Biocomposite Materials for Wastewater Remediation

PROF. RACHID BOUHFID is an Associate Professor at the International Water Research Institute, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University (UM6P), Morocco. He previously served as Research Director at the Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science, Innovation and Research (MAScIR) and Assistant Professor at Artois University, France. With over 18 years of research and teaching experience, he has authored more than 280 peer-reviewed articles, six books, and 54 book chapters, and holds 43 patents. DR. NADIA ZARI is Head Scientist at MAScIR–UM6P. Her research centers on sustainable biocomposite materials for wastewater treatment, focusing on local bioresources and advanced chemical modifications. She has held progressive research roles at MAScIR since 2009 and has contributed to innovative work in environmental biomaterials, waste-to-energy systems, and solar thermal energy storage. PROF. ABOU EL KACEM QAISS is an Associate Professor and Director of the Composites and Nanocomposites Center at MAScIR–UM6P. He holds a PhD in Chemical Engineering from Laval University, Canada, and brings more than 30 years of academic, industrial, and research experience. His work has produced over 190 journal papers, 30 book chapters, and six edited volumes, alongside extensive mentorship of graduate students.

• List of Contributors xixPreface xxv1 Natural-Fiber-Based Biocomposites for Wastewater Treatment 1Soulaima Chkirida and Rachid Bouhfid1.1 Introduction 11.2 Overview of Natural Fibers 21.3 Natural-Fiber-Based Biocomposites 101.4 Application of Natural-Fiber-Based Biocomposites in Wastewater Treatment 111.5 Sustainability Assessment and Life Cycle Assessment 181.6 Research Gaps and Areas for Improvement 191.7 Conclusion 21References 222 Synthesis and Characterization of Chitosan Biopolymer Material for Application in Wastewater Treatment via Adsorption 27Zeynep Ciğeroğlu, Noureddine El Messaoudi, Youssef Miyah, Zeynep Mine Şenol, Yaser Açıkbaş, Abdelaziz El Mouden, and Abdellah Lacherai2.1 Introduction 272.2 Synthesis of Chitosan Biopolymer 302.3 Characterization and Mechanical Proprieties of Chitosan Biopolymer 372.4 Wastewater Treatment Application via Adsorption 422.5 Conclusion 52References 523 Cellulose Nanomaterials: From Extraction to Wastewater Remediation 67Nusrat Zahan Ramesha, Abdullah Al Jobair, and Md Enamul Hoque3.1 Introduction 673.2 Cellulose Nanomaterials 683.3 Extraction of Cellulose Nanomaterials 733.4 Properties of Cellulose Nanomaterials 823.5 Cellulose Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation 843.6 Challenges and Opportunities Associated with CN 993.7 Environmental Impacts 1003.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects 101References 1024 Biochar-Based Biocomposites for Wastewater Treatment 121Aziz Ihammi, Nadia Zari, and Rachid Bouhfid4.1 Introduction 1214.2 Wastewater and Wastewater Treatment 1224.3 Biochar: Definition and Properties 1234.4 Methods of Biochar Production 1244.5 Biochar Biocomposites Application in Wastewater Treatment 1294.6 Removal of Contaminants from Wastewater by Biochar-Based Biocomposites 1324.7 Factors Affecting the Adsorption Performance of Biochar Biocomposites 1374.8 Challenges and Limitations 1394.9 Conclusion 140References 1415 Lignin Valorization as Biopolymer in Wastewater Treatment 151Brener Felipe Melo Lima Gomes, André Luís Rossoni Ferreira, and Leandro Vinícius Alves Gurgel5.1 Introduction 1515.2 Lignin Structure and Characteristics 1525.3 Lignin-Based Materials for Removal of Pollutants from Wastewater 1545.4 Technology Readiness Level and Techno-Economic Implications of Producing Activated Carbon from Lignin 1635.5 Research Opportunities and Future Perspectives 165References 1666 Alginate-TiO 2 Composite: Formulation and Optimization for Wastewater Treatment 173Sadia Khalid, Anca Mazare, and Amara Nasir6.1 Introduction 1736.2 Alginate-Based Nano-Biosorbents (ANBs) 1776.3 Alginate-TiO 2 Composites (ATCs): Design and Application 1806.4 Limitations and Stability Concerns of ATCs 1886.