland Management Options 30813.7 Conclusion 309References 31014 Wetland Ecosystems in Nigeria: Ecological Significance, Carbon Sequestration Potential, and Conservation Challenges 317Isa Olalekan Elegbede, Amira M. Hotaiba, Adebola Rashidat Adewale, Abdulwakil Olawale Saba, Shehu Akintola, Emily Osa Iduseri, Abdul Rahamon Olodo, and Kehinde Moyosola Ositimehin14.1 Introduction 31714.2 Wetlands in Nigeria 31814.3 Case Study of Biodiversity of Wetlands in Northern and Southern Nigeria 32014.4 Wetland of Nigeria in Relation to Blue Carbon and Sequestration 32314.5 Wetlands and Their Ecosystem Services 32514.6 Resilience of Wetland Ecosystems 32714.7 Geospatial Assessment of Nigeria’s Wetlands 32814.8 Policy and Institutional Framework for Wetlands Protection in Nigeria 33214.9 Conclusion 335References 33515 Wetlands of Senegal: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 341Abdoul Aziz Diouf, Paterne Arnaud Bernard Mingou, Taïbou Ba, and Mathieu Gueye15.1 Introduction 34115.2 Wetland Types and Biodiversity 34215.3 Livelihoods 36015.4 Wetland Conservation 36315.5 Conclusion 365References 36516 Wetlands of Zimbabwe: Biodiversity, Livelihoods, and Conservation 371Tatenda Musasa, Oshneck Mupepi, and Thomas Marambanyika16.1 Introduction 37116.2 Wetland Type and Distribution in Zimbabwe 37316.3 Wetland Biodiversity 37516.4 Nature of Livelihood Benefits Derived from Wetlands by Surrounding Communities 37816.5 Initiatives to Promote Wetland Conservation and Human Livelihoods 38416.6 Shortcomings and Enforcement Challenges of Wetland Protection and Conservation Approaches 38616.7 Conclusion and Recommendations 387References 38817 Wetlands of Sudan: Types, Conservation, and Socioeconomics 393Mohamed Elmekki Ali Elbadawi Hussien and Ibrahim Mohammed Hashim17.1 Introduction 39317.2 Wetlands of Sudan 39317.3 Wetland Types 39517.4 Biodiversity 40117.5 Conservation Aspects 40317.6 Socioecological Importance 406References 40818 Wetlands and Conservation: Exploring Biodiversity Dynamics, Economic Potentials, and Conservation Strategies in South Africa 411Adeyemi Ojutalayo Adeeyo, Bramley Jemain Lemine, Tinyiko Rivers Nkuna, Titus A.M. Msagati, and Mercy Adewumi Alabi18.1 Introduction 41118.2 Wetlands of South Africa 41318.3 Biodiversity of Wetlands 41718.4 Livelihoods and Economic Contributions of Wetlands 42018.5 Threats and Conservation of Wetlands in South Africa 42318.6 Conservation of Wetlands 42518.7 Management Strategies, National Policies, and Legislations Against Natural Threats 42618.8 Future Enhancements 42818.9 Conclusion 429References 430Index 437