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 189References 1907 Cellulose Nanocrystalline Biocomposites Applications in Wastewater Treatment 199Sadia Khalid, Asiya Gul, and Tania Ali7.1 Introduction 1997.2 Nanocellulose 2007.3 Wastewater Treatment by Nanocellulose Biocomposites 2097.4 Challenges and Limitations 2187.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 219References 2208 Graphene Bionanocomposites: Preparation and Applications in Wastewater Remediation 231P. K. Praseetha, R. Shalini, K. Ravichandran, M. Varshini, A. Viji, and A. R. Umayal Sundari8.1 Introduction 2318.2 Preparation Methods 2358.3 Graphene Bionanocomposites Applications in Wastewater Treatment 247References 2519 Lignocellulosic Biocomposite Adsorbents for Removal of Pollutants from Urban Waste 255Fanqing Meng, Yinglong Wang, Hongwei Xu, Xiaxia Chen, Chao Liu, Ranran Wei, Xiaoying Zhang, and Xuewen Wei9.1 Introduction 2559.2 Application and Mechanism Study of Composite Materials in Wastewater Treatment 2609.3 Conclusion 283References 28410 Magnetic Biocomposites for Wastewater Remediation 287Feihu Li and Mengyu Ma10.1 Introduction 28710.2 Magnetic Biocomposite: Synthesis Strategy and Characterization Methodology 28810.3 Approaches to Evaluate the Performance of Magnetic Biocomposites 29410.4 Applications in Wastewater Remediation 29810.5 Conclusions 308References 30811 Alginate Biocomposite Materials: Development and Application in Wastewater Treatment 319Congfei Yao, Junkai Zhang, Yilei Ding, and Chunguang Chen11.1 Introduction 31911.2 Modification and Preparation of Alginate Biocomposites 32211.3 Application of Alginate Biocomposites in Wastewater Treatment 32611.4 Conclusion and Prospects 340References 34212 Chitosan/Clay Membranes for Heavy Metals Removal 351Ismaila Olalekan Saheed and Faiz Bukhari Mohd Suah12.1 Introduction 35112.2 Chitosan/Clay Membrane 36412.3 Application of Chitosan/Clay Membranes for Heavy Metals Removal 36812.4 Conclusion 369References 37013 Cellulose-Based Composite Membranes for Pollutants Elimination 379Abdelhay El Amri, Nadia Zari, and Rachid Bouhfid13.1 Introduction 37913.2 Cellulose: Structure and Surface Chemistry 38013.3 Microfibrillated Cellulose (MFC) and Cellulose Nanocrystals (CNCs) 38213.4 Chemical Surface Modifications of Nanocellulose 38413.5 The Use of Nanocellulose as a Membrane Material 39013.6 Potential of Nanocellulose-Based Membranes in Large-Scale Water Treatment 40013.7 Challenges and Prospects for Nanocellulose-Based Membrane 40213.8 Conclusion and Outlook 404References 40514 Alginate Nanocomposite Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 411Vandana Patyal, Prashant Mahajan, and Dipika Jaspal14.1 Introduction of Alginate 41114.2 Synthesis of Alginate Membranes 41314.3 Wastewater Treatment 41414.4 Conclusion 426References 42615 Photocatalytic Photothermal Membranes for Microbial Wastewater Remediation 433Laila Noureen, Nadeem Muhammad, Noureddine El Messaoudi, Bushra Iqbal, and Muhammad Tayyab15.1 Introduction 43315.2 Types of Photocatalytic Photothermal Membranes 43615.3 Factors Effecting Efficiency of Photocatalytic Photothermal Membranes 43915.4 Applications of Photocatalytic Photothermal Membranes 44215.5 Conclusion and Outlook 446References 44716 Nanocellulose Biocomposite Membranes for Wastewater Treatment 453Subhrata Dutta, Sathish Kumar Palaniappan, Sanjay Mavinkere Rangappa, and Suchart Siengchin16.1 Introduction 45316.2 Characteristics and Classification of Nanocellulose 45416.3 Membrane Fabrication Techniques 45716.4 Applications in Wastewater Treatment 45916.5 Environmental Impact 46216.6 Conclusions 463References 46317 Wastewater Treatment Plants Based on Biocomposite Materials 469Abdeladim Oulguidoum, Rachid Bouhfid, and Nadia Zari17.1 Introduction 46917.2 Global Water Crisis and Wastewater Management 47017.3 Biocomposite Materials in the Management of Wastewater 47817.4 Conclusion, Challenges, and Future Recommendations 491References 49218 Biocomposites for Wastewater Remediation: Present Trends and Challenges for the Future 501Kenza Bahsaine, Hanane Benzeid, Nadia Zari, and Rachid Bouhfid18.1 Introduction 50118.2 Fundamentals of Biocomposites 50218.3 Application of Biocomposites in Wastewater Treatment 51918.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 535References 538Index 553